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Metaphors are essential to scientists themselves and strongly influence science communication. Through careful analyses of metaphors actually used in science texts recordings and videos this book explores the essential functions of conceptual metaphor in the conduct of science teaching of science and how scientific ideas are promoted and popularized. With an accessible introduction to theory and method this book prepares scientists science teachers and science writers to take advantage of recent shifts in metaphor theories and methods. Metaphor specialists will find theoretical issues explored in studies of bacteriology cell reproduction marine biology physics brain function and social psychology. We see the degree of conscious or intentional use of metaphor in shaping our conceptual systems and constraining inferences. Metaphor sources include social structure embodied experience abstract or mathematical formulations. The results are sometimes innovative hypotheses and robust conclusions; other times pedagogically useful if inaccurate stepping stones or at worst misleading fictions.<br xmlns="http://pub2web.metastore.ingenta.com/ns/"/>As of January 2023 this e-book is freely available thanks to the support of libraries working with Knowledge Unlatched.

The communicative act of drawing attention to metaphor is a relatively recent topic in metaphor studies and one that has remained contentious from a cognitive perspective. This book brings philologists of ancient languages together with metaphor experts from several modalities to interrogate whether ancient and modern texts and languages draw attention to figurative tropes in similar ways. In this way the diachronic multimodal and pluridisciplinary contributions to this volume critically review the theoretical frameworks underpinning metaphor marking and metaphor analysis from a completely new empirical basis.

This book showcases eleven studies dealing with corpora and the changing society. The theme of the volume reflects the fact that changes in society lead to changes in language and vice versa. Focusing on the English language be it from Old English to the present or a shorter time span in the immediate past the contributors in this volume use a variety of corpus methods to address the two patterns of change. The cross-fertilization of cultural studies and corpus linguistics we hope is beneficial for both parties as corpus linguistics offers a vast array of materials and methods to investigate cultural and societal change while cultural studies provide the theoretical background on which to build our research. The studies included in the present volume illustrate the potential avenues and the merits of combining changing language and changing societies.

The book represents a historical overview of the way the topic of gesture and sign language has been treated in the 18th century French philosophy. The texts treated are grouped into several categories based on the view they present of deafness and gesture. While some of those texts obviously view deafness and sign language in negative terms i.e. as deficiency others present deafness essentially as difference i.e. as a set of competences that might provide some insights into how spoken language works. One of the arguments of the book is that these two views of deafness and sign language still represent two dominant paradigms present in the current debates on the issue. The aim of the book therefore is not only to provide a historical overview but to trace what might be called a “history of the present”.

This volume contains selected papers from the 13th International Conference on the Structure of Hungarian (Budapest 2017).The contributions address current issues in Hungarian linguistics including comparisons with other languages (e.g. English German Turkish Arabic Spanish).<br xmlns="http://pub2web.metastore.ingenta.com/ns/"/>Specifically the phonetics and phonology papers present experimental and corpus studies of /h/ voicing the acoustics of Hungarian word stress and vowel harmony in harmonically mixed stems. The papers on syntax and semantics discuss object agreement and its locality restrictions equative markers in German and Hungarian diachronically and synchronically anaphoric possessor strategies and definite article distribution and the semantics of various aspectual adverbs. Experimental studies of information structure examine the linear placement of textually given topical constituents post-verbally exhaustivity inferences with focus partitioning in German English and Hungarian and contextual factors licensing Hungarian structural focus.<br/>The broad range of topics ensures that this volume will interest scholars of Hungarian and theoretical linguists more generally.

The volume focuses on body part terms as the vehicle of embodied cognition and conceptualization. It explores the relationship between universal embodiment language-specific cultural models and linguistic usage practices. The chapters of the volume add to the previous research in a novel way. The presentation of original data from previously undescribed languages spoken by small communities in Africa and South America allows to discover unknown aspects of embodiment and to propose new interpretations. Well-known languages are analyzed from a new perspective relying on the benefits of linguistic corpora. Contrastive and theoretically oriented studies help to pinpoint similarities and differences among languages as well as tendencies in conceptualization patterns and semantic development of the lexis of body part terms. The volume contributes to the field of linguistics but also to cognitive science anthropology and cultural studies.

This book provides a comprehensive treatment of the syntax and semantics of a single linguistic phenomenon – the NP-strategy for expressing reciprocity – in synchronic diachronic and typological perspectives. It challenges the assumption common in the typological syntactic and semantic literature namely that so-called reciprocal constructions encode symmetric relations. Instead they are analyzed as constructions encoding unspecified relations. In effect it provides a new proposal for the truth-conditional semantics of these constructions. More broadly this book introduces new ways of bringing together historical linguistics and formal semantics demonstrating how on the one hand the inclusion of historical data concerning the sources of reciprocal constructions enriches their synchronic analysis; and how on the other hand an analysis of the syntax and the semantics of these constructions serves as a key for understanding their historical origins.

Bilingual speakers are normally aware of what language they are speaking or hearing; there is however no widely accepted consensus on the degree of lexical and morphosyntactic similarity that defines the psycholinguistic threshold of distinct languages. This book focuses on the Afro-Colombian creole language Palenquero spoken in bilingual contact with its historical lexifier Spanish. Although sharing largely cognate lexicons the languages are in general not mutually intelligible. For example Palenquero exhibits no adjective-noun or verb-subject agreement uses pre-verbal tense-mood-aspect particles and exhibits unbounded clause-final negation. The present study represents a first attempt at mapping the psycholinguistic boundaries between Spanish and Palenquero from the speakers’ own perspective including traditional native Palenquero speakers adult heritage speakers and young native Spanish speakers who are acquiring Palenquero as a second language. The latter group also provides insights into the possible cognitive cost of “de-activating” Spanish morphological agreement as well as the relative efficiency of pre-verbal vs. clause-final negation. In this study corpus-based analyses are combined with an array of interactive experimental techniques demonstrating that externally-imposed classifications do not always correspond to speakers’ own partitioning of language usage in their communities.

The articles collected in this volume offer new perspectives into the relevance of notions such as topic antitopic contrastive topic focus verum focus and theticity for the analysis of the syntax and semantics of modal particles sentence-final particles and other medial sentential and illocutive particles. This book addresses three great questions in a variety of languages ranging from Japanese to Mohawk including Basque French German Italian Kazakh Spanish and Turkish with some insights from English and Russian. The first question is the role played by information-structural strategies such as left dislocations clefts or the morphological marking of focus in the rise of discourse particles. In the second part papers are concerned with the relevance of information structure for the study of polysemic and polyfunctional discourse particles. Finally the contribution of particles to the determination of the information-structural profile of the clause is examined as well as their role in the information-structural specification of illocutionary types. Language-specific papers alternate with comparative approaches in order to show how newer insights on information structure can help resolve some of the classical issues of the linguistic research on particles.

This book presents in revised form and as a single monograph three papers on a sign language from the Enga Province of Papua New Guinea. Originally published in 1980 for more than twenty years these papers remained the only report of a sign language from that part of the world. The detailed descriptive analyses that the author provided are still fresh today and in some respects they anticipate insights into the nature of sign languages that were not further explored until much more recently. The monograph is accompanied by two essays: Sherman Wilcox comments on value and relevance of the author’s work in the light of much more recent work on the linguistics of sign languages. An essay by Lauren Reed and Alan Rumsey provides an up to date survey of what is now known about sign languages in Papua New Guinea. Information about sign languages in the Solomon Island is also included.

Starting with the premise that aesthetic choices reveal the ideological stances of translators the author of this research monograph examines works of fiction by postcolonial African authors writing in English or French the genesis and reception of their works and the translation of each one into French or English. Texts include those by Nuruddin Farah from Somalia Abdourahman Ali Waberi from Djibouti Jean-Marie Adiaffi from Côte d’Ivoire Ayi Kwei Armah from Ghana Chenjerai Hove from Zimbabwe and Assia Djebar from Algeria and their translations by Jacqueline Bardolph Jeanne Garane Brigitte Katiyo Jean-Pierre Richard Josette and Robert Mane and Dorothy Blair. <br xmlns="http://pub2web.metastore.ingenta.com/ns/"/>The author highlights the aural poetics of these works explores the sound motifs underlying their literary power and shows how each is articulated with the writer’s literary heritage. She then embarks on a close examination of each translator’s background followed by a rich analysis of their treatments of sound. The translators’ strategies for addressing sound motifs are contextualized in the larger framework of postcolonial literatures and changing reading materialities.

In this his latest book Sangster presents a comprehensive theory that takes the cognitive view of language in a promising new direction based upon how linguistic signs relate to one another at different levels of consciousness. At the rational level where signs are necessarily experienced in context they are primarily polysemic. At the transpersonal or pre-contextual level however they are monosemic constituting a dynamic and self-organizing relational structure capable of producing a potentially infinite variety of contextual applications. The two levels are united by a stochastic or somatic selection process called contextualization where feedback from experience assures the evolution of the system. The relational structure itself is composed of archetypes of space and time consciousness that derive from the evolution of the linguistic sign from the signaling behavior of antecedent species. Detailed analyses are provided to explain how the archetypes structure meaning in both the grammatical and lexical spheres as well as in syntax.

In recent years a number of authors (De Vries 2009 Truckenbrodt 2015 Ott and de Vries 2016 inter alia) have defended that right dislocations (RD) should be treated as bisentential structures where the “dislocated” constituent is actually a remnant of a clausal ellipsis operation licensed under identity with an antecedent clause. Although Romance RD is a fertile area of research the consequences of the biclausal analysis remain unexplored in these languages. This monograph intends to fill this gap. Adopting this approach not only solves some issues that have always been at the core of dislocation structures in general; it also allows us to uncover novel sets of data and to provide straightforward explanations for well-known generalizations. Further it brings RD along with a set of phenomena which are structurally very similar like afterthoughts or split questions which have been independently argued to display a bisentential structure. Under alternative monoclausal approaches to RD the striking similarities between these phenomena must be rendered anecdotal.

This volume comprises cutting edge research on language contact and change. The chapters present a wide scope of settings in which Spanish is in contact with other languages such as Catalan English and Quechua; a large breadth of geographical areas (e.g. United States Puerto Rico Colombia Brazil Argentina); and varied participant groups ranging from dialect contacts second-language learners and heritage speakers to balanced bilinguals and code-switchers. Taken together the chapters provide rich empirical descriptions of data pertaining to different levels of language diverse – naturalistic and experimental – methodological approaches to data collection as well as theoretical implications of the findings. The interdisciplinary perspective adopted by the authors contributes to the linguistic analysis and offers important insights into theoretical linguistics in general and into theories of sociolinguistics language variation bilingualism and second language acquisition.

This book examines the role of interlocutors and their individual differences (IDs) in second language (L2) development from four theoretical lenses: the cognitive-interactionist approach sociocultural theory the variationist approach and complex dynamic systems theory. A theoretical overview to each approach is written by a preeminent scholar in the framework and each overview is followed by an empirical study that demonstrates how interlocutor IDs can be fruitfully researched within that framework. To maximize readability and impact the chapters follow common organizing questions inviting the engagement of L2 researchers students and teachers alike.Collectively the chapters in the current volume initiate a cohesive discussion of the theoretical roles of the interlocutor within these four popular approaches to SLA; illustrate how interlocutor IDs influence L2 opportunities and/or development; present innovative original empirical research on interlocutors and their IDs within each approach; and provide theoretical empirical and methodological guidance for future research on interlocutors and their IDs. A powerful contribution of this volume highlighted in the concluding chapter’s synthesis is the common call across all four approaches for the irrefutable role and need for research on interlocutors and their IDs. The volume also demonstrates how despite theoretical and methodological differences the four approaches are advancing congruently toward a more robust understanding of the multifaceted and dynamic nature of all interlocutors and their IDs and thus toward a more complete and accurate picture of their influence on L2 development.

This volume is intended as an innovating reader for both interpreting practitioners as well as scholars engaging with the multifaceted question addressed in the title “Why linking up with video?”. The chapters in this volume deal with this question from different perspectives. On the one hand the volume continues the ongoing discussion on the pros and cons of video-based interaction for the interpreting profession exploring the implications and applications when interpreters and their clients link up through video technology. On the other hand the chapters also explore the potential of video technology for research on interpreting hence raising the question in which way high-quality video recordings of interpreters in the booth participants involved in interpreter-mediated talk etc. may be instrumental in gaining new insights. In this sense the volume strongly ties in with the fast-growing field of multimodal (interaction) studies which makes use of video recordings to study the relationship between verbal and nonverbal resources such as gestures postural orientation gaze and head movements in the construction of meaning in communication.