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The Derivation of VO and OV takes a new look at the relationship between head-final or OV structures and head-initial or VO ones in light of recent work by Richard Kayne and others. The various papers in the volume take different positions with respect to whether one type of structure is derived from the other and if so which of the two orders is primary.

Different options explored include derivation of VO order by head movement from a basic OV structure derivation of VO by fronting of a phrasal VP remnant containing only the verb derivation of OV by fronting of a remnant VP which the verb has vacated and others.

Each paper is thoroughly rooted in empirical observations about specific constructions drawn either from the Germanic languages or from others including Finnish Hungarian Japanese and Malagasy.

The volume consists of eleven original papers by Sjef Barbiers Michael Brody Naoki Fukui & Yuji Takano Liliane Haegeman Hubert Haider Roland Hinterhölzl Anders Holmberg Thorbjorg Hróarsdóttir Matthew Pearson Peter Svenonius and Knut Tarald Taraldsen plus an introduction by the editor.

“Schelling has undergone his philosophical education before the public” — so G. W. F. Hegel in criticism of the novel systematic projects which his philosophical ally and later rival F. W. J. Schelling successively made public. Today however Hegel’s derisive judgment can be seen not to hold: Instead it is much rather the case that Schelling’s productivity expresses the genuine continuity of his thought. Moreover his thought is attractive precisely because it embodies an inconclusive — perhaps the never-ending — search for an abiding philosophical orientation in an ever more complex world.

Schelling — zwischen Fichte und Hegel / Schelling — Between Fichte and Hegel: The title both emphasizes the singularity of Schelling’s thought and recognizes its profound relation to that of his contemporaries. This volume which connects the latest work in Fichte- Hegel- and Schelling-studies contains original contributions in English and German on Schelling’s philosophy from international group of researchers. “Schelling hat seine philosophische Ausbildung vor dem Publikum gemacht” urteilte G. W. F. Hegel und tadelte damit die Folge von immer neuen philosophischen Entwürfen mit denen Schelling vor die Öffentlichkeit trat. Aus heutiger Sicht muî Hegels Urteil in verschiedener Hinsicht revidiert werden: Einerseits ist das Schaffen Schellings durch klare Kontinuität geprägt; andererseits ist sein Produktionsprozeî unter einer modernen Perspektive von hoher Attraktivität zeigt er doch sinnfällig die unabgeschlossene vielleicht unabschlieîbare Suche nach einer philosophischen Orientierung in einer immer komplexer werdenden Welt.

Schelling — zwischen Fichte und Hegel / Schelling — Between Fichte and Hegel: Mit diesem Titel ist die Aufgabe verknüpft die Singularität des Schellingschen Denkens herauszustellen sowie die vielfältigen Beziehungen zu seinen Zeitgenossen angemessen zu würdigen. Das Buch schlägt eine Brücke zwischen den neuesten Arbeiten der Fichte- Hegel- und Schellingforschung. Dabei bleibt es stets fokussiert auf die Philosophie Schellings. Es konnte für dieses Buch eine internationale Autorenschaft gewonnen werden. Alle Beiträge — teils in deutscher teils in englischer Sprache — sind speziell für diesen Band konzipiert.

This book is a detailed study of French-English linguistic borrowing in Prince Edward Island Canada which argues for the centrality of lexical innovation to grammatical change. Chapters 1–4 present the theoretical and methodological perspectives adopted along with the sociolinguistic history of Acadian French. Chapter 5 outlines the basic features of Acadian French morphosyntax. Chapter 6 provides an overview of the linguistic consequences of language contact in Prince Edward Island. Chapters 7–9 consider three particular cases of grammatical borrowing: the borrowing of the English adverb back and the semantic and syntactic reanalysis it has undergone the borrowing of a wide range of English prepositions resulting in dramatic changes in the syntactic behaviour of French prepositions and the borrowing of English wh-ever words resulting in the emergence of a new type of free relative. Chapter 10 argues for a theory of grammar contact by which contact-induced grammatical change is mediated by the lexicon.

This volume brings together a selection of papers presented at an international conference on Translation Studies in Barcelona in 1998. The papers illustrate four areas that are of particular interest in translation research today in Europe Asia and Latin America. The purpose of the first section ‘Investigating Translation Paradigms’ is to reach a critical revision of existing paradigms and to develop new ones in approaching the translated text. The second section ‘Investigating the Translation Process’ focuses on the skills knowledge and strategies that make up translation competence. The third section ‘Investigating Translation and Ideology’ addresses not only the ‘invisible’ influence of ideologies on the translator but also the role of translators in transmitting ideology. The fourth section ‘Investigating Translation Receivers’ envisages translators as communicators caught between the opposing trends of localisation and globalisation. This tension can be seen in the selection of the papers some of which reflect on research carried out in recently established translation centres in Spain while others discuss the latest work of scholars from long established centres in other countries.

This book offers foundations for a literary criticism which seeks to mediate between writers and readers belonging to different historical periods or social groupings. This makes it among other things a timely intervention in the postmodern “culture wars” though the theory put forward will be of interest not only to students of literature and culture but also to linguists. <br xmlns="http://pub2web.metastore.ingenta.com/ns/"/>Sell describes communication in general as strongly interactive as very much affected by the disparate situationalities of “sending” and “receiving” yet as by no means completely determined by them. Seen this way men and women are both social beings and individuals capable of empathizing with sociohistorical formations which are alien to them sometimes even to the extent of changing their own life-world. By treating literary activity as communicational in this same dynamic sense Sell radically modifies the main paradigms of twentieth-century literary theory casting much new light on questions of genre interpretation affect and ethics.

Translation in Context is a collection of contributions from the 1998 Congress arranged by EST the European Society for Translation Studies in Granada Spain. It illustrates some of the latest research interests and achievements in Translation Studies at the turn of the millennium. The contributions show how the context of Translation Studies has expanded to cover new documentation techniques cultural and psychological factors the latest computer tools ideological issues media translation and new methodologies. A total of 32 papers deal with: (I) Conceptual analysis in Translation Studies (II) Situational sociological and political factors (III) Psychological and cognitive aspects (IV) Translation effects (V) Computer aids (VI) Text-type studies (VII) Culture-bound concepts and (VIII) Translation history. The languages of the papers and abstracts are English French German and Spanish.

This is the only book that examines the theory and data on the development of implicit and explicit memory. It first describes the characteristics of implicit and explicit memory (including conscious recollection) and tasks used with adults to measure them. Next it reviews the brain mechanisms thought to underlie implicit and explicit memory and the studies with amnesics that initially prompted the search for different neuroanatomically-based memory systems. Two chapters review the Jacksonian (first in last out) principle and empirical evidence for the hierarchical appearance and dissolution of two memory systems in animal models (rats nonhuman primates) children and normal/amnesic adults. Two chapters examine memory tasks used with human infants and evidence of implicit and explicit memory during early infancy. Three final chapters consider structural and processing accounts of adult memory dissociations their applicability to infant memory dissociations and implications of infant data for current concepts of implicit and explicit memory. (Series B)

This volume critically examines the effects of the spread of English from colonialism to the ‘New World Order’. The research explores the complex and often contradictory roles English has played in national development. Historical analyses and case studies by leading researchers in language policy studies reveal that deterministic relationships between imperial languages such as English and societal hierarchies are untenable and that support of vernacular languages in education and public life can serve diverse ideologies and political agendas. Areas and countries investigated include Europe North America Australia Hong Kong India Malaysia Singapore South Africa and Sri Lanka. The role of theory in language policy scholarship and practice is critically evaluated. A variety of research methodologies is used ranging from macro-sociopolitical and structural analyses to postmodern approaches. The work collectively represents a new direction in language policy studies.<br xmlns="http://pub2web.metastore.ingenta.com/ns/"/>

This volume brings together cognitive psychologists interpreting scholars and translation researchers who look at the process phenomena involved in translation and interpreting (T/I) from various linguistic vantage points.<br xmlns="http://pub2web.metastore.ingenta.com/ns/"/>The focus is on methodology and the problems that loom large in a multidisciplinary discipline. The authors include Annette de Groot Juliane House Kirsten Malmkjaer and Miriam Shlesinger.<br/>The topics discussed range from simultaneous interpreting subtitling translating in pairs the sub-skills involved in T/I to expertise and management issues.<br/>Three major challenges emerge from T/I process research as it is portrayed in this book:<br/>- How to maintain a clear vision of the object of study?<br/>- How to ensure methodological sobriety?<br/>- How to transfer the emerging knowledge of expertise to translation pedagogy?

Spatial Cognition brings together psychology computer science linguistics and geography discussing how people think about space (our internal cognitive maps and spatial perception) and how we communicate about space for instance giving route directions or using spatial metaphors. The technological applications adding dynamism to the area include computer interfaces educational software multimedia and in-car navigation systems. On the experimental level themes as varied as gender differences in orientation and — of course wholly unrelated — the role of the hippocampus in rodent navigation are described. Much detailed analysis and computational modeling of the structure of short term memory (STM) is discussed. The papers were presented at the 1998 annual meeting of the Cognitive Science Society of Ireland Mind III. (Series B)

Many secrets of nature have been discovered since we have a better understanding of microstructures for example subatomic spheres in physics and genetic structures in biochemistry. This book is set to convey an overview of the history methods findings and theoretical accounts of microgenetic research in consciousness and experimental psychology. The reader will find information about how conscious percepts unfold within only a fraction of a second. In a sense and according to the microgenetic hypothesis our subjectively experienced perceptual image undergoes formation similar to the process of developing a photograph. Yet the time scale of the awareness-related perceptual development is much finer and therefore accessible only to observation armed with special experimental procedures that are exposed in this book. In addition the author presents empirical findings and theoretical interpretations from his own lab. Professor Talis Bachmann has been active in microgenetic research on attention perception and consciousness for more than 25 years. (Series B)

The aim of this book is to present significant aspects of cognitive grammar by adopting an interdisciplinary approach. The book provides an interplay of contributions by some exponents of cognitive grammar (Langacker Croft Wood Geeraerts Kövecses Wildgen) and philosophers of language (Albertazzi Marconi Peruzzi Violi) who in most cases share a phenomenological and Gestalt approach to the problem of semantics.<br xmlns="http://pub2web.metastore.ingenta.com/ns/"/>The topics covered include themes that are central to the debate in cognitive grammar such as metaphor construal operations prototypicality Gestalt schemes and field semantics. The book offers evidence to support the cognitive hypothesis in semantics and the existence of a close connection between the structures of perception and the categories of natural language.<br/>Because of the approach employed with its consideration of borderline aspects among semantics linguistics theoretical reflection and historical analysis the book marks out a route for a philosophical inquiry complementary to a cognitive approach to the semantics of natural language.<br/>

Analysis and dissociation have proved to be useful tools to understand the basic functions of the brain and the mind which therefore have been decomposed to a multitude of ever smaller subsystems and pieces by most scientific approaches. However the understanding of complex functions such as consciousness will not succeed without a more global consideration of the ways the mind-brain works. This implies that synthesis rather than analysis should be applied to the brain. The present book offers a collection of contributions ranging from sensory and motor cognitive neuroscience to mood management and thought which all focus on the dissociation between conscious (explicit) and nonconscious (implicit) processing in different cognitive situations. The contributions in this book clearly demonstrate that conscious and nonconscious processes typically interact in complex ways. The central message of this collection of papers is: In order to understand how the brain operates as one integrated whole that generates cognition and behaviour we need to reassemble the brain and mind and put all the conscious and nonconscious pieces back together again. (Series B)<br xmlns="http://pub2web.metastore.ingenta.com/ns/"/>

This book describes and evaluates alternative approaches within Systemic Functional Linguistics (SFL) to representing the structure of language at the level of form. It assumes no prior knowledge of SFL and can therefore be read as an introduction to current issues within the theory. It will interest any linguist who takes a functional approach to understanding language.

Part 1 summarizes the major developments in the forty years of SFL’s history including alternative approaches within Halliday’s own writings and the emergence of the “Cardiff Grammar” as an alternative to the “Sydney Grammar”. It questions the theoretical status of the ‘multiple structure’ representations in Halliday’s influential Introduction to Functional Grammar (1994) demonstrating that Halliday’s model additionally needs an integrating syntax such as that described in Part 2.

Part 2 specifies and discusses the set of ‘categories’ and ‘relationships’ that are needed in a theory of syntax for a modern computer-implementable systemic functional grammar. The theoretical concepts are exemplified at every point usually from English but occasionally from other languages.

The book is both a critique of Halliday’s current theory of syntax and the presentation of an alternative version of SFL that is equally systemic and equally functional.

This is the first typologically-oriented collection on Romani that is devoted to a particular thematic domain — that of noun phrase grammar. The approach taken is unique in that it places this typologically hybrid language in the centre of a general linguistic universal discussion of the relevant noun phrase phenomena. The book is also the first assembly of articles to deal with Romani as a whole on the basis of cross-dialectal samples offering areal-typological dialectological and historicalinterpretations. The individual contributions discuss morphological and syntactic aspects of nominal and pronominal inflection definite articles demonstratives genitive compounding external possession pronominal object doubling and morphosyntactic alignment. Contributors include leading experts in the fields of noun phrase grammar Romani dialectologists typologists and historical linguists.<br xmlns="http://pub2web.metastore.ingenta.com/ns/"/>

This book offers a new contribution to the debate concerning the “real time acquisition” of grammar in First Language Acquisition Theory. It combines detailed and quantitative observations of object placement in Dutch and Italian child language with an analysis that makes use of the Modularity Hypothesis. Real time development is explained by the interaction between two different modules of language namely syntax and pragmatics. Children need to build up knowledge of how the world works which includes learning that in communicating with someone else one must realize that speaker and hearer knowledge are always independent. Since the syntactic feature referentiality can only be marked if this (pragmatic) distinction is made and assuming that certain types of object placement (such as scrambling and clitic placement) are motivated by referentiality it follows that the relevant syntactic mechanism is dependent on the prior acquisition of a pragmatic distinction.

Studies on the syntactic consequences of event type in languages have shown that Aktionsart plays a role in Universal Grammar. This book contributes to the exploration of the syntax/semantics interface by presenting a thorough comparison of event and predicate types in English and Spanish. The mapping between event and syntactic predicate types including detransitives is given a minimalist account based on the functional categories that embed event features and on a careful analysis of the features checked by objects. As the book delves into the theoretical issue of how parameters are characterized it presents the most comprehensive account to date of event type phenomena in Spanish an innovative analysis of the clitic SE and a re-definition of unaccusativity. The theory is then applied to the ongoing issues in the sentence processing literature. A proposal is made for an update of the current data in light of these latest linguistic discoveries.

This monograph which evolved from the first linguistic dissertation to be written on Chaha (an Ethiopian Semitic language) is also the first book to deal exclusively with the phonology and morphology of the language. It is an exhaustive description and analysis by a native speaker of the sound patterns of this often misdescribed language and deserves to be the standard reference on the phonology of Chaha. The book presents a vast amount of new data and it unearths some fascinating new generalizations about double linking geminate devoicing nasalization of liquid consonants phonotactic constraints within morphemes and palatalization and labialization triggered by decomposition of a single back high round vowel. <br xmlns="http://pub2web.metastore.ingenta.com/ns/"/>The book also challenges the categorization of Semitic subject affixes into prefix and suffix sets instead proposing a novel classification in which all prefixes and some suffixes form a set that excludes the remaining suffixes. The generalizations and analyses are significant not only for the study of Chaha and Semitic languages but also for phonological theory in general.

The idea that some aspects of language are ‘natural’ while others are arbitrary artificial or derived runs all through modern linguistics from Chomsky’s GB theory and Minimalist program and his concept of E- and I-language to Greenberg’s search for linguistic universals Pinker’s views on regular and irregular morphology and the brain and the markedness-based constraints of Optimality Theory. This book traces the heritage of this linguistic naturalism back to its locus classicus Plato’s dialogue Cratylus. The first half of the book is a detailed examination of the linguistic arguments in the Cratylus. The second half follows three of the dialogue’s naturalistic themes through subsequent linguistic history — natural grammar and conventional words from Aristotle to Pinker; natural dialect and artificial language from Varro to Chomsky; and invisible hierarchies from Jakobson to Optimality Theory — in search of a way forward beyond these seductive yet spurious and limiting dichotomies.

This volume presents a comprehensive study of what constitutes Translation Competence from the various sub-competences to the overall skill. Contributors combine experience as translation scholars with their experience as teachers of translation. The volume is organized into three sections: Defining Building and Assessing Translation Competence.<br xmlns="http://pub2web.metastore.ingenta.com/ns/"/>The chapters offer insights into the nature of translation competence and its place in the translation training programme in an academic environment and show how theoretical considerations have contributed to defining building and assessing translation competence offering practical examples of how this can be achieved.<br/>The first section introduces major sub-competences including linguistic cultural textual subject research and transfer competence. The second section presents issues relating to course design methodology and teaching practice. The third section reflects on criteria for quality assessment.<br/>

The aim of this volume is to discuss recent research into self-experience and its disordersand to contribute to a better integration of the different empirical and conceptual perspectives. Among the topics discussed are questions like ‘What is a self?’ ‘What is the relation between the self-givenness of consciousness and the givenness of the conscious self?’‘How should we understand the self-disorders encountered in schizophrenia?’ and ‘What general insights into the nature of the self can pathological phenomena provide us with?’ Most of the contributions are characterized by a distinct phenomenological approach.<br xmlns="http://pub2web.metastore.ingenta.com/ns/"/>The chapters by Butterworth Strawson Zahavi and Marbach are general in nature and address different psychological and philosophical aspects of what it means to be a self. Next Eilan Parnas and Sass turn to schizophrenia and ask both how we should approach and understand this disorder and more specificallywhat we can learn about the nature of selfhood and existence from psychopathology. The chapters by Blakemore and Gallagher present a defense and a criticism of the so-called model of self-monitoring respectively. The final three chapters by Cutting Stanghellini Schwartz and Wiggins represent anthropologically oriented attempts to situate pathologies of self-experience.<br/>(Series B)

This volume brings together revised versions of a selection of papers presented at the Second International Conference on “Recent Advances in Natural Language Processing” (RANLP’97) held in Tzigov Chark Bulgaria September 1997. The aim of the conference was to give researchers the opportunity to present new results in Natural Language Processing (NLP) based both on traditional and modern theories and approaches. The conference received substantial interest — 167 submissions from more than 20 countries. The best papers from the proceedings were selected for this volume in the hope that they reflect the most significant and promising trends (and successful results) in NLP.<br xmlns="http://pub2web.metastore.ingenta.com/ns/"/>The contributions have been grouped according to the following topics: tagging lexical issues and parsing word sense disambiguation and anaphora resolution semantics generation machine translation and categorisation and applications. The volume contains an extensive index.<br/>

A Practical Guide to Localization was written for technical translators localization engineers testing engineers desktop publishers project managers and anyone else who may be involved in the release of multilingual products.In this second edition translators can learn more about localizing software online help and documentation files and the latest translation technology tools. Localization engineers can learn all about developing engineering and testing multilingual software and online help projects. For project managers there is all the information needed for planning translation and localization projects finding resources and ensuring product quality. New to this second fully updated and revised edition are chapters on internationalization multilingual desktop publishing and software quality assurance. The book has been designed both as a reference work and a teaching tool.

Bert Esselink has been active in localization for over a decade. After graduating in technical translation and taking university classes in programming and computational linguistics he worked for several years as software localizer localization engineer and technical project manager at International Software Products. In 1996 he joined ALPNET in Amsterdam as localization manager before taking on the role of globalization manager developing internal production quality standards. In January 2000 Bert joined Lionbridge to head up their European globalization consulting services.

The ideas presented by the contributions in this volume originated in a workshop on Burzio’s generalization. Burzio’s Generalization (BG) states that a verb which does not assign an external theta-role to its subject does not assign structural accusative Case to an object and conversely. It connects cross-linguistic similarities between e.g. passives raising verbs and unaccusatives. However it does so by linking very different properties of a predicate. This raises fundamental questions about its theoretical status. The contributions in this volume explore BG’s theoretical basis. A consensus emerges that BG is in fact an epiphenomenon due to the interaction of different principles of grammar. Moreover the contributions show a striking convergence as to how BG is ultimately derived. The results obtained make a significant contribution to the further development of theories of Case and thematic relations. <br xmlns="http://pub2web.metastore.ingenta.com/ns/"/>

While it has long been taken for granted that context or background information plays a crucial role in reference assignment there have been very few serious attempts to investigate exactly how they are used. This study provides an answer to the question through an extensive analysis of cases of bridging. The book demonstrates that when encountering a referring expression the hearer is able to choose a set of contextual assumptions intended by the speaker in a principled way out of all the assumptions possibly available to him. It claims more specifically that the use of context as well as the assignment of referent is governed by a single pragmatic principle namely the principle of relevance (Sperber & Wilson 1986/1995) which is also a single principle governing overall utterance interpretation. The explanatory power of the criterion based on the principle of relevance is tested against the two major current alternatives — truth-based criteria and coherence-based criteria — using data elicited in a battery of referent assignment questionnaires. The results show clearly that the relevance-based criterion has more predictive power to handle a wider range of examples than any other existing criterion. As such this work adds to the growing body of evidence supporting the insights of relevance theory.

The work has been awarded the 2001 Ichikawa Award for the best achievement in English Linguistics by a young scholar in Japan.

To find a suitable framework for the description of a previously undocumented language is all the more challenging in the case of a signed language. In this book for the first time an indigenous Asian sign language used in deaf communities in India and Pakistan is described on all linguistically relevant levels. This grammatical sketch aims at providing a concise yet comprehensive picture of the language. It covers a substantial part of Indopakistani Sign Language grammar. Topics discussed range from properties of individual signs to principles of discourse organization. Important aspects of morphological structure and syntactic regularities are summarized. Finally sign language specific grammatical mechanisms such as spatially realized syntax and the use of facial expressions also figure prominently in this book. A 300-word dictionary with graphic representations of signs and a transcribed sample text complement the grammatical description. <br xmlns="http://pub2web.metastore.ingenta.com/ns/"/>The cross-linguistic study of signed languages is only just beginning. Descriptive materials such as the ones presented in this book provide the necessary starting point for further empirical and theoretical research in this direction.

This collection of essays on definitions from Plato and Aristotle to modern times assembles interesting sometimes less widely known and controversial texts. They examine the subject from the point of view of philosophy which is essential for a theory of terminology seeking to establish the relationship between concepts and terms. These essays deal mainly with theoretical issues but they also consider the practice of defining and therefore serve as background to all manner of studies in terminology. In addition they form a useful complement to the better known discussions of definitions in lexicography.

This study of Old Spanish and present-day Mexico and New Mexico data develops a grammaticization account of variation in progressive constructions. Diachronic changes in cooccurrence patterns show that grammaticization involves reductive change driven by frequency increases. Formal reduction results in the emergence of auxilliary-plus-gerund sequences as fused units. Semantically the constructions originate as spatial expressions; their grammaticization involves gradual loss of locative features of meaning. Semantic generalization among parallel evolutionary paths results in the competition among different constructions in the domain of progressive aspect. Patterns of synchronic variation follow from both the retention of meaning differences and the routinization of frequent collocations as well as sociolinguistic factors. Register considerations turn out to be crucial in evaluating the effects of language contact. Purported changes in Spanish — English bilingual varieties are largely a feature of oral informal language rather than a manifestation of convergence.

The Disputationes in libros De anima contained in the Paris Codex B.N. lat. 16627 were recorded for centuries under the name Cesare Cremonini. This study shows the Disputationes to be a transcript of a lecture held by the Jesuit Nicolaus Baldelli (1573-1655) and so on the basis of the only known manuscript makes accessible a text instructive for the standard and method of the Aristoteles interpretation pursued at the Collegium Romanum during the early 17th century. The edition of the third Disputatio de anima rationali secundum substantiam that follows shows in exemplary fashion the position taken by the author to the three most important and controversial disputes in rational psychology: Is the rational soul of man only a forma assistens as contended by Averroes or as canonically laid down since the Council of Vienna a genuine forma informans? Is the soul mortal as Alexander of Aphrodisias asserted or since the Fifth Lateran Council’s article of faith immortal? Is the possible intellect as assumed by Averroes the same in all men or is it individually different? The study categorizes Baldelli’s teachings on these issues into the Latin Aristotelianism doxographically. An index nominum completes the volume.Die in dem Pariser Codex B.N. lat. 16627 enthaltenen Disputationes in libros De anima wurden jahrhundertelang unter dem Namen Cesare Cremoninis geführt. Die vorliegende Studie erweist die Disputationes als Nachschrift einer Vorlesung des Jesuiten Nicolaus Baldelli (1573-1655) und macht damit einen für das Niveau und die Methode der Aristoteleserklärung am Collegium Romanum im frühen 17. Jahrhundert aufschluîreichen Text nach der einzigen Handschrift zugänglich. Die sich anschlieîende Edition der dritten Disputatio de anima rationali secundum substantiam zeigt exemplarisch die Stellung des Autors zu den drei wichtigsten Streitfragen der rationalen Psychologie: Ist die vernünftige Seele des Menschen mit Averroes nur eine forma assistens oder wie seit dem Konzil von Vienne kanonisch eine echte forma informans? Ist sie mit Alexander von Aphrodisias sterblich oder wie seit dem fünften Laterankonzil Glaubenssatz unsterblich? Ist der mögliche Intellekt wie Averroes annimmt einer in allen Menschen oder ist er individuell in jedem verschieden? Die Studie ordnet Baldellis Lehrinhalte in diesen Fragen doxographisch in den lateinischen Aristotelismus ein. Der Band wird durch einen Index nominum erschlossen.

English Sentence Analysis: An introductory course is designed as a 10-week course for students of English Language and Literature Linguistics or other language related fields. In 10 weeks the student will be proficient in English analysis at sentence clause and phrase level and have a solid understanding of the traditional terms and concepts of English syntax. This introduction prepares for practical courses in grammar and writing skills and for theoretical courses in syntactic argumentation.

The Course Book provides

• sentence structures in clear graphics;

• logically structured chapters with Introductions and Summaries;

• exercises with quotations and excerpts from English American and Australian literature and pop songs.





English Sentence Analysis: An introductory course has been classroom tested at various universities. The students seem to enjoy the ‘dreaded’ syntax course and pass rates have gone up significantly from 50 to 70%.

Originally this book was accompanied by a CD-rom with a Practice Program for Windows. The Practice Program on CD-rom is not updated anymore by its creators and as a result is no longer compatible with current Windows versions. For this reason we have ceased to include it with the book.

This volume consists of selected and revised papers from the Seventh International Morphology Meeting held in 1996 in Vienna. It presents advances in morphological theorizing such as the foundations of sign-based morphology the morphology-syntax interface the boundaries between compounding and derivation derivation and inflection and the emergence of morphology from premorphological precursors in early first-language acquisition. The contributions deal with morphological analyses in various fields of the ever-widening domain of morphology and its relevance to the lexicon. <br xmlns="http://pub2web.metastore.ingenta.com/ns/"/>The comparative aspect is reflected in the above-mentioned areas and through the variety of languages investigated: Indo-European and non-Indo-European languages of Europe and Asian African and American languages. This breadth allows valuable insights into current problems of morphological research in America Western and Eastern Europe.<br/>

The studies in this book take an ethnomethodological approach to educational phenomena. Ethnomethodology’s concern is with the locally accomplished and situated character of social order. With reference to<br xmlns="http://pub2web.metastore.ingenta.com/ns/"/>educational phenomena this means that ethnomethodology investigates how the ‘natural facts’ of educational life such as daily activities in school classrooms are produced as such in the first place rather than taking for<br/>granted the recognisability of these facts and then theorising their explanation. In this sense ethnomethodological studies contrast markedly with other approaches to the study of education. Each of the chapters in the book consists of a new and original study. Collectively they exhibit the continuing vitality of this tradition and demonstrate ethnomethodology’s special commitment to the analysis of educational<br/>phenomena as locally ordered and accomplished. <br/>

Comparative linguistics and grammaticalization theory both belong to the broader category of historical linguistics yet few linguists practice both. The methods and goals of each group seem largely distinct: comparative linguists have by and large avoided reconstructing grammar while grammaticalization theoreticians have either focused on explaining attested historical change or used internal reconstruction to formulate hypotheses about processes of change. In this collection some of the leading voices in grammaticalization theory apply their methods to comparative data (largely drawn from indigenous languages of the Americas) showing not only that grammar can be reconstructed but that the process of reconstructing grammar can yield interesting theoretical and typological insights. <br xmlns="http://pub2web.metastore.ingenta.com/ns/"/>

This book marks a new development in the field of grammaticalisation studies in that it extends the field of grammaticalisation studies from relatively homogeneous languages to those possessing well-established and institutionalised second language varieties. In Hypothetical Modality special reference is made to Singaporean English a native-speaker L2 dialect of considerable importance in the South-East Asian region and to the expression in the dialect of hypothetical modality which appears to be indistinguishable from non-hypothetical modality in terms of the use of preterite or past forms of modal verbs. Within a grammaticalisation <br xmlns="http://pub2web.metastore.ingenta.com/ns/"/>framework a number of factors can be seen to be relevant to an explanation including substratum and contact features such as tense/aspect marking levels of lexical retention as an individual (psychological) phenomenon and the fact that such dialects have a discontinuity in their development. In addition the book defines pragmatic approaches to the understanding of hypothetical modality in both diachronic and synchronic terms.

The papers in this volume address the general question what type of lexical specifications we need in a generative grammar and by what principles this information is projected onto syntactic configurations or to put it differently how lexical insertion is executed. Many of the contributions focus on what the syntactic consequences are of choices that are made with respect to the lexical specifications of heads. The data in the volume are drawn from diverse languages among which: Brazilian Portuguese Bulgarian Dutch English French German Icelandic Italian Mohawk Norwegian Polish Russian. <br xmlns="http://pub2web.metastore.ingenta.com/ns/"/>

Based on an empirical study of categorisation and lexicalisation processes in a corpus of scientific publications on the life sciences Rita Temmerman questions the validity of traditional terminology theory. Her findings are that the traditional approach impedes a pragmatic and realistic description of a large number of categories and terms. Inspired by the cognitive sciences she develops an alternative. The main principles of this new theory imply: a combined semasiological and onomasiological perspective; only few categories can be clearly delineated; form and content of definitions vary according to category types and user's requirements; synonymy and polysemy are functional in special language and a diachronic approach is unavoidable. This last principle implies the varying importance of historical information in definitions the non-arbitrariness of lexicalisation and the importance of cognitive models.<br xmlns="http://pub2web.metastore.ingenta.com/ns/"/>In a last chapter the author shows how the methods and principles of the alternative approach are applicable in terminography and how this is going to have an impact on software for terminological database construction.<br/>This book will be valuable for specialists in terminology theory practising terminographers and for anybody interested in special language cognitive models and prototype theory.

The idea that reading literature changes the reader seems as old as literature itself. Through the ages philosophers writers and literary scholars have suggested it affects norms empathic ability self-concept beliefs etc. This book examines what we actually know about these effects. And it finds strong evidence for the old claims. However it remains unclear what aspects of the reading experience are responsible for these effects. Applying methods of the social sciences to this particular problem of literary theory this book presents a psychological explanation based upon the conception of literature as a moral laboratory. A series of experiments examines whether imagining oneself in the shoes of characters affects beliefs about what it must be like to be someone else and whether it affects beliefs about consequences of behavior. The results have implications for the role literature could play in society for instance in an alternative for traditional moral education.

Unlike standard attempts to address the so-called ‘hard problem’ of consciousness which assume our understanding of consciousness is unproblematic this book begins by focusing on phenomenology and is devoted to clarifying the relations between intentionality propositional content and experience. In particular it argues that the subjectivity of experience cannot be understood in representationalist terms. This is important for it is because many philosophers fail to come to terms with subjectivity that they are at a loss to provide a convincing solution to the mind-body problem. In this light the metaphysical problem is revealed to be a product of the misguided attempt to incorporate consciousness within an object-based schema inspired by physicalism. A similar problem arises in the interpretation of quantum mechanics and this gives us further reason to look beyond physicalism in matters metaphysical. Thus the virtues of absolute idealism are re-examined as are the wider consequences of adopting its understanding of truth within the philosophy of science.

This book complements the arguments and investigations of The Presence of Mind which it partners. (Series A)

This book collects a selection of fifteen papers presented at three meetings of the Society for Pidgin and Creole Linguistics in 1996 and 1997. The focus is on papers which approach issues in creole studies with novel perspectives address understudied pidgin and creole varieties or compellingly argue for controversial positions. The papers demonstrate how pidgins and creoles shed light on issues such as verb movement contact-induced language change and its gradations discourse management via tense-aspect particles language genesis substratal transfer and Universal Grammar and cover a wide range of contact languages ranging from English- and French-based creoles through Portuguese creoles of Africa and Asia Sango Popular Brazilian Portuguese West African Pidgin Englishes and Hawaiian Creole English.<br xmlns="http://pub2web.metastore.ingenta.com/ns/"/>

Poetic Effects: A Relevance Theory Perspective offers a pragmatic account of the effects achieved by the poetic use of rhetorical tropes and schemes. It contributes to the pragmatics of poetic style by developing work on stylistic effects in relevance theory. It also contributes to literary studies by proposing a new theoretical account of literariness in terms of mental representations and mental processes.

The book attempts to define literariness in terms of text-internal linguistic properties cultural codes or special purpose reading strategies as well as suggestions that the notion of literariness should be dissolved or rejected. It challenges the accounts of language and verbal communication that underpin such positions and outlines the theory of verbal communication developed within relevance theory that supports an explanatory account of poetic effects and a new account of literariness. This is followed by a broader discussion of philosophical and psychological issues having a bearing on the question of what is expressed non-propositionally in literary communication. The discussion of emotion qualitative experience and more specifically aesthetic experience provides a fuller characterisation of poetic effects and ‘poetic thought’.

The boom in international trade has brought with it an increased demand for addressing local consumers in their native language and cultural idiom. Given the complex nature and new media involved in communicating with their constituent markets companies are developing ever more complex tools and techniques for managing foreign-language communication. This book presents select case studies that illustrate the state-of-the-art of language management. It covers a cross-section of sectors each of which has particular subtleties in language management:

• software localization

• finance

• medical devices

• automotive



The book also covers a cross-section of topical and strategic issues:

• time-to-market (scheduling challenges; simultaneous release in multiple languages)

• global terminology management

• leveraging Internet intranet and email

• centralized versus decentralized management models

• financial and budgeting techniques

• human factors; management issues unique to language projects

• technological innovation in language management (terminology tools automatic translation)



The target audience is language professionals involved with the management aspect of language projects. This includes translators and linguists managers at language-service providers language managers at manufacturing/service companies educators and language/translation students.

The heart of the book is the concept of the case study particularly the Harvard Business School case-study model. Industry leaders and analysts provide some 15 case studies covering the spectrum of language applications. Readable and nonacademic — it can serve both as a text for those studying language and translation as well as those in the field who need to know the “state-of-the-art” in language management.

This volume has arisen from the 26th International LAUD Symposium on “Humboldt and Whorf Revisited. Universal and Culture-Specific Conceptualizations in Grammar and Lexis”. While contrasting two or more languages the papers in this volume either provide empirical evidence confirming hypotheses related to linguistic relativity or deal with methodological issues of empirical research.These new approaches to Whorf’s hypotheses do not focus on mere theorizing but provide more and more empirical evidence gathered over the last years. They prove in a very sophisticated way that Whorf’s ideas were very lucid ones even if Whorf’s insights were framed in a terminology which lacked the flexibility of linguistic categories developed over the last quarter of this century especially in cognitive linguistics. To date there is sufficient proof to claim that linguistic relativity is indeed a vital issue and the current volume confirms a more general trend for rehabilitating Whorf’s theory complex and also offers evidence for it. It contains articles written by scholars from various fields of linguistics including phonology psycholinguistics language acquisition historical linguistics anthropological linguistics and (cross-)cultural semantics which all contribute to a re-evaluation and partial reformulation of Whorf’s thinking. <br xmlns="http://pub2web.metastore.ingenta.com/ns/"/>

About a century after the year Benjamin Lee Whorf (1897–1941) was born his theory complex is still the object of keen interest to linguists. Rencently scholars have argued that it was not his theory complex itself but an over-simplified reduced section taken out of context that has become known as the Sapir-Whorf hypothesis that has met with so much resistance among linguists over the last few decades. Not only did Whorf present his views much more subtly than most people would believe but he also dealt with a great number of other issues in his work. Taking Whorf’s own notion of linguistic relativity as a starting point this volume explores the relation between language mind and experience through its historical development Whorf’s own writing its misinterpretations various theoretical and methodological issues and a closer look at a few specific issues in his work. <br xmlns="http://pub2web.metastore.ingenta.com/ns/"/>

This volume has its origins in a theme session entitled: “Lexical and Grammatical Classification: Same or Different?” from the Fifth International Cognitive Linguistics Conference. It includes theme session presentations additional papers from that conference and several invited contributions. All the articles explore the relationship between lexical and grammatical categories both illustrating the close interaction as well as questioning the strict dichotomy between them. This volume promotes a holistic view of classification reflecting functional cognitive communication and sign-oriented approaches to language which have been applied to both the grammar and the lexicon.<br xmlns="http://pub2web.metastore.ingenta.com/ns/"/>The volume is divided into two parts. Part I Number and Gender Systems Across Languages is further subdivided into three sections: (1) Noun Classification; (2) Number Systems; and (3) Gender Systems. Part II Verb Systems and Parts of Speech Across Languages is divided into two sections: (1) Tense and Aspect and (2) Parts of Speech. The analyses represent a diverse range of languages and language families: Bantu (Swahili) Guaykuruan (Pilagá) Indo-European (English Russian Polish Bulgarian Macedonian Spanish) and Semitic (Hebrew).<br/>

The importance of reflexive markers in the study of language structure cannot be underestimated: they participate in the coding of the argument structure of a clause; in the coding of semantic relations between arguments and verbs; in the coding of the relationship between arguments; in the coding of aspect; in the coding of point of view; and in the Coding of the information structure of a clause.<br xmlns="http://pub2web.metastore.ingenta.com/ns/"/>The present volume offers an approach to reflexive forms and functions from several perspectives: a formal approach where reflexives are discussed within a well-defined model of language representation; a typological approach; a historical approach concentrating on grammaticalization of reflexives and on the changes that pronouns and anaphors undergo; and a functionalist approach where functions of reflexive forms are described. The languages from which data were drawn represent a wide variety of language families and language types: English Old English Dutch German Tsakhur (Nakh-Dagestanian) Spanish French Bantu and Chadic languages. The variety of languages discussed and the different approaches taken complement each other in that each contributes an important piece to the understanding of reflexives in a cross-linguistic perspective. <br/>

With the economic crisis in Asia which unfolded in recent years the development ‘model’ on which the phenomenal earlier success of several countries in the region was built requires increasing scrutiny. This anthology questions the validity of the notion promoted by some observers and international financial organizations that there is a universally applicable model of industrialization common to Asian countries. A number of senior and highly regarded Asia specialists are taking a critical look at the various development experiences of several (and some often neglected) Asian countries and evaluate their experiences in a comparative perspective. Comparing the analyses of countries such as Mongolia the Pacific Islands or Sri Lanka with Singapore South Korea and other countries of the region leads the editors of this volume to the conclusion that the fashionable talk about a ‘model’ is not justified and that the picture is much more complex.<br xmlns="http://pub2web.metastore.ingenta.com/ns/"/>

Misunderstandings have been examined extensively in studies on cross-cultural (mis)communication which associate them with participants’ differing cultural backgrounds and/or linguistic knowledge. Drawing on a large corpus of misunderstandings from cross- and intra-cultural encounters this book argues that miscommunication does not relate exclusively to participants’ background differences or similarities but that its creation and development are tightly interwoven with the dynamic manner in which social encounters unfold. Against a backdrop of Pragmatics Conversation Analysis and Goffman’s theory of frames and roles the volume discusses a large number of misunderstandings and shows that they are associated with the constant identity and activity shifts as well as with the turn-by-turn construction of interpretative context in interaction. Besides students and researchers of pragmatics conversation analysis and sociolinguistics this book will also appeal to all those interested in the process of making misinterpreting and clarifying meaning in social interaction.

This volume contains functional approaches to the description of language and culture and language and cultural change. The approaches taken by the authors range from cognitive approaches including Stratificational grammar to more socially oriented ones including Systemic Functional linguistics. The volume is organized into two sections. <br xmlns="http://pub2web.metastore.ingenta.com/ns/"/>The first section ‘Functional Approaches to the Structure of Language: Theory and Practice’ starts with contributions developing a Stratificational model; these are followed by contributions focusing on some related functional model of language; and by articles describing some particular set of language phenomena.<br/>In the second section ‘Functional Approaches to the History of Language and Linguistics’ general studies of language change are addressed first; a second group of contributions examines language change lexicon and culture; and the last cluster of contributions treats the history of linguistics and culture.<br/>

In this monograph various aspects of the morphosyntactic evolution of the Romance languages are shown to interact in a theory of grammaticalization. The study argues for the incorporation and subordination of inflectional morphology within a grammaticalization continuum constituting but a portion of the latter. Parameters of natural morphology are seen as principles of grammaticalization but the reverse is also true rendering grammaticalization and natural morphology indistinguishable. In the context of this theoretical framework Chapter 2 deals with Latin French and Italian verbal inflection focusing on universal and system-dependent parameters of natural morphology. In Chapter 3 a theory of grammaticalization is built on divergent elements including not only grammaticalization studies proper but also the perception/production line of inquiry and typology and branching issues permitting the phasing out of the traditional synthesis/analyis cycle. Chapter 4 touches on nominal inflection in particular that of Old French and Rumanian the most revealing histories in the Romance domain. Chapter 5 finally thoroughly discusses extant theoretical questions in grammaticalization prominently featuring the relevance of ‘invisible hand’ explanations and the crucial role played by unidirectionality. This study will be of interest to specialists in Romance and historical linguistics as well as morphological theory.

Most dialogues are multimodal. When people talk they use not only their voices but also facial expressions and other gestures and perhaps even touch. When computers communicate with people they use pictures and perhaps sounds together with textual language and when people communicate with computers they are likely to use mouse “gestures” almost as much as words. How are such multimodal dialogues constructed? This is the main question addressed in this selection of papers of the second “Venaco Workshop” sponsored by the NATO Research Study Group RSG-10 on Automatic Speech Processing and by the European Speech Communication Association (ESCA).