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In this contrastive French-English grammar the comparisons between French structures and their English equivalents are formulated as rules which associate a French schema (of a particular grammatical structure) with its translation into an equivalent English schema. The grammar contains all the rules giving the English equivalents under translation of the principal grammatical structures of French: the verb phrase the noun phrase and the adjuncts (modifiers). In addition to its intrinsic linguistic interest this comparative grammar has two important applications. The translation equivalences it contains can provide a firm foundation for the teaching of the techniques of translation. Furthermore such a comparative grammar is a necessary preliminary to any program of machine translation which needs a set of formal rules like those given here for the French-to-English case for translating into a target language the syntactic structures encountered in the source language.

This terminology collection presents approximately 200 concepts that can be considered the basic vocabulary for the practical teaching of translation. Four languages are included: French English Spanish and German. Nearly twenty translation teachers and terminologists from universities in eight countries (Canada France Germany Spain Switzerland United Kingdom United States and Venezuela) defined the concepts and presented them in pedagogical form with notes and examples. The terms describe specific language acts the cognitive aspects involved in the translation process the procedures involved in transfer from one language to another and the results of these operations. All of the terms in each section of the book are cross-referenced. A dozen tables help the reader understand the relationships between the concepts and a bibliography completes each section.

This vocabulary is designed to be a useful tool and contribution to the general quality of translator training.

This edited volume offers the first comprehensive collection devoted to the study of Slavic gender linguistics by a team of international Slavic linguists. It features eleven highly-original data-driven contributions representing a variety of approaches to this understudied and underrepresented area of contemporary Slavic linguistics. For those working specifically in the field of gender linguistics the collection presents the first English-language introduction to this vital area of sociolinguistic research based upon findings from contemporary Russian Polish Czech and other Slavic languages. For Slavic linguists it presents a ground-breaking collection of sociolinguistic studies which advance Russian linguistic theory and further enhance it with new theoretical frameworks and analyses by which to view the Slavic data.<br xmlns="http://pub2web.metastore.ingenta.com/ns/"/>Each of the contributions is sufficiently rich and varied in its conceptual design theoretical approach and potential for practical application in graduate seminars or courses in gender linguistics. The linguistic fields addressed by this collection include: pragmatics discourse analysis grammar syntax literary linguistics cross-cultural linguistics diachronic linguistics and quantitative linguistics.<br/>

This volume presents current research in the formal treatment of linguistic phenomena in the Romance languages. It focuses on a variety of issues in phonology second language acquisition semantics and syntax. Topics in phonological theory include the analysis of geminates assimilation rhotics aspiration syllabification the interaction of phonology with morphology the phonology-phonetics interface and issues of transderivation and allomorphy selection. The primary question addressed in the area of second language acquisition theory is the issue of learners' access to Universal Grammar. The studies in semantic theory examine the proper analysis of indefinites bare plurals and specificity with a particular emphasis on the syntax-semantics interface. Finally the essays on syntactic theory discuss issues pertaining to argument structure functional projections phrase structure and adjunction feature checking and the syntactic representation of tense.<br xmlns="http://pub2web.metastore.ingenta.com/ns/"/>

This book contains a selection of refereed and revised papers originally presented at the 5th ICLC. After an introduction by the editors the book opens with a long-needed chapter on historical precedents for the Cognitive Linguistic theory of metaphor. Two chapters demonstrate the method of lexical analysis of linguistic metaphors and how it can be fruitfully applied to a characterization of the conceptual domains of smell and economics. Three chapters deal with theoretical aspects of conceptual metaphor one of which is a commissioned chapter on the relation between conceptual metaphor theory and conceptual blending. Finally there are five chapters presenting novel theoretical issues and empirical findings about the relation between conceptual metaphor and culture. This book is hence a wide-ranging sample of current approaches to metaphor in Cognitive Linguistics with some chapters breaking new grounds for future research.

This volume presents selected papers from the 5th International Cognitive Linguistics Conference within the area of discourse analysis.<br xmlns="http://pub2web.metastore.ingenta.com/ns/"/>The topics addressed include pronominal anaphora in English and Russian narratives the subtleties of the definite article in English and Spanish the use of discourse particles in Dutch and the function of prosody as a marker of text structure in spoken narratives.<br/>The papers illustrate the potential of the emerging cognitive linguistic paradigm to provide fresh revealing insights in the study of discourse.<br/>

Until very recently coherence (unlike cohesion) was widely held to be a ‘rather mystical notion’. However taking account of new trends representing a considerable shift in orientation this volume aims at helping relieve coherence of its mystifying aura. The general bibliography which concludes the book bears witness to this intriguing development and the rapidly changing scene in coherence research. Preceding this comprehensive up-to-date Bibliography on Coherence are 13 selected papers from the 1997 International Workshop on Coherence at the University of Augsburg Germany. They share a number of theoretical and methodoligical assumptions and reflect a trend in text and discourse analysis to move away from reducing coherence to a product of (formally represented) cohesion and/or (semantically established) connectivity. Instead they start from a user- and context-oriented interpretive understanding and rely on authentic data throughout in relating micro-linguistic to macro-linguistic issues. The first group of papers looks at the (re-)creation of coherence in inter alia reported speech casual conversation argumentative writing news reports and conference contributions. The second group describes the negotation of coherence in oral examinations text summaries and other situations that require special efforts on the part of the recipient to overcome misunderstandings and other disturbances. The third group discusses theoretical approaches to the description of coherence.

The interdisciplinary linguistic attractor model portrays language processing as linked sequences of fractal sets and examines the changing dynamics of such sets for individuals as well as the speech community they comprise. Its motivation stems from human anatomic constraints and several artificial neural network approaches. It uses general computation theory to: (1) demonstrate the capacity of Cantor-like fractal sets to perform as Turing Machines; (2) better distinguish between models that simply match outputs (emulation) and models that match both outputs and internal dynamics (simulation); and (3) relate language processing to essential computation steps executed in parallel. Measure and information theory highlight the key variables driving linguistic dynamics while catastrophe and game theory help predict the possible topologies of language change.It introduces techniques to isolate and measure attractors and to interpret their stability and relative content within a system. Important results include the capability to distinguish the sequence of related sound changes and to make point-to-point comparisons of different texts using common metrics. Other techniques allow quantifiable ambiguity landscapes illustrating the forces that propel different languages in different directions.

A synchronic sociolinguistic study of Jamaican Creole (JC) as spoken in urban Kingston this work uses variationist methods to closely investigate two key concepts of Atlantic Creole studies: the mesolect and the creole continuum. <br xmlns="http://pub2web.metastore.ingenta.com/ns/"/>One major concern is to describe how linguistic variation patterns with social influences. Is there a linguistic continuum? How does it correlate with social factors? The complex organization of an urbanizing Caribbean society and the highly variable nature of mesolectal speech norms and behavior present a challenge to sociolinguistic variation theory.<br/>The second chief aim is to elucidate the nature of mesolectal grammar. Creole studies have emphasized the structural integrity of basilectal varieties leaving the status of intermediate mesolectal speech in doubt. How systematic is urban JC grammar? What patterns occur when basilectal creole constructions alternate with acrolectal English elements? Contextual constraints on choice of forms support a picture of the mesolect as a single grammar variable yet internally-ordered which has evolved a fine capacity to serve social functions.<br/>Drawing on a year’s fieldwork in a mixed-class neighborhood of the capital city the author (a speaker of JC) describes the speech community’s history demographics and social geography locating speakers in terms of their social class occupation education age sex residence and urban orientation. The later chapters examine a recorded corpus for linguistic variables that are phono-lexical (palatal glides) phonological (consonant cluster simplification) morphological (past-tense inflection) and syntactic (pre-verbal tense and aspect marking) using quantitative methods of analysis (including Varbrul). The Jamaican urban mesolect is portrayed as a coherent system showing stratified yet regular linguistic behavior embedded in a well-defined speech community; despite the incorporation of forms and constraints from English it is quintessentially creole in character.

The focus in this volume is on grammatical aspects of the clause in English presenting a fine balance between theoretically- and descriptively-oriented approaches. Some authors investigate the status and properties of ‘minor’ or ‘fringe’ constructions including ‘deictic-presentationals’; non-restrictive relative clauses with that; ‘isolated if-clauses’ and ‘exceptional clauses’. In some articles the validity of conventional accounts and approaches is questioned: such as traditional constituency trees and labelled bracketings as a means of representing relationships between parenthetical elements and their ‘hosts’; or traditional morphophonemic analyses as explanations for Ross’s ‘doubl-ing’ constraint. While some authors question commonly made assumptions (for example those concerning the relationships of clauses to sentences and propositions; or those concerning the status of post-head dependents in the NP) others appeal to new frameworks (for instance ‘emergence theory’ is used as a source of inspiration in dealing with ‘intransitive prepositions’). This collection also includes articles that adopt a solidly corpus-based approach.

The Clause in English has been prepared by colleagues past and present friends and admirers of Rodney Huddleston in order to honour his consistently outstanding contribution to grammatical theory and description.