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De Lingua Latina X has never been so courageously edited nor so daringly translated as in this long-awaited sequel to Taylor’s Declinatio (SiHoLS 2). The editor’s intimate familiarity with both the extant archetype and Varro’s unique linguistic theory and practice make this volume indispensable for an understanding of LL X one of the most important texts in the entire corpus of Latin grammatical writings. The stimulating Prolegomena introduce Varro his revolutionary language science book ten and both the manuscript and the editorial traditions and the Commentary explains in absorbing detail how and why the editor has set the text as he has. The world’s foremost Varro scholar of this day has successfully combined classical philology and the history of linguistics to produce an inspired new edition and novel translation of book ten of Varro’s magnum opus.

A state-of-the-art volume highlighting the links between lexicography terminology language for special purposes (LSP) and translation and Machine Translation that constitute the domain of Language Engineering.<br xmlns="http://pub2web.metastore.ingenta.com/ns/"/>Part I: Terminology and Lexicography. Takes us through terminological problems and solutions in Europe the former Soviet Union and Egypt.<br/>Part II focuses on LSP for second language learners and lexical analysis.<br/>Part III treats translator training in a historical context as well as new methods from cognitive and corpus linguistics.<br/>Part IV is about the application of language engineering in Machine Translation corpus linguistics and multilingual text generation.<br/>

This volume includes twelve papers selected from the Ninth Annual Symposium on Arabic Linguistics held at Georgetown University Washington D.C. 1995. Three of the papers deal with codeswitching with Arabic two with the acquisition of Arabic and four with different aspects of Arabic grammatical structure. The volume also includes three papers presenting data on negation in some Arabic dialects (including those of Yemen Morocco Egypt).<br xmlns="http://pub2web.metastore.ingenta.com/ns/"/>The topics are diverse and include Arabic and constraints on codeswitching verb embeddings and collocations in codeswitching ellipsis in child language acquisition clitic left dislocation parameter resetting in second language acquisition accessing pharyngeal place and the derivation of imperatives.<br/>

In der älteren Tradition wird Heraklit zu den Naturphilosophen gezählt doch sein Denken grenzt sich vom reinen Ansammeln von Wissensmaterial und den kosmologischen Spekulationen der ionischen Naturphilosophen ab. Heraklit distanziert sich vom allgemein erfahrbaren Wissen und geht mit Hilfe der konsequenten Rückkehr zu sich selber der Erkenntnissuche nach.<br xmlns="http://pub2web.metastore.ingenta.com/ns/"/>Die anhand einer Reihe ausgewählter Fragmente durchgeführte Untersuchung erbringt neu den Nachweis wie Heraklit eine klare Pädagogik vorschreibt die in manchen Aspekten spätere philosophische Denkformen vorausnimmt. Im Rahmen seiner Paideia gibt er Anweisungen zur Lebenseinstellung und zum ethischen Verhalten welche angehende Schüler befähigen sollen nach dem Logos zu suchen. Bei dieser Suche nach dem Logos in der eigenen Psyche begegnet er dem Logos der Welt. Heraklits Wirklichkeitsvorstellung entsteht aus der Wende nach innen aufgrund derer eine nicht inhaltlich neue Kosmologie sondern ein von einer veränderten Perspektive her betrachteter Kosmos sichtbar wird.<br/>Die so verstandene Weisheitssuche bildetet in der griechischen Gedankenwelt ein Novum: denn erst Heraklit formte die Auffassung von Philosophie als systematische Suche welche mit der Rückwendung auf sich selber zur Erkenntnis der kosmischen Wirklichkeit gelangt.

Richard Kayne’s introduction to this volume stresses that comparative work on the syntax of very closely related languages and dialects is a research tool promising to provide both a broad understanding of parameters at their finest-grained and an approach to the question of the minimal units of syntactic variation. The 11 articles in this collection demonstrate the use of this tool in analyzing microparametric variation principally with reference to Chomsky’s Minimalist program in a variety of languages. Topics include se/si constructions hypothetical infinitives and adverbial quantifiers in French and other Romance languages; that-trace variation Scandinavian possessive constructions reflexives and subject-verb agreement in Icelandic & Faroese and verb clusters in continental West Germanic dialects; anaphoric agreement in Labrador Inuttut; negative particle questions in Chinese; imperative inversion in Belfast English; and the second person singular interrogative in the traditional vernacular of Bolton.

The purpose of this study is the systematic description of a set of data called Adjectives in Korean which reduces to a minimum theoretical preoccupations and abstract formalisations with no practical applications. The framework of our research is the Lexicon-grammar whose fundamental idea is that the minimal meaningful unit is the simple sentence and not an isolated word. This work is constituted as follows: given that the corpus extracted from current dictionaries is insufficient for our purpose we will reconstitute a complete corpus: first with a formal definition and then according to some other principles discussed in the first section. With this more complete corpus (5300 items) we will examine in the second section general syntactic properties of adjectival constructions. The third section is devoted to the description of 15 classes of adjectival structures. These syntactic classes will be represented in the form of tables in the annex. The results obtained in this work are indispensable at least for the following activities: first the elaboration or verification of a linguistic theory demands a priori examination and systematic description of empirical data; furthermore a syntactic description of lexical data which is as exhaustive as possible has a particular interest in the perspective of the elaboration of a lexicon suitable for computer processing of natural language.L’objectif de cette étude est la description systématique d’un ensemble de données dit Adjectifs en coréen en réduisant au minimum les préoccupations théoriques et les formalisations abstraites et éloignées des faits. Notre démarche s’inscrit dans le cadre du Lexique-grammaire dont l’idée fondamentale est que l’unité minimale de sens est la phrase simple et non le mot isolé. Ce travail est constitué de la manière suivante: étant donné que le corpus extrait des dictionnaires actuels est insuffisant pour notre objectif on reconstituera un corpus complet: d’abord avec une définition formelle et ensuite selon certains autres principes dont nous parlerons dans la première partie; une fois ce corpus constitué (5300 items) on examinera dans la deuxième partie les propriétés syntaxiques générales des constructions adjectivales; la troisième partie est consacrée à décrire 15 classes de structures adjectivales. Ces classes syntaxiques se présentent sous la forme des tables dans l’annexe. Les résultats que nous avons obtenus dans ce travail sont indispensables au moins pour les deux activités suivantes: d’abord une élaboration ou une vérification d’une théorie linguistique exige préalablement l’examen et la description systématique de données empiriques; par ailleurs une description syntaxique des données lexicales aussi exhaustive que possible a un intérêt particulier dans la perspective de l’élaboration d’un lexique adéquat au traitement informatique du langage naturel.

This book details the findings of a research project investigating the social uses of literacy in a range of contexts in South Africa. This approach treats literacy not simply as a set of technical skills learnt in formal education but as social practices embedded in specific contexts discourses and positions. What this means is made clear through a series of fine-grained accounts of social uses and meanings of literacy in contexts ranging from the taxi industry in Cape Town to family farms urban settlements and displacement sites rural land holdings and various sites during the 1994 elections and among different sectors of South African society Black Colored and White.

Since the view of literacy presented here is so dependent on context the book provides not only descriptions of literacy practices but also rich insights into the complexity of everyday social life in contemporary South Africa at a major point of transition. It can be read as a concrete way of understanding the emergence of the New South Africa as it appears to actors on the ground focused through attention to one central feature of contemporary life — the uses and meanings of literacy.

“Using fascinating and carefully documented case-study material this book raises vital questions about literacy and illiteracy and about adult education. Above all it questions the efficacy of any literacy programme which fails to acknowledge the many ways in which uneducated and so called ‘illiterate’ people already use reading writing and numeracy in their everyday lives.” Jenny Maybin The Open University Milton Keynes

This volume corrects the relative neglect in Second Language Acquisition studies of the quantitative study of language variation and provides insights into such issues as language transfer acquisition through exposure language universals learner’s age and so forth.<br xmlns="http://pub2web.metastore.ingenta.com/ns/"/>These studies bolster the idea that a full account of SLA development (and hence a “theory of SLA”) must be built on not only detailed accounts of interlanguage data but also on a wide appeal to factors which govern the psycholinguistic bases of SLA. <br/>An important addition to the volume is a comprehensive guide to both the DOS and Macintosh versions of the VARBRUL statistical program used by variationists.<br/>

The Swedish Working Life Fund — a temporary organization functioning from 1990 to 1995 — distributed 10 billion Swedish crowns for workplace development and initiated 25000 projects. About half of the total labor market was affected. This evaluation study which is built on case studies as well as a survey of a representative sample of the project population describes the emergent characteristics of organization development in Swedish enterprises and services. In order to locate the efforts of the Fund within an explanatory context the study draws on the idea of concept-driven change of participation in development processes of development coalitions of infrastructure for change and of a society that is supportive of change.

Numeral Classifier Systems considers the functional significance of the Japanese numeral system its conclusions based on a corpus of 500 uses of classifier constructions drawn from oral and written Japanese texts.<br xmlns="http://pub2web.metastore.ingenta.com/ns/"/>Interestingly although the Japanese system appears to conform at least superficially to universalistic predictions about its semantic structure this study reports that in actual usage the semantic role of classifiers is slight — only very rarely do they carry any lexical information unavailable from the context or the noun with which the classifier occurs. It does appear however that the system has an important role to play in providing pronoun-like anaphoric elements and in marking pragmatic distinctions such as the individuatedness of referents and the newness of numerical information. For these reasons the classifier system is deeply involved in a number of subsystems of Japanese grammar and the demise of the system (sometimes rumored to be impending) would have substantial implications for the structure of the language as a whole.

This volume presents a collection of 23 papers by renowned linguists on current research in the field of theoretical linguistics. The book focuses on linguistic theory and metatheory and on fundamental concepts and assumptions of modern linguistics.

This is a two-volume collection of original research papers designed to reflect the breadth and depth of the impact that William Labov has had on linguistic science. Four areas of 'Labovian' linguistics are addressed: First is the study of variation and change; the papers in sections I and II of the first volume take this as their central theme with a focus on either the social context and uses of language (I) or on the the internal linguistic dynamics of variation and change (II). The study of African American English and other language varieties in the Americas spoken by people of African descent and influenced by their linguistic heritage is the subject of the papers in section III of the first volume. The third theme is the study of discourse; the papers in section I of the second volume develop themes in Labovian linguistics that go back to Labov's work on narrative descriptive and therapeutic discourse. Fourth is the emphasis on language use the search for discursive interactive and meaningful determinants of the complexity in human communication. Papers with these themes appear in section II of the second volume.<br xmlns="http://pub2web.metastore.ingenta.com/ns/"/>

The articles in this volume are inspired by the Minimalist Program first outlined in Chomsky’s MIT Fall term class lectures of 1991 and in his seminal paper “A Minimalist Program for Linguistic Theory”. The articles seek to develop further some key idea in the Minimalist Program sometimes in ways deviating from the course taken by Chomsky.<br xmlns="http://pub2web.metastore.ingenta.com/ns/"/>The articles are preceded by a 40 page introduction into the minimalist framework. The introduction pays special attention to the question how the minimalist framework developed out of the Principles and Parameters (Government and Binding) framework. The introduction serves as a guide through the entire volume presenting the issues to be discussed in the articles in detail and offering a thematic overview over the volume as a whole.<br/>Most of the articles in this volume are concerned with issues raised in Chomsky’s first two minimalist papers namely “A Minimalist Program for Linguistic Theory” (1993 first distributed in 1992) and “Bare Phrase Structure” (1995a first distributed 1994). In acknowledgment of this each article starts out with a quote from Chomsky (1993 1995a). This quote also serves to highlight the particular grammatical or theoretical issue that is primarily discussed in the relevant article.<br/>Several articles relate issues raised in Chomsky’s first two minimalist papers to the basic ideas in Kayne’s book The Antisymmetry of Syntax (1994 distributed in part in manuscript form in 1993). In many respects therefore these articles develop alternatives to ideas proposed in chapter 4 “Categories and Transformations” of Chomsky’s most recent book The Minimalist Program (1995b). Some of the articles contain references to chapter 4 and some comments on similarities and differences between ideas developed in these papers and in chapter 4 of Chomsky 1995b can also be found in the Introduction to this volume.<br/>

Against the background of the proliferation of the various subdisciplines of language acquisition research over the past decades this volume aims to enhance the existing but somewhat fragile links between language acquisition and theoretical linguistics. With regard to previous research the book focuses on the acquisition of syntax and syntactic theory specifically on Chomskyan Generative Grammar.

This collective volume is the first to discuss systematically what are the possibilities to model different aspects of brain and mind functioning with the formal means of fractal geometry and deterministic chaos. At stake here is not an approximation to the way of actual performance but the possibility of brain and mind to implement nonlinear dynamic patterns in their functioning. The contributions discuss the following topics (among others): the edge-of-chaos dynamics in recursively organized neural systems and in intersensory interaction the fractal timing of the neural functioning on different scales of brain networking aspects of fractal neurodynamics and quantum chaos in novel biophysics the fractal maximum-power evolution of brain and mind the chaotic dynamics in the development of consciousness etc. It is suggested that the ‘margins’ of our capacity for phenomenal experience are ‘fractal-limit phenomena’. Here the possibilities to prove the plausibility of fractal modeling with appropriate experimentation and rational reconstruction are also discussed. A conjecture is made that the brain vs. mind differentiation becomes possible most probably only with the imposition of appropriate symmetry groups implementing a flowing interface of features of local vs. global brain dynamics. (Series B)

The roots of pragmatics reach back to Antiquity especially to rhetoric as one of the three liberal arts. However until the end of the 18th century proto-pragmatic insights tended to be consigned to the pragmatic that is rhetoric wastepaper basket and thus excluded from serious philosophical consideration.<br xmlns="http://pub2web.metastore.ingenta.com/ns/"/>It can be said that pragmatics was conceived between 1780 and 1830 in Britain but also in Germany and in France in post-Lockian and post-Kantian philosophies of language. These early ‘conceptions’ of pragmatics are described in the first part of the book.<br/>The second part of the book looks at pragmatic insights made between 1830 and 1880 when they were once more relegated to the philosophical and linguistic underground. The main stage was then occupied by a fact-hunting historical comparative linguistics on the one hand and a newly spiritualised philosophy on the other.<br/>In the last part the period between 1880 and 1930 is presented when pragmatic insights flourished and were sought after systematically. This was due in part to a new upsurge in empiricism positivism and later behaviourism in philosophy linguistics and psychology. Between 1780 and 1930 philosophers psychologists sociologists and linguists came to see that language could only be studied in the context of dialogue in the context of human life and finally as being a kind of human action itself.

Text-based interaction among humans connected via computer networks such as takes place via email and in synchronous modes such as “chat” MUDs and MOOs has attracted considerable popular and scholarly attention. This collection of 14 articles on text-based computer-mediated communication (CMC) is the first to bring empirical evidence from a variety of disciplinary perspectives to bear on questions raised by the new medium.<br />The first section linguistic perspectives addresses the question of how CMC compares with speaking and writing and describes its unique structural characteristics. Section two on social and ethical perspectives explores conflicts between the interests of groups and those of individual users including issues of online sex and sexism. In the third section cross-cultural perspectives the advantages and risks of using CMC to communicate across cultures are examined in three studies involving users in East Asia Mexico and students of ethnically diverse backgrounds in remedial writing classes in the United States. The final section deals with the effects of CMC on group interaction: in a women’s studies mailing list a hierarchically-organized workplace and a public protest on the Internet against corporate interests.

Literary Studies is currently going through a deep transformation preparing itself for the launch into the twenty-first century.<br xmlns="http://pub2web.metastore.ingenta.com/ns/"/>The present volume which is dedicated to Douwe Fokkema on the occasion of his retirement from Utrecht University captures this transformation in a number of squibs by a select international group of scholars. Topics dealt with are: canon formation conventions cultural relativism hermeneutics vs. empirical studies and the problem of values all themes very much central to current discussions in comparative literature and literary theory. Taken together they form a variegated picture of a discipline in a changing world continually involved so to speak in ‘The Search for a New Alphabet.’

Der Neo-Konfuzianismus bildet mit seinen verschiedenen Strömungen die wichtigste Geistesschule des imperialen China seit der Song-Zeit (960-1279). Er entstand als Reaktion auf die das chinesische Denken in den Jahrhunderten vorher stark beeinflussenden Schulen des Buddhismus und des Neo-Daoismus und versteht sich selbst als eine Rückkehr zu der Essenz der ursprünglichen konfuzianischen Lehre vor der Han-Zeit (206 v.u.Z.-221 n.u.Z.). Wesentliche Elemente in den Theorien der beiden gegnerischen Schulen wurden aber vom Neo-Konfuzianismus absorbiert und haben ihn ohne Zweifel bereichert und neue Elemente in den Konfuzianismus getragen.<br xmlns="http://pub2web.metastore.ingenta.com/ns/"/>Zhang Zai gehört zu den wichtigsten Vertretern des Neo-Konfuzianismus. Er hat dem Begriff Qi erstmals innerhalb der konfuzianischen Schule eine zentrale Bedeutung gegeben. Qi ist ein ontologischer Begriff der in der Lehre Zhang Zais auf die eine alle Dinge konstituierende Substanz verweist deren unaufhörlicher Prozeß des Verdichtens und Zerstreuens das Entstehen und Vergehen der Dingen hervorruft. Einzelding und Universum sind wesentlich gleich denn sie finden ihre Einheit in der Substanz Qi. Der Mensch hat die Fähigkeit und Aufgabe im Erkenntnisprozeß die Einheit der Welt zu erfassen und die als ein wesentlicher Aspekt dem Qi immanenten sittlichen Prinzipien (Li) im Denken und Handeln zu verwirklichen. So wird er zum Weisen und erlangt die höchste Stufe des menschlichen Seins.

This book provides a new way of studying grammar. The basic thrust of the book is to investigate grammar based on a prosodic unit the intonation unit (IU) in spontaneous speech. The author challenges the dominant practice in the study of syntax which has been to focus on the unit of the artificially constructed sentence. The book shows that some basic notions developed from sentence-level data often do not account well for speech data. For example in many versions of syntactic theory the basic syntactic structure of any sentence is assumed to comprise both an NP and a VP (with variations in terminology). However the author shows that a Mandarin sentence in spoken discourse can consist of a lone NP or a transitive verbal expression without any explicit argument (which is not due to anaphora). Although the book concerns Mandarin discourse and grammar it will be of interest to students of a wide range of fields including discourse analysis syntax conversation analysis prosodic studies and typological studies.

Spoken by nearly 70 million people not only within the Korean Peninsula but also in five continents Korean is one of a dozen major languages of the world. Yet outside Korea it is not as much studied as it should be nor has it acquired commensurate international recognition. With its difficult sound system rich word formation patterns and complex sentence structures Korean is one of the most challenging to learn as a foreign language yet there is little that is written in English about Korean. This book eminently fills this gap. The author presents Korean in a lucid and readable manner covering topics from scripts to sounds from words to sentences and from discourse to text analysis. It is therefore both comprehensive and concise. It avoids unnecessary details but includes all essential subjects and describes them in a well-organized theory-free prose. This book should be a handy reference for both teachers and students of Korean especially those abroad.

This book represents an approach which is intended to give readers a general insight into what translators really do and to explain the concepts and tools of the trade bearing in mind that translation cannot be reduced to simple principles that can easily be separated from each other and thus be handled in isolation. On the whole the book is more process- than product-centred. Translation is seen as an activity with an intentional and a social dimension establishing links between a source-language community and a target-language community and therefore requiring a specific kind of communicative behavior based on the question “Who translates what for whom and why?” To the extent that the underlying principles assumptions and conclusions are convincing to the reader the practical implications of the book last but not least in translation teaching are obvious.

This volume contains ten papers selected from among those presented at the annual Free University Stemmatological Colloquia 1990-93. Current issues in (automated) stemmatology paleography and codicology are addressed from contemporary theoretical perspectives. All papers focus on new directions in textuology and manuscript affiliation and especially on the use of computer science in this field.The theoretical implications of computer-assisted stemma construction are explored. In combination with achievements in codicology and paleography these investigations allow for dealing with the major problems in textuology: extreme complex and entangled manuscript traditions.<br xmlns="http://pub2web.metastore.ingenta.com/ns/"/>Following an introductory chapter part 1 presents six theoretical contributions on stemmatology and part 2 deals with auxiliary fields in textuology such as codicology and paleography. In part 3 applications of the previously developed fields are presented.

Since antiquity scholars have been fascinated by the phenomena of case. The explanation for this fascination is as Hjelmslev already pointed out over fifty years ago the fact that he who can unravel the meaning of case-relations has the key to language structure as a whole.

For over three years a team of twenty scholars affiliated with the Linguistics Department of Leuven University in Belgium has concentrated on case phenomena in different languages both Indo- and non-Indo-European. It is the first time that such a large scale investigation into case has been undertaken. Noteworthy is also its reliance on computer-stored corpora of authentic material.

The results are published as a series (Case and Grammatical Relations across Languages) of which the first volume a bibliography appeared in 1994.

The first volume on the dative case contains 13 articles each of which gives a detailed syntactic-semantic description of the dative or its counterparts in a particular language. In addition to the lexico-syntactic frames in which they occur a number of textual and extra-linguistic factors are taken into account. Languages investigated are English (K. Davidse) German (L. Draye) Dutch (W. Van Belle & W. Van Langendonck) Afrikaans (L.G. de Stadler) Latin (W. Van Hoecke) French (L. Melis) Spanish (N. Delbecque & B. Lamiroy) Portuguese (R. de Andrade) Polish (B. Rudzka-Ostyn) Hungarian (G. Tóth) Pashto (W. Skalmowski) Hebrew (P. Swiggers) and Orizaba Nahuatl (D. Tuggy).

Status and Power in Verbal Interaction is a sociolinguistic study of conversation in a social context. Using an ethnographic methodology and a network analysis of the social roles and relationships in a particular language community the book explores how speakers negotiate status relationship and ultimately contest power through discourse. Of chief concern to the study is how speakers manage to negotiate relationship roles — which here consists of institutional status as well as the more variable social standing — using conversation. Discourse is seen to be not only what people say but how they say it — how speakers take the floor bring new topic to the floor interrupt each other and become a resource person in a conversation. The study revolves around the idea that power while intricately tied to social standing and institutional status is more than the sum of one’s institutional standing age education race and gender. Though these factors convey rank conversants nonetheless use discourse to jockey for position and contest their relational role vis-a-vis their discourse partners. While institutional standing may be more or less fixed power of relational roles fluctuates greatly because as the study shows power is accorded through a process of ratifying the positive self-image of a speaker. Thus one’s standing in a group is a community negotiation. By investigating power in community at a micro-level of analysis this study adds a new dimension to existing understandings of power.