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This book explores how the voices of authors and other researchers are manifested in academic discourse and how the author handles the polyphonic interaction between these various parties. It represents a unique study of academic discourse in that it takes a doubly contrastive approach focusing on the two factors of discipline and language at the same time. It is based on a large electronic corpus of 450 research articles from three disciplines (economics linguistics and medicine) in three languages (English French and Norwegian). The book investigates whether disciplines and languages may be said to represent different cultures with regard to person manifestation in the texts. What is being studied is thus cultural identities as tendencies in linguistic practices. For the majority of the features focused on (e.g. metatext and bibliographical references) the discipline factor turns out to contribute more strongly to the variation observed than the language factor. However for some of the features (e.g. pronouns and negation) the language factor is also quite strong.



Additional background information on the investigations reported in this book can be found at www.uib.no/kiap/.

This volume includes a selection of papers that address a wide range of acquisition phenomena from different Romance languages and all share a common theoretical approach based on the Principles and Parameters theory. They favour discuss and sometimes challenge traditional explanations of first and second language acquisition in terms of maturation of general principles universal to all languages. They all depart from the view that language acquisition can be explained in terms of learning language specific rules constraints or structures. The different parts into which this volume is organized reflect different approaches that current research has offered which deal with issues of development of reflexive pronouns determiners clitics verbs auxiliaries inflection wh-movement ressumptive pronouns topic and focus mood the syntax/discourse interface and null arguments.

This introduction to neurolinguistics is intended for anybody who wants to acquire a grounding in the field. It was written for students of linguistics and communication disorders but students of psychology neuroscience and other disciplines will also find it valuable. The introductory section presents the theories models and frameworks underlying modern neurolinguistics. Then the neurolinguistic aspects of different components of language – phonology morphology lexical semantics and semantics-pragmatics in communication – are discussed. The third section examines reading and writing bilingualism the evolution of language and multimodality. The book also contains three resource chapters one on techniques for investigating the brain another on modeling brain functions and a third that introduces the basic concepts of neuroanatomy and neurophysiology. This text provides an up-to-date linguistic perspective with a special focus on semantics and pragmatics evolutionary perspectives neural network modeling and multimodality areas that have been less central in earlier introductory works.

Advice Online presents a comprehensive study of advice-giving in one particular American Internet advice column referred to as ‘Lucy Answers’. The discursive practice investigated is part of a professional and educational health program managed by an American university. The study provides insights into the linguistic realization of both asking for and giving advice in a written form and thus adds to the literature on advice columns as a specific text genre on advice in health care contexts and on Internet communication. The book offers a comprehensive literature review of advice in health encounters and other contexts and uses this knowledge as a basis for comparison. Advice Online demonstrates how qualitative and quantitative research methods can be successfully combined to arrive at a comprehensive analysis of a discursive practice. It provides essential information on advice-giving for researchers academics and students in the fields of (Internet) communication media studies pragmatics social psychology and counseling. Health educators who work for advice columns or use similar forms of communication will also benefit from the insights gained in this study.

This book discusses the historical record of the idea that language is associated with national identity demonstrating that different applications of this idea have consistently produced certain types of results. Nationalist movements aimed at ‘unification’ based upon languages which vary greatly at the spoken level e.g. German Italian Pan-Turkish and Arabic have been associated with aggression fascism and genocide while those based upon relatively homogeneous spoken languages e.g. Czech Norwegian and Ukrainian have resulted in national liberation and international stability. It is also shown that religion can be more important to national identity than language but only for religious groups which were understood in premodern times to be national rather than universal or doctrinal e.g. Jews Armenians Maronites Serbs Dutch and English; this is demonstrated with discussions of the Holocaust the Armenian Genocide the civil war in Lebanon and the breakup of Yugoslavia the United Netherlands and the United Kingdom.

What’s new in Translation Studies? In offering a critical assessment of recent developments in the young discipline this book sets out to provide an answer as seen from a European perspective today. Many “new” ideas actually go back well into the past and the German Romantic Age proves to be the starting-point. The main focus lies however on the last 20 years and beginning with the cultural turn of the 1980s the study traces what have turned out since then to be ground-breaking contributions (new paradigms) as against what was only a change in position on already established territory (shifting viewpoints). Topics of the 1990s include nonverbal communication gender-based Translation Studies stage translation new fields of interpreting studies and the effects of new technologies and globalization (including the increasingly dominant role of English). The author’s aim is to stimulate discussion and provoke further debate on the current profile and future perspectives of Translation Studies.

This volume interfaces three fields of linguistics rarely discussed in the same context. Its underlying theme is linguistic variation and the ways in which historical linguists and dialectologists may learn from insights offered by typology and vice versa. The aim of the contributions is to raise the awareness of these linguistic subdisciplines of each other and to encourage their cross-fertilization to their mutual benefit. If linguistic typology is to unify the study of all types of linguistic variation this variation both diatopic and diachronic will enrich typological research itself. With the aim of capturing the relevant dimensions of variation the studies in this volume make use of new methodologies including electronic corpora and databases which enable cross- and intralinguistic comparisons dialectally and across time. Based on original research and unified by an innovative theme the volume will be of interest to both students and teachers of linguistics and Germanic languages.

University students must cope with a bewildering array of registers not only to learn academic content but also to understand course expectations and requirements. While many previous studies have investigated academic writing we know comparatively little about academic speech; and no linguistic study to date has investigated the range of academic and advising/management registers that students encounter. This book is a first step towards filling this gap. Based on analysis of the T2K-SWAL Corpus the book describes university registers from several different perspectives including: vocabulary patterns; the use of lexico-grammatical and syntactic features; the expression of stance; the use of extended collocations ('lexical bundles'); and a Multi-Dimensional analysis of the overall patterns of register variation. All linguistic patterns are interpreted in functional terms resulting in an overall characterization of the typical kinds of language that students encounter in university registers: academic and non-academic; spoken and written.

This monograph provides a micro-analytic description of instances of requests in everyday German conversation. Using the framework of CA the study systematically analyzes the grammatical and syntactical structure of the request-turn and its response and of the conversational exchanges before and within the request base sequence and the placement of the request sequence within the larger social interaction. Through an empirical analysis of individual cases of request sequences in German the monograph describes in detail: (a) how speakers employ grammar and syntax as resources to construct turns at talk and accomplish the social action of request; (b) how speakers use grammatical and syntactical forms of the language to coordinate the production of the social action of requests; (c) how speakers use grammar and syntax as interactional resources to manage affiliative and remedial work (i.e. face work) when performing delicate social actions such as requests; and (d) how the context of the request activity impacts the grammatical and syntactical constructions of speakers’ utterances. Additionally the monograph demonstrates that both the grammatical construction of turns and their placement within the talk are oriented to the sequential context of the interaction.

This volume presents the first collection of work on research synthesis in applied linguistics. It introduces readers­ ­to a cutting-edge approach for reviewing and summarizing exactly what accumulated research has to say about theoretical and practical subjects. John Norris and Lourdes Ortega first elucidate the value and practice of synthesis and they challenge all members of the research community to adopt a “synthetic ethic”. The book then features seven empirical syntheses each modeling rigorous synthetic practice in definitively reviewing the state of knowledge and research quality in important domains. Included are five meta-analyses on: Universal Grammar; Task-Based Interaction; Corrective Feedback; Instructed Pragmatics Development; and Reading Strategy Training. Also included are a qualitative meta-synthesis on Effective Teaching for English Language Learners and a historiographical synthesis of Proficiency Assessment practices. Rounding out the collection are commentaries by two renowned experts in language learning and teaching research: Nick Ellis and Craig Chaudron.

This book challenges two tacit presumptions in the field of intercultural communication research. Firstly misunderstandings can frequently be found in intercultural communication although one could not claim that intercultural communication is constituted by misunderstandings alone. This volume shows how new perspectives on linguistic analyses of intercultural communication go beyond the analysis of misunderstanding. Secondly intercultural communication is not solely constituted by the fact that individuals from different cultural groups interact. Each contribution of this volume analyses to what extent instances of discourse are institutionally and/or interculturally determined. These linguistic reflections involve different theoretical frameworks e.g. functional grammar systemic functional linguistics functional pragmatics rhetorical conversation analysis ethno-methodological conversation analysis linguistic an­thro­­pology and a critical discourse approach. As the contributions focus on the discourse of genetic counseling gate-keeping discourse international team co-operation international business communication workplace discourse internet communication and lamentation discourse the book exemplifies that the analysis of intercultural communication is organized in response to social needs and therefore may contribute to the social justification of linguistics.

This volume contains 17 studies on historical Romance linguistics within a variety of current theoretical frameworks; it includes studies on phonology morphology and syntax focusing solely or comparatively on all five ‘major’ Romance languages: French Italian Portuguese Romanian and Spanish. An introduction by the eminent Romance Linguist Jürgen Klausenburger addresses the fit of these studies in the overall development of the field of historical Romance linguistics since the 19th century. The studies in this volume demonstrate an organic link between Malkiel’s (1961) ‘classic’ definition of Romance linguistics and the field of Romance linguistics today because just as scholars of the field in the 19th century successfully applied the dominant paradigm of (historical) linguistics of their time Neogrammarian theory so do the authors contained in the present volume avail themselves of current linguistic advances to achieve equally significant results.

Dieser Band stellt einen Beitrag zum Verständnis geistiger und sinnlicher Erkenntnis bei Nicolaus Cusanus dar. Im Mittelpunkt stehen dabei die Begriffe intellectus und imaginatio deren historischer und sachlicher Zusammenhang untereinander und ihr Verhältnis zu weiteren Aspekten der menschlichen Erkenntnis. Auf diese Weise steht im Ergebnis die Einheit und Ganzheit dieser Erkenntnis zur Debatte. Im Einzelnen geht es ebenso um eine Parallele zwischen Wilhelm von Ockham Johannes Buridan und Cusanus in bezug auf den conceptus absolutus um den kontemplativen Intellekt die Metapher sowohl der “Mauer des Paradieses” als auch des Sehens eine Kartographie des Erkennens die Cusanische Symbolphilosophie den Aspekt der Kreativität die Musik sowie den Magnetismus und ein weiteres Beispiel zur Veranschaulichung der Funktion und Tragweite des imaginatio . Die Beiträge stammen aus der Feder sowohl anerkannter Cusanus-Interpreten als auch jüngere Forscher. Der Band bietet sowohl zahlreiche neue Gesichtspunkte für fruchtbare Auseinandersetzung mit dem Denken des Kardinals als auch ein Zeugnis für deren Lebendigkeit und Internationalität.

This book represents a contribution to the understanding of both intellectual and sensible cognition in Nicolaus Cusanus. Central to this account are the concepts of intellectus and imaginatio their historical and factual connection and their relationship to other aspects of human cognition. In this way the unity and totality of this cognition is explored and discussed. In particular points of comparison are outlined between William of Ockham John Buridan and Cusanus in regard to the conceptus absolutus. Moreover various issues are explored in light of these points of comparison. Among them are the contemplative intellect the metaphors of the “wall of the Paradise” and of visio a cartography of cognition the Cusan philosophy of symbols creativity music and two examples of the function and the importance of imaginatio. The contributions to this book come from well-known interpreters of Cusanus and also younger scholars. In this way this book offers both new perspectives on fruitful discussions of the thinking of Cusanus as well as evidence of the vivacity and original character of this discussion.

This volume provides a state-of-the-art account of research into datives and other morphological cases. The contributors among them leading scholars in the field present fresh insights into traditional issues such as the dichotomy between lexical and structural case and open up fascinating new areas of research. A recurrent feature of the majority of contributions is their combined syntax-semantics perspective. Germanic varieties Serbian Albanian and other Balkan languages alongside Chinese Japanese Tagalog are discussed from various theoretical angles such as mainstream generativism lexical-functional grammar and functional typology. Despite the broad range of facts spanning the distance between acquisition data and dialectology the papers are connected by a renewed interest in form-function correspondencies. This volume will be welcomed by theoretical linguists and typologists with an interest in argument and event structure linguists studying the case systems of individual languages and researchers in search for up-to-date discussion of Germanic datives.

This book revisits the theoretical and psycholinguistic controversies centred around the intriguing nature of idioms and proposes a more systematic cognitive-linguistic model of their grammatical status and use. Whenever speakers vary idioms in actual discourse they open a linguistic window into idiomatic creativity – the complex cognitive processing and representation of these heterogeneous linguistic constructions. Idiomatic creativity therefore raises two challenging questions: What are the cognitive mechanisms that underlie and shape idiom-representation? How do these mechanisms define the scope and limits of systematic idiom-variation in actual discourse? The book approaches these problems by means of a comprehensive cognitive-linguistic architecture of meaning and language and analyses them on the basis of corpus-data from the British National Corpus (BNC). Therefore Idiomatic Creativity should be of great interest to cognitive linguists phraseologists corpus linguists advanced students of linguistics and all readers who are interested in the fascinating interplay of language and cognitive processing.This book has a companion website: www.idiomatic-creativity.ch.

The status of agreement is a core issue in current morphological and syntactic theory. The collection of papers in this volume focuses on important issues such as the nature of the relation between syntax and morphology in determining agreement relations; whether and which syntactic configurations are relevant for determining agreement; the relevance of verbal agreement for the purposes of EPP; the inquiry into the existence of connections between verbal and DP-internal agreement; on the morphological and syntactic distinction of person number and gender agreement; how and why AGREE and Spechead relations trigger different agreement effects; and the type of relation that exists between head-movement and morphological agreement. The data collected come from a wide variety of languages and the studies presented discuss innovative and thought-provoking ideas for dealing with agreement phenomena.

The relation of language variation to reconstructed languages and to the methodology of reconstruction has long been neglected. The articles in the present volume consider this relationship from a number of different angles with a number of different focuses. Several of the papers discuss evidence from Germanic either Proto-Germanic (Joseph Schwink) or daughter languages such as Dutch (Goss & Howell) Afrikaans (Roberge) Newcastle English (Milroy) and a Wisconsin German dialect (Geiger & Salmons). Other papers look at Italian (Cravens) Spanish (Harris-Northall) and the non-Indo-European languages or families Aramaic (Miller) and Proto-Hmong-Mien (Ratliff) and the Southeast Asian languages Phan Rang Cham and Tsat (Thurgood). In doing so they bring together a number of interconnected issues which are of current concern in comparative and historical linguistics.

The twenty-one papers that make up this volume reflect the broad perspective of African linguistic typology studies today. Where previous volumes would present language material from a very restricted area and perspective the present contributions reflect the global interest and orientation of current African linguistic studies. The studies are nearly all implicational in nature. Based upon a detailed survey of a particular linguistic phenomenon in a given language or language area conclusions are drawn about the general nature about this phenomenon in the languages of Africa and beyond. They represent as such a first step that may ultimately lead to a more thorough understanding of African linguistic structures. This approach is well justified. Taking the other road attempting to pick out linguistic details from often fairly superficially documented languages runs the risk that the data and its implications for the structure investigated might be misunderstood. Consequentially only very few studies of this nature giving the very broad perspective the overview of a particular structure type covering the whole African continent are represented here.

Aristoteles’ De Anima ist einer der zentralen Texte der Philosophiegeschichte. Seine grundlegende Leistung liegt in der alle Lebewesen umfassenden ontologisch-ontischen Bestimmung der Seele und ihrer Vermögen einschließlich der Lehre vom Geist (nous) deren nähere Explikation seit der Antike Anlaß zu vielfältigen Diskussionen gab. Die vorliegende Studie ermittelt unter Rückgriff auf die traditionellen Schulen des Alexandrismus Neuplatonismus Averroismus und Thomismus diejenigen mannigfaltigen philosophischen und theologischen Konstellationen des 16. und 17. Jh.s die von innerkatholischen wie interkonfessionellen Auseinandersetzungen zwischen Katholiken Lutheranern und Calvinisten geprägt waren. Unter diesem Gesichtspunkt werden die entsprechenden Werke der Reformatoren Luther und Melanchthon der Renaissance-Aristoteliker Portio Toletus Zabarella und die Conimbrincenser sowie die hier erstmals berücksichtigten Schriften der lutherischen und calvinistischen Schulphilosophen des 17. Jh.s. interpretiert.





Aristotle’s On the soul is one of the most important books in the history of philosophy. Its fundamental achievement is based on the ontological-ontical definition of the soul and its virtues which embrace all living beings including the doctrine of the mind (nous) and whose further explication has been interpreted controversially since antiquity. With respect to the traditional schools of Alexandrism Neoplatonism Averroism and Thomism the present study studies the various philosophical and theological constellations of the 16th and 17th century which were determined by the intracatholical as well as by the interdenominational controversies between the Catholics Lutherans and Calvinists. From this point of view the works of Luther and Melanchthon of the Renaissance-Aristotelians Portio Toletus Zabarella and the Conimbricenses as well as the works of the Lutheran and Calvinistic Philosophers of the 17th century are interpreted these last ones being taken into consideration here for the first time.

Then follow interpretations of some of the main philosophical concepts of Aristotle’s De Anima in the 16th and 17th century namely the Protestant Aristotelianism of Luther (1483–1546) and Melanchthon (1497–1560) the ‘Second Scholastic’ of the Jesuits Toletus (1532–1596) and Emmanul de Goes the Natural Philosophy of Portio (1496–1554) and Zabarella (1533–1589) and at least the New Protestant Aristotelianism of Martini (1570-1649) Evenius (1585/9–1639) Scheibler (1589–1653) Leuschner (1589–1641) and Dannhauer (1603–1666) at the Lutheran Universities in Germany in the early 17th century.

Written for the psychologist philosopher and layperson interested in consciousness Exploring Inner Experience provides a comprehensive introduction to the Descriptive Experience Sampling (DES) method for obtaining accurate reports of inner experience. DES uses a beeper to cue participants to pay attention to their experience at precisely defined moments; participants are then interviewed to obtain high-fidelity accounts of their experience at those moments. Exploring Inner Experience shows (a) how DES uncovers previously unknown details of inner experience; (b) how the implications of this method affect our understanding of inner experience and the human condition more generally; (c) how DES avoids the traps that destroyed the introspections of the previous century; (d) why DES reports of inner experience should be considered reliable and valid; and (e) how to use the DES method. This book will be basic reading for all psychologists philosophers and students interested in consciousness as well as anyone who is seriously concerned with understanding the human condition.(Series B)

Modeling of linguistic knowledge generally involves the compartmentalization of grammar into phonological morphological lexical syntactic semantic and pragmatic components. These components are not isolated but interacting components. It is the resulting interfaces between grammatical components that forms the main topic of this volume discussed from the perspective of bilingual L1 acquisition in early childhood and L2 in adulthood as well as L1/L2 in late childhood. The book contains ten contributions by members of the Research Center on Multilingualism at the University of Hamburg and by other international scholars all of them experts on multilingualism. Several pairs of languages are dealt with among them Spanish and German Mandarin and English French and German Italian and German Turkish and English Turkish and German Dutch and Turkish as well as Spoken German and German Sign language. Throughout the volume the central issue is that of representation at the interface of grammatical components.

Citizenship talk refers to various types of discourse initiated to make citizens take part in politically and socially contested decision-making processes (‘citizen participation’). ‘Citizenship’ has accordingly become one of the dazzling key words whenever the democratic deficit of modern societies is moaned about. Asking for citizenship to be conceived of as a communicative achievement the present book shows that sociolinguistics and pragmatics can essentially contribute to this interdisciplinary up-to-date issue of research: the volume offers a theoretically innovative concept of communicated citizenship and it presents a set of methodological approaches suited to deal with this concept at an empirical level (including contributions from Conversation Analysis Critical Discourse Analysis Social Positioning Theory Speech Act Theory and Ethnography). Furthermore concrete data and empirical analyses are provided which take up the case of decision-making processes around the application of modern ‘green’ biotechnology (‘GMO field trials’). The volume thus illustrates the kind of findings and results that can be expected from this new and promising approach towards citizenship talk.

This book endorses Coleridge's statement: "nothing can permanently please which does not contain in itself the reason why it is so". It conceives 'Kubla Khan' as of a hypnotic poem in which the "obtrusive rhythms" produce a hypnotic emotionally heightened response giving false security to the "Platonic Censor" so that our imagination is left free to explore higher levels of uncertainty. Critics intolerant of uncertainty tend to account for the poem's effect by extraneous background information. The book consists of three parts employing different research methods. Part One is speculative and discusses three aspects of a complex aesthetic event: the verbal structure of 'Kubla Khan' validity in interpretation and the influence of the critic's decision style on his critical decisions. The other two parts are empirical. Part Two explores reader response to gestalt qualities of rhyme patterns and hypnotic poems in perspective of decision style and professional training. Part Three submits four recordings of the poem by leading British actors to instrumental investigation.

This book presents a comprehensive account of quantifier scope in German. The author investigates scope behavior of ordinary quantifiers and negative adverbial interrogative relative and particle quantifiers. The areas which are dealt with include: relative scope in simple sentences absolute and relative scope in complex sentences noun-phrase internal scope and scope behavior of indefinite noun phrases. A theory of explicit and implicit quantification is proposed and a uniform process of scope determination is sketched which encompasses the scope of explicit as well as implicit quantifiers. Quantifier scope is a challenge to linguistic theory as it is a phenomenon which is determined by the interplay of diverse syntactic and semantic factors which interact in a weighted and cumulative way. The factors' interplay is part of the syntax/semantics-interface i.e. the constraints relating syntax and semantics which are considered to be relatively autonomous parallel levels connected by an interface of correspondence constraints.

This monograph proposes a minimalist phase-based approach to the derivation of coordinate structures utilizing the operations Copy and Match to account for both the symmetries and asymmetries of coordination. Data are drawn primarily from English German and Dutch. The basic assumptions are that all coordinate structures are symmetric to some degree (in contrast to parasitic gap and many verb phrase ellipsis constructions) and these symmetries especially with ellipsis allow syntactic derivations to utilize Copy and Match in interface with active memory for economizing with gaps and assuring clarity of interpretation. With derivations operating at the feature level troublesome properties of coordinate structures such as cross-categorial and non-constituent coordination violations of the Coordinate Structure Constraint as well as coordinate ellipsis (Gapping RNR Left-Edge Ellipsis) are accounted for without separate mechanisms or conditions applicable only to coordinate structures. The proposal provides support for central assumptions about the structure of West Germanic.