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This book examines different theoretical perspectives on the role that interaction plays in second language acquisition. The principal perspectives are those afforded by the Interaction Hypothesis Socio-Cultural Theory and the Levels of Processing model. Interaction is therefore defined broadly; it is seen as involving both intermental and intramental activity. The theoretical perspectives are explored empirically in a series of studies which investigate the relationship between aspects of interaction and second language acquisition. A number of these studies consider the effects of interaction on the acquisition of vocabulary (word meanings) by both adult and child L2 learners. In addition the effects of language aptitude on input processing are considered. Further studies consider the contribution that interaction makes to the acquisition of grammatical knowledge. These studies provide clear evidence that social and intermental interaction are major forces in the acquisition of an L2. Finally the book considers a number of pedagogic specifications. In particular the importance of discourse control as a means of learners’ obtaining the quality of interaction likely to foster acquisition is discussed.

This collection presents typological work on tense aspect and epistemic modality in a variety of languages and against the background of different schools of thinking among which the St. Petersburg Typological School developed and so masterfully implemented by the Petersburg linguist Vladimir Petrovich Nedjalkov. The volume honors this reputed scholar for his life work. It is in mainly this spirit (and the EUROTYPE spirit) that the following scholars have contributed to the volume: T. Tsunoda on Warrungu (Australian indigeneous language) L. Kulikov on Vedic K. Kiryu on Japanese Korean and Newari N. Sumbatova on Svan (from the Kartvelian group) T.Bulygina & A. Shmelev on Russian W. Boeder on Georgian R. Thieroff on aorist and imperfect in European languages Y. Poupynin on Russian L. Johanson on Kipchak Turkic I. Dolinina on Russian N. Kozintseva on Old and Modern Eastern Armenian Ch. Lee on Korean W. Abraham on split ergative languages and German G. Silnitsky on Russian V. Plungian on Russian E. Rakhilina on Russian and K. Ebert on Kalmyk.

All languages have demonstratives but their form meaning and use vary tremendously across the languages of the world. This book presents the first large-scale analysis of demonstratives from a cross-linguistic and diachronic perspective. It is based on a representative sample of 85 languages. The first part of the book analyzes demonstratives from a synchronic point of view examining their morphological structures semantic features syntactic functions and pragmatic uses in spoken and written discourse. The second part concentrates on diachronic issues in particular on the development of demonstratives into grammatical markers. Across languages demonstratives provide a frequent historical source for definite articles relative and third person pronouns nonverbal copulas sentence connectives directional preverbs focus markers expletives and many other grammatical markers. The book describes the different mechanisms by which demonstratives grammaticalize and argues that the evolution of grammatical markers from demonstratives is crucially distinct from other cases of grammaticalization.

Searching explains how to make the fundamental cultural change required for a desirable sustainable future. It describes the ‘two-stage model’ of open-systems social science in action and covers two major methods: the Search Conference for strategic planning and community development; and the Participative Design Workshop for the genotypical design and redesign of organizational structures. The result of nearly 50 years of integrated conceptual and practical development Searching shows that by replacing 200 years of mechanistic assumptions with concepts and principles which accurately capture human and social realities these methods generate intrinsic motivation and release human potentials for change. Starting with the building blocks of this internally consistent theoretical framework Part I explains the interrelations and shows how the power of the methods for achieving this cultural change is generated. Part II of the book describes the methods and illustrates their flexibility by discussing some of their most common variations.

The papers in this volume deal with various topics in Arabic Linguistics. Most of the papers focus on new issues and introduce new empirical generalizations that haven't been studied before within the context of Arabic linguistics. The syntax and morphosyntax papers explore issues ranging from the nature of extraction strategies to various types of Construct State representations and the proper analysis of the distribution of the nominal adjectival and verbal mophological features. The computational linguistics papers focus on the challenge posed by the non-concatenative nature of Arabic morphology. The authors illustrate how their programs can handle Arabic morphology. The papers in morpho-phonology and historical linguistics deal with the development of the Arabic complementizer system and the empirical and theoretical problems that arise in the context of hypocoristic formation in Arabic. The sociolinguistics papers take up the issues of sociolinguistic variation as they pertain to the phenomenon of diglossia and regional uses of the Standard variety of Arabic. <br xmlns="http://pub2web.metastore.ingenta.com/ns/"/>

This work presents an in-depth analysis of text- and speaker-based meaning of non-canonical word order in English and ways to preserve this in English-German translation. Among the sentence structures under discussion are subject-verb inversion Left Dislocation Topicalization as well as wh-cleft and it -cleft sentences. Various approaches to the description and analysis of the meaning potential of these structures are presented and discussed among them theories of grammaticalization subjectivity empathy and information structure.

English as a rigid word order language has quite different means of creating meaning by syntactic variation than a free word order language like German. Contrastive analyses of English and German have emphasized structural differences due to the fact that English uses word order to encode the assignment of grammatical roles while in German this is achieved mainly by morphological means. For most ‘marked’ constructions in English a corresponding structure-preserving translation does not lead to an ungrammatical or unacceptable German sentence. The temptation for the translator to preserve these structures is therefore great. A case study discusses more than 200 example sentences drawn from recent works of US-American fiction and offers possible strategies for their translation.

Psychiatrists psychologists neurologists linguists and speech pathologists currently have no coherent theory to explain why we curse and why we choose the words we do when we curse. The Neuro-Psycho-Social Theory of Speech draws together information about cursing from different disciplines and unites them to explain and describe the psychological neurological cultural and linguistic factors that underlie this startling phenomenon.

Why We Curse is divided into five parts. Part 1 introduces the dimensions and scope of cursing and outlines the NPS Theory while Part 2 covers neurological variables and offers evidence for right brain dominance during emotional speech events. Part 3 then focuses on psychological development including language acquisition personality development cognition and so forth while Part 4 covers the wide variety of social and cultural forces that define curse words and restrict their usage. Finally Part 5 concludes by examining the social and legal implications of cursing treating misconceptions about cursing and setting the agenda for future research.

The work draws on new research by Dr. Jay and others and continues the research reported in his groundbreaking 1992 volume Cursing in America. A psycholinguistic study of dirty language in the courts in the movies in the schoolyards and on the streets.

The notion of stratification has played an important role in linguistics and evolutionary studies for some time but its role in cognitive science has not yet been well articulated and identified. What is meant by stratification? What is the role and value of stratification in the contemporary study of cognition and consciousness? This collective volume speaks to these questions. The twelve articles in the book cover a range of relevant issues including<br xmlns="http://pub2web.metastore.ingenta.com/ns/"/>(a) the vertical dimension and modularity of visual processing search and attention <br/>(b) the stratification of encoding and retrieval processes in memory <br/>(c) the hierarchical nature of conscious and unconscious components of memory and <br/>(d) the levels of awareness and varieties of conscious experience. <br/>The volume presents stimulating and self-contained articles for researchers and students of experimental psychology and neuroscience and is suitable for an advanced university course.<br/>(Series B)<br/>

This volume is the result of a colloquium on socio-political dimensions of language policy and language planning held at the 1997 American Association of Applied Linguistics (AAAL) Conference. The focus is on language planning and policy in the USA but the issues raised will be applicable to other parts of the world as well.<br xmlns="http://pub2web.metastore.ingenta.com/ns/"/>Three broad issues are addressed: general aspects case studies dealing with certain languages or ethnic groups and language planning in practice. The first general part provides a historical analysis of language planning and language policy in the US and proceeds to deal with maintenance and loss of indigenous languages and the constraints imposed by current policies and how these constraints can be effectively dealt with. The second part contains a number of case studies. It discusses aspects of planning policies pertaining to pidgin languages gestural languages used by the deaf (ASL) and constraints in foreign language education; this part also raises issues relating to ethnic groups concentrating on the position of Mexicans and Puerto Ricans in the US. In the third part some practical issues are raised by looking into the role of language and culture in teaching reading foreign language policy in higher education Hawaiian language regenisis and gender neutralization in American English.<br/>The book is a tribute to Charlene Junko Sato a sociolinguist and a language activist. She died in 1996 and will be remembered for her work not only in linguistics but also for her dedication in advancing Hawaiian Pidgin influencing language policy through various publications and court-room appearances.<br/>

This book examines changing work relationships in industrialized economies within the context of economic restructuring and demographic variables. The goal of this book is to examine experiences of industrialized economies in dealing with changing work relationships and discuss policy implications of creating such work relationships. The thesis of the book is that non-standard employment forms in restructuring economies affected all workers but particularly females and the youth. Other demographic variables of education level race/ethnicity/immigrant status ability and economic class were also underlying forces in the construction and arrangements of non-standard work. Research shows both positive and negative effects of changing work relationships on workers though there is no conclusive result whether one or the other affect is stronger. The discussion in this book pays attention to this debate and sheds light on it. This book differs from others in its comprehensiveness of the coverage of work relationships referring to part-time temporary/casual telework and self-employment without employees; in its examination of a variety of variables including gender age race/ethnicity/immigrant status ability education level and economic class; in the analysis of the topic in relation with the economic restructuring; and in its initiative in collaboration of researchers from a variety of backgrounds and regions of the world that have expertise on changing work relationships.<br xmlns="http://pub2web.metastore.ingenta.com/ns/"/>

The grammar of focus has been studied in generative grammar from its inception. It has been the subject of intense detailed cross-linguistic investigation for over 20 years particularly within the Principles and Parameters framework. It is appropriate at this point therefore to take stock. Appraisal at this particular point is all the more legitimate because it comes at a time of general evaluation of the results of the profound activity that has characterized the Principles and Parameters framework. This general assessment has produced a radical new direction within that framework.<br xmlns="http://pub2web.metastore.ingenta.com/ns/"/>The volume starts off with an introductory chapter that aims to provide an outline for the assessment to be followed by an overview of the evolution of the study of focus in generative grammar and a recapitulation of the principal issues associated with focus. These issues are taken up in the remaining chapters of the book where various grammatical means of marking focus (as well as grammaticalization of focus marking) are analyzed in a wide variety of languages. <br/>

This sociolinguistic study describes and analyzes an Israeli Palestinian border village in the Little Triangle and another village artificially divided between Israel and the West Bank tracing the political transformations that they have undergone and the accompanying social and cultural changes. These political social and cultural forces have resulted in distinctive sociolinguistic patterns.<br xmlns="http://pub2web.metastore.ingenta.com/ns/"/>The primary explanation offered for the persisting linguistic frontier found in rural Palestinian communities is the continuing social political economic and cultural differences between Palestinian villages in Israel and Palestinian villages in the West Bank. In the geopolitical and economic history of the villages these distinctions have been maintained by the dissimilar treatment received by the two communities and their inhabitants under Israeli government policy. Exacerbated by the Palestinian Intifada the relations of the Palestinian divided communities to each other and to the rest of the world have produced noticeable differences in economic educational and cultural development. The sociolinguistic facts revealed in the language situation in the villages are study shown to be correlated with political and demographic differences.

This book reports the results of an extensive study of slips of the tongue produced by foreign language (L2) learners at different levels of proficiency. Thus it provides new data which can be used to test current monolingual models of speech production and to further the development of bilingual speech production models. Moreover it offers a new approach to the study of second language acquisition. The book contains a detailed survey of the findings of L1 slip research including studies of slips produced by child L1 learners. It systematically compares these findings to those of the current L2 study and relates them to recent monolingual and bilingual models of speech production and to several cognitive models of second language acquisition. Special features of the book are its emphasis on methodological problems and the inclusion of the complete L2 corpus of 2000 slips of the tongue. It is expected that the book will be of interest to researchers and advanced students in the areas of speech production and second language acquisition and particularly to those who would like to test their own hypotheses using the L2 data.Summary of the contents of the book.<br xmlns="http://pub2web.metastore.ingenta.com/ns/"/>The book provides an overview of the key findings in L1 slip research.<br/>It relates L1 findings to monolingual speech production models. <br/>It gives a detailed survey of studies of slips produced by children.<br/>It presents an up-to-date review of bilingual speech production models.<br/>It discusses recent cognitive models of second language acquisition.<br/>It gives a detailed description of an extensive research project on slips of the tongue produced by Dutch learners of English.<br/>The L2 slip corpus is tape-recorded.<br/>It discusses methodological problems in L1 slip research.<br/>It systematically compares the L1 findings to those of the L2 slip project.<br/>It relates the findings to monolingual and bilingual models of speech production and to cognitive models of second language acquisition. <br/>It makes the data available in the appendix.

Although it is widely thought that structural linguistics began abruptly with the publication of Saussure's 'revolutionary' Course in General Linguistics the work of E. F. K. Koerner has demonstrated that Saussure for all his originality remained true to the basic tenets of his 19th-century predecessors. In this volume the development of modern linguistics before during and after Saussure is traced in 20 studies honouring the scholar who has done more than anyone else to professionalize linguistic historiography during the last quarter century. Among the wide range of topics covered are: grammar and philosophy in the age of comparativism the relation of Saussure's anagram studies to his theory of the linguistic sign nationalist overtones in German linguistics from 1914 to 1945 and the true story (with newly discovered documentation) of why Chomsky's Logical Structure of Linguistic Theory didn't get published during the 1950s or 60s. In addition to an introductory overview of Koerner's career and a complete listing of his publications the volume includes previously unpublished materials from Saussure's notebooks.

On the basis of the meticulous transcription/observation process of ‘Conversation Analysis’ this book observes recurrent patterns in sequences where Japanese speakers negotiate agreement and disagreement. It contributes to the growing body of research on ‘interaction and grammar’ by examining how linguistic recourses are utilized for constructing turns and anticipating the upcoming course of interaction. More specifically it focuses on the recurrent use of two structurally different types of connective expressions: clause-initial connectives and clause-final connective particles. The study examines the occurrences of these causal and contrastive markers with reference to their sequential environment and the resulting interaction. While the introductory chapters situate this approach in the current literature the main analytical chapters investigate the ways in which ‘delivery of agreement’ ‘delivery of disagreement’ and ‘pursuit for agreement’ are performed with the use of the different types of connective expressions. As one of the earliest conversation analytic studies of Japanese this book also addresses methodological issues concerning cross-linguistic cross-cultural studies of human interaction.

Alongside considerable continuity 20th-century diachronic linguistics has seen substantial shifts in outlook and procedure from the 19th-century paradigm. Our understanding of what is really new and what is recycled owes a great debt to E. F. K. Koerner's minutely researched interpretations of the work of the field's founders and key transitional figures. At the cusp of the 21st century some of the best known scholars in the field explore how these methodological shifts have been and continue to be played out in historical Romance Germanic and Indo-European linguistics as well as in work outside these traditional areas. These 22 studies honouring the founder of Diachronica and other publication ventures that have helped revitalize historical enquiry in recent decades include examinations of Indo-European methodology and the reconstructions carried out by Bloomfield and Sapir; the search for relatives of Indo-European; comparative structural and sociolinguistic analyses of the history of the Romance languages; regular vs. morpholexical approaches to OHG umlaut; and the synchrony and diachrony of gender affixes in Tsez.

Dealing with the most translated work of German literature the Tales of the brothers Grimm (1812-1815) this book discusses their history notably in relation to Denmark and subsequently other nations from 1816 to 1986. The Danish intelligentsia responded enthusiastically to the tales and some were immediately translated into Danish by a nobleman and by the foremost Romantic poet. Their renditions remained in print for a century and embued the tales with high prestige. This book discusses translators approaches and other parameters such as copyright and changes in target audiences. The tales’ social acceptability inspired Hans Christian Andersen to write his celebrated fairytales. Combined the Grimm and Andersen tales came to constitute the ‘international fairytale’.This genre was born in processes of translation and today it is rooted more firmly in the world of translation than in national literatures. This book thus addresses issues of interest to literary cross-cultural studies and translation.

The present volume brings together the author's most recent thinking on the tasks and methods of linguistic historiography and his critical assessment of the legacy of a number of major 20th-century scholars. Some of the chapters are revisions of previously published articles which together with new materials have been welded into a coherent volume.

The concept of ‘animacy’ concerns the fundamental and cognitive question of the extent to which we recognize and express living things as saliently human-like or animal-like.

In Animacy and Reference Mutsumi Yamamoto pursues two main objectives: First to establish a conceptual framework of animacy and secondly to explain how the concept of animacy can be reflected in the use of referential expressions. Unlike previous studies on the subject focussing on grammatical manifestations Animacy and Reference sheds light upon the conceptual properties of animacy itself and its reflection in referential processes.

For the research of this study the author focussed on languages that show completely different tendencies. As a result English and Japanese ‘parallel corpora’ are analysed yielding salient observations and opening intriguing discussions.

Since the publication of the still very valuable Biblioteca histórica de la filología by Cipriano Muñoz y Manzano conde de la Viñaza (Madrid 1893) our knowledge of the history of the study of the Spanish language has grown considerably. It has been the purpose of BICRES I (from the beginnings to 1600) published in 1994 in the same series to bring already available bibliographical information together with the more recent research findings scattered in many places books and articles and published during the past one hundred years. Now the second volume covering the years from 1601 to 1700 has been published according to the same principles as the first one.

Years of work in the major librairies of Spain and other European countries have gone into this new bibliography in order to offer as exhaustive as possible a description of all Spanish grammars and dictionaries histories of the Spanish language as well studies devoted to particular facets of its evolution in the 17th century.

BICRES II brings together in chronological order close to 1300 titles. Access to the bibliographical information is facilitated by several detailed indexes such as author index short title index index of places of production index of printers and publishers and a index of locations of the books described.Desde la publicación de la muy meritoria y aún hoy útil Biblioteca histórica de la filología castellana (Madrid 1893) de Cipriano Muñoz y Manzano conde de la Viñaza nuestros cono-cimientos sobre la historia de la lingüística española se han ensanchado considerable-mente. Fue el propósito de BICRES I (“desde los comienzos hasta 1600”) que se publicó en 1994 en esta misma serie sumar a los datos bibliográficos conocidos la información más reciente aparecida durante los últimos cien años en los más diversos lugares.

BICRES II presenta la información correspondiente a los años 1601-1700 manteniendo los mismos principios metodológicos que fueron empleados en el primer volumen.

Para terminar esta nueva bibliografía han sido necesarios años de trabajo en bibliotecas españolas y europeas. De esta manera se ha conseguido reunir la máxima cantidad disponible de datos sobre gramáticas y diccio-narios de la lengua española publicados en el siglo XVII así como sobre historias de la lengua española y estudios dedicados a los más variados aspecto de su desarrollo.

La Bibliografía cronológica de la lingüística la gramática y la lexicografía del español (BICRES II) ofrece en orden cronológico apoximadamente 1.300 títulos. Una serie de índices detallados (autores títulos abreviados lugares de publicación impresores y edito-riales y finalmente paraderos) facilita el acceso a la infomación bibliográfica.

External Possession Constructions (EPCs) are found in nearly all parts of the world and across widely divergent language families. The data-rich papers in this first-ever volume on EPCs document their typological variability explore diachronic reasons for variations and investigate their functions and theoretical ramifications. EPCs code the possessor as a core grammatical relation of the verb and in a constituent separate from that which contains the possessed item. Though EPCs express possession they do so without the necessary involvement of a possessive predicate such as “have” or “own”. In many cases EPCs appear to “break the rules” about how many arguments a verb of a given valence can have. They thus constitute an important limiting case for evaluating theories of the relationship between verbal argument structure and syntactic clause structure. They also raise core questions about intersections among verbal valence cognitive event construal voice and language processing.<br xmlns="http://pub2web.metastore.ingenta.com/ns/"/>

Historical dialogue analysis is a new branch of historical pragmatics. The papers of this interdisciplinary volume contribute to charting the developing field by presenting a survey of recent research from the different traditions of English German and Romance language studies. Both the introductory paper by the editors and the individual papers deal with fundamental theoretical questions e.g. the question of types of historical developments in dialogue forms and methodological problems e.g. the finding and interpretation of relevant data. The fifteen case studies presented in this volume provide a wide range of new data. The range of topics includes the pragmatic form of 16th century religious controversies in Germany forms of polite answers in Early Modern German conversation culture forms of dialogue in Early Modern English medical writing learning English through dialogues in the 16th century structures of bargaining dialogues in Late Medieval French and reflections of spontaneous dialogue in Early Romance texts.<br xmlns="http://pub2web.metastore.ingenta.com/ns/"/>

The claim that “…pronominals have phonological features only where they must for some reason” is strongly supported by the occurrence of the null pronoun PRO as coined and introduced by Noam Chomsky. How reference of PRO is determined is the main subject of control theory the subsystem of core grammar to which this study is dedicated. Chomsky has not followed up his “natural suggestion that choice of controller is determined by theta roles or other semantic properties of the verb perhaps pragmatic conditions of some sort.”<br xmlns="http://pub2web.metastore.ingenta.com/ns/"/>But then a great many students of control have engaged in exploring thematic roles as tools most suitable for investigating control.<br/>Shifting analysis of control to the relationship between thematic features carried by PRO and its potential controller respectively was a turning point in control theory. Control proved to be a by-product of satisfying matching conditions that exist between thematic properties of PRO and its licit controller. The constraints derived from them are not construction-specific.<br/>If grammar and pragmatics seem to go hand in hand their complicity in determining control behavior is elucidated by showing that pragmatic factors can be referred to by grammatical constraints. Data of nine languages are used in the study.

This book argues that syntactic parameters are set in a principled fashion on the basis of overt functional morphology. The main focus of the book is on the different positions of the finite verb in the Germanic SVO languages. In addition other syntactic phenomena (null subjects transitive expletive constructions and object shift) and other language families (Romance Semitic and Slavic) are discussed. A common explanation for all of the discussed phenomena is proposed: If and only if the features for “person” are distinctively marked by the agreement morphology the agreement affixes are listed separately in the lexicon and project phrases of their own in syntax where they attract the verb to the head positions and allow the specifier positions to be filled by various phonologically (un)realized elements. Special attention is given to issues of historical development and child language acquisition.

The volume collects a selection of papers presented at a European Colloquium held at the Università degli Studi di Roma Tre in October 1997. It focuses on phenomena at the boundary between morphology and syntax and provides analyses for data from the fields of both inflectional and derivational morphology and word order. Morpho-syntactic phenomena are analysed cross-linguistically and cross-theoretically as typologically-different languages (European Afro-Asiatic American and Austronesian ones) are dealt with and compared according to a variety of approaches from minimalism and lexical-functional grammar to grammaticalization theory taking into account both synchronic variation and diachronic change.

The volume is divided into three sections: I. Morphological phenomena and their boundaries II. Morpho-syntax and pragmatics and III. Morpho-syntax and semantics as the interaction with the higher components of the grammar is seen as contributing to explaining variation in morpho-syntactic behaviour.