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This volume contains revised and extended versions of a selection of the papers presented at “The Amsterdam Workshop on Language Contact and Creolization.” These studies apply the concept of relexification to creoles as well as other contact languages; highlight the relevance of strategies of second language learning for theories of pidgin/creole genesis; critically discuss the notions levelling (koine formation) and convergence; the relation between types of contact situations and processes of crosslinguistic influence; as well as the linguistic consequences of the social structure of the plantation system. In addition to discussing English- French- and Dutch-related creoles the papers cover a wide range of contact languages spoken throughout Africa Asia and Europe. The breadth and coverage makes this an indispensable title for research in the field of contact linguistics.<br xmlns="http://pub2web.metastore.ingenta.com/ns/"/>

What sets this collection apart in the literature is its direct personal style. Experienced supervisors as well as younger scholars speak to beginning researchers in interpreting and more generally in Translation Studies. The contributors who are very familiar with the difficulties beginners experience focus on their needs and anticipate their questions. They reflect analyze and advise with illustrations from their own experience.<br xmlns="http://pub2web.metastore.ingenta.com/ns/"/>Issues discussed include topic selection project planning time management ‘doctoral stress’ the use of the literature critical reading and book reviews supervisor-supervisee relations institutional frameworks for research training issues in empirical research theoretical analysis and the role of small projects. Readers will thus find answers to many personal institutional and methodological questions which are common to beginners in many disciplines and in many paradigms.<br/>

This book re-examines the relationship between language and national identity. Unlike many previous studies it employs a comparative approach: France and Sweden have been chosen as case studies both for their<br xmlns="http://pub2web.metastore.ingenta.com/ns/"/>similarities (e.g. both are member states of the European Union) as well as their important differences (e.g. France subscribes in principle to a civic model of national identity whereas the basis of Swedish identity is<br/>undeniably ethnic). It is precisely differences such as these which allow for a more comprehensive understanding of the ethnolinguistic implications of some of the major challenges currently facing France Sweden and other European countries: regionalism immigration European integration and globalization.The present volume benefits from the use of a multidisciplinary approach and differs from others on the market because of the variety of methods of inquiry used. A series of societal analyses is complemented by an empirical<br/>component bringing a more grounded understanding to the issue of language and national identity.

This volume is dedicated to questions arising in linguistic sociological and anthropological analyses of intercultural encounters. It aims at presenting new theoretical and methodological aspects of Intercultural Communication focusing on issues such as ideology and hegemonial attitudes communicative genres and culture specific repertoires of genres the theory of contextualization and nonverbal (prosodic gestural mimic) contextualization cues. The collected articles which share an interactive view of language focus on the methodological possibilities of explanatory analyses of intercultural communication. They address the question of how participants in inter-cultural communication (re)construct cultural differences and cultural identities. <br xmlns="http://pub2web.metastore.ingenta.com/ns/"/>Empirical analyses go hand-in-hand with the discussion of methodological and theoretical aspects of interculturality and the relationship of language and culture.<br/>

This book uses Sperber and Wilson’s Relevance Theory to show how evidential expressions can be analysed in a unified semantic/pragmatic framework. The first part surveys general linguistic work on evidentials presents speech-act theory and examines Grice’s theory of meaning and communication with emphasis on three main issues: for linguistically encoded evidentials are they truth-conditional or non-truth-conditional and do they contribute to explicit or implicit communication? For pragmatically inferred evidentials is there a pragmatic framework in which they can be adequately accounted for? The second part examines those assumptions of Relevance theory that bear on the study of evidentials offers an account of pragmatically inferred evidentials and introduces three distinctions relevant to the issues discussed in this book: between explicit and implicit communication truth-conditional and non-truth-conditional meaning and conceptual and procedural meaning. These distinctions are applied to a variety of linguistically encoded evidentials including sentence adverbials parenthetical constructions and hearsay particles. This book offers convincing evidence that not all evidentials behave similarly with respect to the above distinctions and offers an explanation for why this is so.

This book concerns particles that are used as responses in conversations. It provides much needed methodological tools for analyzing the use of response particles in languages while its particular focus is Finnish. The book focuses on two Finnish particles nii(n) and joo which in some of their central usages have “yeah” and “yes” as their closest English counterparts. The two particles are discussed in a number of sequential and activity contexts including their use as answers to yes-no questions and directives as responses to a stance-taking by the prior speaker and in the midst of an extended telling by the co-participant. It will be shown how there is a fine-grained division of labor between the particles having to do with the epistemic and affective character of the talk and the continuation vs. closure-relevance of the activity. The book connects the interactional usages of the particles with what is known about their historical origins and in this fashion it is also of interest to linguists doing research on processes of grammaticalization and lexicalization.

Any study of communication must take into account the nature and role of speech acts in a broad context. This book addresses questions such as:<br xmlns="http://pub2web.metastore.ingenta.com/ns/"/>- What do we mean?<br/>- How do we say it? and<br/>- How is it understood?<br/>in the broad context of universal socio-cultural and psychological issues that bear on human communication. It presents an overview of current issues in speech act theory that are at the center of human and social sciences dealing with language thought and action building on John Searle’s famous article ‘How Performatives Work’ (included in this book). <br/>The contributions by linguists psychologists computer scientists and philosophers thus address issues of communication that are crucial in conversation analysis cognitive science artificial intelligence psychology and philosophy and a general understanding of how we communicate.<br/>The book is suitable for courses with an extensive bibliography for further reading and an Index.

The present volume represents a selection of papers presented at the International Symposium on Ideophones held in January 1999 in St. Augustin Germany. They center around the following hypotheses: Ideophones are universal; and constitute a grammatical category in all languages of the world; ideophones and similar words have a special dramaturgic function that differs from all other word classes: they simulate an event an emotion a perception through language. In addition to this unique function a good number of formal parallels can be observed. The languages dealt with here display strikingly similar patterns of derivational processes involving ideophones. An equally widespread common feature is the introduction of ideophones via a verbum dicendi or complementizer. Another observation concerns the sound-symbolic behavior of ideophones. Thus the word formation of ideophones differs from other words in their tendency for iconicity and sound-symbolism. Finally it is made clear that ideophones are part of spoken language — the language register where gestures are used — rather than written language.

It is by now commonly agreed that the proper study of consciousness requires a multidisciplinary approach which focuses on the varieties and dimensions of conscious experience from different angles. This book which is based on a workshop held at the University of Skövde Sweden provides a microcosm of the emerging discipline of consciousness studies and focuses on some important but neglected aspects of consciousness. The book brings together philosophy psychology cognitive neuroscience linguistics cognitive and computer science biology physics art and the new media. It contains critical studies of subjectivity vs objectivity nonconceptuality vs conceptuality language evolutionary aspects neural correlates microphysical level creativity visual arts and dreams. It is suitable as a text-book for a third-year undergraduate or a graduate seminar on consciousness studies. (Series A)<br xmlns="http://pub2web.metastore.ingenta.com/ns/"/>

Rich in precursors (Kant and Frege) and stimulated by Castañeda’s study in the logic of self-consciousness and Shoemaker’s seminal paper ‘Self-reference and self-awareness’ the work of the past thirty-five years on self-reference and self-awareness has generated a wealth of deep sophisticated philosophy. This volume explores the historical anticipations in Kant and Frege brings four classic contributions together in one place and offers five new studies. (Series A)<br xmlns="http://pub2web.metastore.ingenta.com/ns/"/>

Linking actual instances of language use with structures of social power in francophone Belgium Gross outlines the history and contemporary configuration of rod puppetry in Liège. The analysis of this working class performance art moves between what occurs on and off stage. As puppeteers speak in other voices sometimes in Walloon and sometimes in French they create a sociolinguistic model based on 19th century renditions of medieval texts the voices of past puppeteers and the language that surrounds them. The high level of linguistic reflexivity created by the regional language movement has led to frequent metalinguistic and metapragmatic commentaries within the puppet shows. This complex speech genre embedded in social context shows the influence of identity struggles: from local class oppositions to imperial designs abroad. Keeping a tight focus on language Speaking in Other Voices examines the process of entextualization and recontextualization as stories of war and religion are transmitted to succeeding generations.

Research on the interplay between language structure and language use has shown that grammar is shaped maintained and modified by language use. In this view then grammar is not seen as existing apart from language use but rather as a set of recurrent grammaticized patterns of discourse. <br xmlns="http://pub2web.metastore.ingenta.com/ns/"/>This book focuses on syntactic structuring in Finnish from the viewpoint of language use. The author sets out to study syntactic structures in their local contexts in order to discover the more global patterns and constraints on the use of these structures. The coding strategies point to the clause core as the locus of syntactic structuring: this is where syntactic relations emerge most clearly. It is shown that the key to understanding the coding of the core syntactic relations is the category of person. The clause core also shows strong intonational unity as it is most often presented in one intonation unit. Furthermore analysis of spoken discourse shows the robustness of the category of noun phrase both as a clausal constituent and as a free syntactic unit the free NP.

This volume brings together a selection of articles presented at 'Going Romance' 1999. The articles focus on current syntactic and semantic issues in various Romance languages including Catalan French Italian Spanish Portuguese and a number of Northern Italian dialects. A large number of articles focus on negation which was the theme of the workshop at Going Romance 1999 but other topics investigated include Wh- in situ free relatives exclamatives lexical decomposition and thematic structure unaccusative inversion and temporal existential constructions. Most articles are comparative in nature relating the different syntactic and semantic properties of both Romance and non-Romance languages to principles of Universal Grammar. The theoretical frameworks adopted in the various articles are diverse ranging from the Principles and Parameters framework to HPSG.

This volume contains a selection of refereed and revised papers originally presented at the 30th Linguistic Symposium on Romance Languages representing the areas of syntax semantics their interfaces and second language acquisition. The topics addressed include movement (both wh- and head-movement) control issues of second language acquisition related to the Determiner Phrase the effect of word order and syntactic simplification in second language acquisition adverbials syntactic constraints on access to lexical structure a semantic characterization of the subjunctive in Spanish and impersonal constructions and impersonal reflexive pronouns. The papers in this volume not only discuss issues related to most of the major Romance languages (French Italian Portuguese Rumanian and Spanish) and a Portuguese Creole but also include comparisons with languages from other families (Marathi Bulgarian Polish and Slovenian). This collection of papers illustrates the richness in the field of Romance linguistics and the value of cross-linguistic research and multi-modular approaches.<br xmlns="http://pub2web.metastore.ingenta.com/ns/"/>

Umbrüche ist keine lückenlose Darstellung aller Wendepunkte in der Philosophiegeschichte sondern eine Sammlung von Beiträgen die sowohl bekannte Neuanfänge als auch bislang wenig beachtete Denkbewegungen analysieren ­ bis hin zu Auseinandersetzungen mit Anregungen die für sich selbst genommen Umbrüche bedeuten als solche jedoch nicht historisch wirksam werden konnten. Folgende Autoren bzw. Themen werden berücksichtigt: die Sprach- und Erkenntnistheorie Platons Naturphilosophie und Philosophiekritik bei Augustin Meister Eckharts Predigt 21 wissenschaftstheoretische und ontologische Neuansätze bei Adam de Wodeham Hervaeus Natalis und Wilhelm von Ockham atheistische Tendenzen im 14. Jahrhundert Niccolò Machiavellis politische Philosophie philosophiehistorische Überlegungen zum Epochenbegriff Kants kritische Transzendentalphilosophie und ihre Wende bei Fichte die Bedeutung der Französischen Revolution für den Freiheitsbegriff Fichtes die Vollendung des Anselmianischen Arguments durch Schellings Begriff des Überseienden die Sprachphilosophie W. von Humboldts sowie die Dionysius-Pseudo-Areopagita-Rezeption bei Hugo Ball.

Beiträgen von: Burkhard Mojsisch; Arne Malmsheimer; Udo Reinhold Jeck; Franz-Bernhard Stammkötter; Jens Maassen; Christian Rode; Martin Lenz; Olaf Pluta; Bernhard Milz; Christiane Schultz; Christoph Asmuth; Annette Sell; Orrin F. Summerell; Klaus Kahnert; Matthias Bloch.The volume Umbrüche ­ the German word means “radical changes” ­ presents not a seamless account of the many turning points in the history of philosophy but instead contributions individually reflecting on both well-known and little regarded crises in the development of philosophical thought including some whose promise was never fully realized. At issue are the following authors and themes: Plato’s epistemology and theory of language Augustine‘s philosophy of nature and his critique of philosophy Meister Eckhart’s German sermon 21 Adam de Wodeham’s Hervaeus Natalis’s and William of Ockham’s revolutionary theories of science and ontology; atheistic tendencies in the 14th century; Niccolò Machiavelli’s political philosophy; philosophical-historical deliberations on the concept of an ‘epoch’; Kant’s transcendental philosophy and its reception and change by Fichte; the significance of the French Revolution for Fichte’s concept of freedom; the culmination of the Anselmian argument in Schelling’s concept of what is ‘beyond being’; Wilhelm von Humboldt’s philosophy of language and Hugo Ball’s reception of Dionysius Pseudo-Areopagita.

Language centres serve an important role in the development and implementation of language policy and in supporting language teachers. This book describes five language centres the Centre for Information on Language Teaching and Research (London) the European Centre for Modern Languages (Graz) the Regional Language Centre (Singapore) the National Foreign Language Center (NFLC Washington DC) and the Centre for Applied Linguistics and Languages (CALL Brisbane). These contrasting centres provide the basis for a discussion of the roles functions and management of language centres and the challenges facing such centres (and universities in general) arising from tensions between the pursuit of academic excellence and the demands of commercialisation and economic rationalism. The author holds a chair in applied linguistics in Griffith University and has written extensively on language policy and its implementation and on language assessment. He has established and directed three language centres since the mid-1980s including CALL since 1990 and is an Adjunct Fellow of NFLC.

The book defines the concept of Semantic-Communicative Structure [= Sem-CommS]-a formal object that is imposed on the starting Semantic Structure [= SemS] of a sentence (under text synthesis) in order to turn the selected meaning into a linguistic message. The Sem-CommS is a system of eight logically independent oppositions: 1. Thematicity (Rheme vs. Theme) 2. Givenness (Given vs. Old) 3. Focalization (Focalized vs. Non-Focalized) 4. Perspective (Foregrounded vs. Backgrounded) 5. Emphasis (Emphasized vs. Non-Emphasized) 6. Presupposedness (Presupposed vs. Non-Presupposed) 7. Unitariness (Unitary vs. Articulated) 8. Locutionality (Communicated vs. Signaled). The values of these oppositions mark particular subnetworks of the starting SemS and thus allow for the distinction between sentences such as (a) A man killed a dog vs. The dog was killed by a man (b) John washed the window vs. It was John who washed the window or (c) It hurts! vs. Ouch! The proposed Sem-Comm-oppositions are conceived as an attempt at sharpening the well-known notions of Topic ~ Comment Focus etc. Possible linguistic strategies for expressing the values of the Sem-Comm-oppositions in different languages are discussed at some length with linguistic illustrations.

Recent developments in this field of small corpus studies largely brought about by the personal computer have yielded remarkable insights into the nature and use of real language. This book presents work by a number of leading researchers in the field and covers a series of topics directly related to language teaching and language research. The ultimate aim of this book is to encourage the exploitation of small corpora by the ELT profession to make language learning more effective. In addition to descriptions of the basic corpus analysis tools chapters in the collection cover syllabus and materials design comparisons of different genres descriptions of local and functional grammars compilation and use of learner corpora and making cross-linguistic comparisons. The message of this collection is that language use is purposeful and culture specific and that small corpus analysis is an effective method of linguistic investigation.

Preface by: John Sinclair;

A mainstay of functional linguistics has been the claim that linguistic elements and patterns that are frequently used in discourse become conventionalized as grammar. This book addresses the two issues that are basic to this claim: first the question of what types of elements are frequently used in discourse and second the question of how frequency of use affects cognitive representations. Reporting on evidence from natural conversation diachronic change variability child language acquisition and psycholinguistic experimentation the original articles in this book support two major principles. First the content of people’s interactions consists of a preponderance of subjective evaluative statements dominated by the use of pronouns copulas and intransitive clauses. Second the frequency with which certain items and strings of items are used has a profound influence on the way language is broken up into chunks in memory storage the way such chunks are related to other stored material and the ease with which they are accessed to produce new utterances.

This introduction to the dissipative quantum model of brain and to its possible implications for consciousness studies is addressed to a broad interdisciplinary audience. Memory and consciousness are approached from the physicist point of view focusing on the basic observation that the brain is an open system continuously interacting with its environment. The unavoidable dissipative character of the brain functioning turns out to be the root of the brain’s large memory capacity and of other memory features such as memory association memory confusion duration of memory. The openness of the brain implies a formal picture of the world which is modeled on the same brain image: a sort of brain copy or “Double” where world objectiveness and the brain implicit subjectivity are conjugated. Consciousness is seen to arise from the permanent “dialogue” of the brain with its Double. <br xmlns="http://pub2web.metastore.ingenta.com/ns/"/>The author’s narration of his (re-)search gives a cross-over of the physics of elementary particles and condensed matter and the brain’s basic dynamics. This dynamic interplay makes for a “satisfying feeling of the unity of knowledge”. (Series A)

This is the first of a three-volume comprehensive reference work on “Gender across Languages” which provides systematic descriptions of various categories of gender (grammatical lexical referential social) in 30 languages of diverse genetic typological and socio-cultural backgrounds.

Among the issues discussed for each language are the following: What are the structural properties of the language that have an impact on the relations between language and gender? What are the consequences for areas such as agreement pronominalisation and word-formation? How is specification of and abstraction from (referential) gender achieved in a language? Is empirical evidence available for the assumption that masculine/male expressions are interpreted as generics? Can tendencies of variation and change be observed and have alternatives been proposed for a more equal linguistic treatment of women and men? This volume (and its follow-up volumes) will provide the much-needed basis for explicitly comparative analyses of gender across languages. All chapters are original contributions and follow a common general outline developed by the editors. The book contains rich bibliographical and indexical material. Languages of Volume 1: Arabic Belizean Creole Eastern Maroon Creole English (American New Zealand Australian) Hebrew Indonesian Romanian Russian Turkish.

Input and Evidence: the raw material of second language acquisition is an empirical and theoretical treatment of one of the essential components of SLA: the input to language learning mechanisms. It reviews and adds to the empirical studies showing that negative evidence (correction feedback repetitions reformulations) play a role in language acquisition in addition to that played by ordinary conversation. At the same time it embeds discussion of input within a framework which includes a serious treatment of language processing including the problem of modularity and the question of how semantic representations can influence grammatical ones. It lays the foundation for the development of a truly explanatory theory of SLA in the form of the Autonomous Induction Theory which combines a model of induction with an interpretation of Universal Grammar thereby permitting for the the first time a coherent approach to the problem of constraining induction in SLA.

Gemeinhin gilt der Platonische Dialog ‘Philosophos’ auf den Platon selbst im ‘Sophistes’ verweist als verschollen. Eine genaue Analyse des ‘Theaitetos’ sowie der sog. Eleatischen Dialoge kann jedoch erweisen dass Platon die Trilogie ‘Sophistes’ ‘Politikos’ und ‘Philosophos’ mit dem ‘Parmenides’ abschloss – dass der verschollene ‘Philosophos’ also mit dem existierenden 'Parmenides' identisch ist. Die dialektische Übung des ‘Parmenides’ führt dabei eine Art Subjektivitätsphilosophie vor in der das Eine sich als menschliche Seele zeigt. Die Seele des Menschen lässt in der Vielheit ihrer Sätze und der dialogischen Einheit dieser Sätze Wirklichkeit überhaupt erst entstehen ist in diesem subjektiven Entwurf von Welt aber immer auf die dialogische Prüfung eigener Vorstellungen durch den Anderen angewiesen.<br xmlns="http://pub2web.metastore.ingenta.com/ns/"/>Ein ganz anderes Verständnis des ‘Parmenides’ offenbart Marsilio Ficino in seinem ‘Parmenides’-Kommentar. Ficinos Exegese folgt im wesentlichen der des Proklos so dass Wirklichkeit hier nicht als von der Seele entworfene sondern als hierarchisch gestufte beschrieben wird. Das vorliegende Buch geht dieser Deutung nach um sie schließlich als unhaltbar zurückzuweisen. <br/>The Platonic dialogue ‘Philosophos’ which Plato himself mentions in the ‘Sophistes’ is usually considered to be a lost work. A detailed analysis of the ‘Theaitetos’ as well as the so-called Eleatic dialogues reveals that Plato completed the trilogy ‘Sophistes’ ‘Politikos’ and ‘Philosophos’ with the ‘Parmenides’ — hence that the lost ‘Philosphos’ is identical with the existing ‘Parmenides’. The dialectical exercise of the ‘Parmenides’ demonstrates a kind of theory of subjectivity in which the One reveals itself to be the human soul. The human soul — through the multiplicity of its sentences and their dialogical unity — therefore creates reality. Nevertheless the human soul is dependent on the examination of this very reality in dialogue with another.<br/>In his ‘Parmenides’-commentary Marsilio Ficino shows a quite different understanding of the ‘Parmenides’. Ficino’s exegetical approach mainly follows Proclus’ commentary. As a result reality is not described as a creation of the human soul — on the contrary it appears to be a well-organised hierarchy. This volume analyzes Ficino’s argumentation and finally rejects it.

The contributions brought together in this volume represent the state-of-the-art in the study of determiners which finds itself in the intersection of such fields as theoretical linguistics computational linguistics and logic. The articles provide original viewpoints on determination and bring new perspectives to classic problems. They concern mainly French but also a large set of other European languages. They center on the lexical properties of determiners in combinations. The reported research is essentially contrastive and oriented to translation and applied technological issues. <br xmlns="http://pub2web.metastore.ingenta.com/ns/"/>

The topic of negotiation has turned out to be of crucial interdisciplinary interest for our understanding of what we are doing in language use. Are we exchanging meanings defined in advance and presupposing equal understanding on the basis of a rule-governed system or are we negotiating meaning and understanding in the framework of an open dialogic universe? Negotiation on the one hand can be taken as the name of a specific dialogue type or action game of bargaining. On the other hand it represents a methodological concept for describing and explaining dialogic interaction which replaces the orthodox view of pattern transference. The papers collected in this volume deal with both versions of the concept of negotiation. This volume contains a selection of papers presented at the International Conference on Pragmatics and Negotiation at Tel Aviv University and the Hebrew University of Jerusalem in June 1999. The dialogic aspect was taken as the key concept to guide the present selection. <br xmlns="http://pub2web.metastore.ingenta.com/ns/"/>

This book reports a research program into one of the most controversial questions in the syntax — processing interface: The behavior of the parser at gap positions. While the work done is largely experimental the results are analyzed both for their relevance to sentence processing and for their implications for competing syntactic frameworks. In particular the differing predictions of PPT and HPSG for structures with dislocated constituents are tested for their empirical adequacy. The author addresses a broad range of questions about gap processing and uses a broad range of methodologies to cut through the confounds which prevent previous work providing clear answers. Wh-movement scrambling raising and equi structures are all addressed and all current accounts of the experimental evidence evaluated. The results move the debate forward significantly and provide clear confirmation of some non-trivial claims of generative grammar.

Carl Rhodes examines the implicit power of writing and authorship that is at play when people and organisations are (re)presented in research. To explore this the book reports a research project in the area of organisational storytelling that investigates how people in one organisation used stories to (re)present their own learning experiences from the implementation of a quality management program. This research is written in three principal genres: autobiography ethnography and a fictional short story. These (re)presentational strategies are reviewed to examine how different genres effect authority in different ways. Drawing extensively on the work of Mikhail Bakhtin and on writers associated with postmodernism and poststructuralism the book offers a challenging discussion of what organisational research might be when the notion of the equivalence of reality and representation is radically questioned.

Volume 1 of Approaches to Bootstrapping focuses on early word learning and syntactic development with special emphasis on the bootstrapping mechanisms by which the child using properties of the speech input enters the native linguistic system. Topics discussed in the area of lexical acquisition are: cues and mechanisms for isolating words in the input; special features of motherese and their role for early word learning; the determination of first word meanings; memory and related processing capacities in early word learning and understanding; and lexical representation and lexical access in early language production.

The papers on syntactic development deal with the acquisition of grammatical prosodic features for learning language specific syntactic regularities.Volume 2 of Approaches to Bootstrapping focuses on the interaction between the development of prosodic and morphosyntactic knowledge as evidenced in the early speech of Dutch English German Portugese Spanish Danish Islandic and Swedish children shedding new light on the relation between universal and language specific aspects of language acquisition. Another section of this volume deals with new approaches to language acquisition using ERP- techniques. The papers discuss in detail the relation between the development of language skills and changes in neurophysiological aspects of the brain. The potentials of these techniques for the development of new tools for an early diagnosis of children who are at risque for developmental language disorders are also pointed out.

The closing section contains a synopsis of interactionist approaches to language acquisition a discussion of the genetic and experiential origin of primitive linguistic elements in acquisition and a discussion of structural and developmental aspects of bird song in comparison to human language.

The two volumes making up Approaches to Bootstrapping present a state-of-the art interdisciplinary and cross-linguistic overview of recent developments in first language acquisition research.

This is a selection of papers from the 14th International Conference on Historical Linguistics held August 9-13 1999 at the University of British Columbia. From the rich program and the many papers given during this conference the present twenty-three papers were carefully selected to display the state of current research in the field of historical linguistics.

In view of its exploratory nature Chomsky's 'minimalist' model has undergone multiple changes triggering in response numerous proposals that are consistent with the tendencies that it follows or anticipates and numerous proposals that offer alternatives to it. A good illustration of the variety of 'parallel' proposals is provided in the present volume. The articles derive from papers read at the “Challenges of Minimalism” session of the Open Linguistics Forum held in Ottawa in March 1997. This OLF meeting started as a graduate student initiative but because of the topic chosen attracted a wide and international audience. The twenty contributions are grouped in five sections: I. Syntactic Structure Relations Operations; II. Syntactic Movement: Cyclicity Optionality (Non)overtness; III.Case Topic Focus Interrogativity; IV. Ellipsis Reconstruction and Related Phenomena; V. DPs: Features and Syntactic Relations.<br xmlns="http://pub2web.metastore.ingenta.com/ns/"/>

This new edition of Syntax: A functional-typological introduction is at many points radically revised. In the previous edition (1984) the author deliberately chose to de-emphasize the more formal aspects of syntactic structure in favor of a more comprehensive treatment of the semantic and pragmatic correlates of syntactic structure. With hindsight the author now finds the de-emphasis of the formal properties a somewhat regrettable choice since it creates the false impression that one could somehow be a functionalist without being at the same time a structuralist. To redress the balance explicit treatment is given to the core formal properties of syntactic constructions such as constituency and hierarchy (phrase structure) grammatical relations and relational control clause union finiteness and governed constructions.

At the same time the cognitive and communicative underpinning of grammatical universals are further elucidated and underscored and the interplay between grammar cognition and neurology is outlined. Also the relevant typological database is expanded now exploring in greater precision the bounds of syntactic diversity. Lastly Syntax treats synchronic-typological diversity more explicitly as the dynamic by-product of diachronic development or grammaticalization. In so doing a parallel is drawn between linguistic diversity and diachrony on the one hand and biological diversity and evolution on the other. It is then suggested that — as in biology — synchronic universals of grammar are exercised and instantiated primarily as constraints on development and are thus merely the apparent by-products of universal constraints on grammaticalization.

The eleven selected contributions making up this volume deal with grammatical relations their coding and behavioral properties and the change that these properties have undergone in different languages. The focus of this collection is on the changing properties of subjects and objects although the scope of the volume goes beyond the central problems pertaining to case marking and word order. The diachrony of syntactic and morphosyntactic phenomena are approached from different theoretical perspectives generative grammar valency grammar and functionalism. The languages dealt with include Old English Mainland Scandinavian Icelandic German and other Germanic languages Latin French and other Romance languages Northeast Caucasian Eskimo and Popolocan. This book provides an opportunity to compare different theoretical approaches to similar phenomena in different languages and language families.<br xmlns="http://pub2web.metastore.ingenta.com/ns/"/>

The author combines a syntax-theoretical treatment of telicity marking and an empirical study of the second language acquisition of English telicity marking by native speakers of Bulgarian a Slavic language. It is argued that Vendler’s lexical classes of verbs (states activities accomplishments and achievements) can be represented in four phrase structure templates where lexical properties of the verb and of the object compositionally determine telicity. A parameterized distinction between English and Slavic aspect is proposed. The book addresses two major acquisition issues: (1) what is the nature of the initial hypothesis Bulgarian learners of English entertain regarding telicity marking (i.e. is there native language transfer)? (2) are adult learners capable of resetting the telicity marking parameter? Both L1 transfer and parameter resetting are experimentally supported. In addition the study investigates the L2 acquisition of a cluster of complex predicate constructions purportedly related to the telicity parameter in the grammatical competence and in child language acquisition of English.

Professor Ferenc Kiefer of the Linguistics Institute of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences was instrumental in bringing early transformational grammar to Europe. His extensive work contributes substantially to making a connection between the grammatical theory and other areas of linguistics. The 17 essays in this book celebrate his career by continuing to explore inter-area research in linguistics: pragmatics in grammar (de Groot van Riemsdijk Dressler & Barbaresi Comrie) semantic compositionality and pragmatics (Wunderlich Partee Borschev Szabo Bach) logical structures and universals in semantics and pragmatics (van der Auwera Bultinck Burton-Roberts Harnish Wierzbicka) dialogue and thematic structure (Jonasson Doherty Hajicova Panevova Sgall Allwood Fraser).

This first collection of selected articles from researchers in automatic analysis storage and use of terminology and specialists in applied linguistics computational linguistics information retrieval and artificial intelligence offers new insights on computational terminology. The recent needs for intelligent information access automatic query translation cross-lingual information retrieval knowledge management and document handling have led practitioners and engineers to focus on automated term handling. This book offers new perspectives on their expectations. It will be of interest to terminologists translators language or knowledge engineers librarians and all others dependent on the automation of terminology processing in professional practices. <br xmlns="http://pub2web.metastore.ingenta.com/ns/"/>The articles cover themes such as automatic thesaurus construction automatic term acquisition automatic term translation automatic indexing and abstracting and computer-aided knowledge acquisition.<br/>The high academic standing of the contributors together with their experience in terminology management results in a set of contributions that tackle original and unique scientific issues in correlation with genuine applications of terminology processing.<br/>

Many of the assumptions of Labovian sociolinguistics are based on results drawn from US and UK English Latin American Spanish and Canadian French. Sociolinguistic variation in the French of France has been rather little studied compared to these languages. This volume is the first examination and exploration of variation in French that studies in a unified way the levels of phonology grammar and lexis using quantitative methods. One of its aims is to establish whether the patterns of variation that have been reported in French conform to those reported in other languages. A second important theme of this volume is the study of variation across speech styles in French through a comparison with some of the best-known English results. The book is therefore also the first to examine current theories of social-stylistic variation by using fresh quantitative data. These data throw new light on the influence of methodology on results on why certain linguistic variables have more stylistic value and on how the strong normative tradition in France moulds interactions between social and stylistic variation.

With the explosion in the quantity of on-line text and multimedia information in recent years there has been a renewed interest in automatic summarization. This book provides a systematic introduction to the field explaining basic definitions the strategies used by human summarizers and automatic methods that leverage linguistic and statistical knowledge to produce extracts and abstracts. Drawing from a wealth of research in artificial intelligence natural language processing and information retrieval the book also includes detailed assessments of evaluation methods and new topics such as multi-document and multimedia summarization. Previous automatic summarization books have been either collections of specialized papers or else authored books with only a chapter or two devoted to the field as a whole. This is the first textbook on the subject developed based on teaching materials used in two one-semester courses. To further help the student reader the book includes detailed case studies accompanied by end-of-chapter reviews and an extensive glossary.Audience: students and researchers as well as information technology managers librarians and anyone else interested in the subject.

Perspectives on Negation and Polarity Items contains a selection of papers on the semantics acquisition and licensing behavior of negation. Negation being one of the prevalent features of any human language has many facets of interest to linguists psychologists and philosophers alike. In recent years much attention has been paid to the complicated distributional patterns of polarity items. Many of the contributions in this volume are devoted to the study of one or more of these items in langages such as English (Laurence Horn Anita Mittwoch Chris Kennedy) Dutch (Jack Hoeksema and Hotze Rullmann Henny Klein Gertjan Postma) German (Gabriel Falkenberg) Hindi (Utpal Lahiri) and Greek (Anastasia Giannakidou). In addition some general issues surrounding negation are addressed such as the characterization of the notion “strength of negation” (Jay Atlas) the problem of NEG-raising (Lucia Tovena) the interaction of negation and modality (Johan van der Auwera) and the acquisition of negation (Kenneth Drozd).

The relationship between language and conceptualization remains one of the major puzzles in language research. This monograph addresses this issue by means of an in depth corpus based and experimental investigation of the major types of expressions of epistemic modality in Dutch German and English. By adopting a systematic functional orientation the book explains a whole range of peculiarities of epistemic expression forms (synchronically and diachronically) and it offers a clear perspective on which cognitive systems are needed to get from the concept of epistemic modality to its linguistic expression. On that basis the author postulates a sophisticated layered view of human conceptualization. This book is of interest both to scholars working on modality and related semantic dimensions and to the interdisciplinary field of researchers concerned with the cognitive systems involved in language use.

No single theoretician provoked a greater tradition of the reception of his thought throughout changing times and across diverse cultures than did Aristotle and so Hegel who calls him the ‘teacher of the human race’ well describes the man known for ages simply as ‘the philosopher’. The present volume examines from a philosophical-historical standpoint the intellect-theory of De Anima III 4-5 which stands in the center of the Aristotelian system and composes one of the most provocative Aristotelian theories. It concentrates on the critical engagement with Aristotle’s conception of nous in Theophrastus and his colleagues (Dicaearchus Aristoxenus) and students (Demetrius of Phaleron Menander Erasistratus) in the Peripatos as well as in the Academic Socratic Epicurean and Stoic schools. The analysis of the relevant texts leads to a new assessment of Theophrastus’s philosophical-historical significance in the Aristotelian tradition and documents that in early Hellenism the Aristotelian theory itself played a surprisingly limited role so that the loss of the original Aristotelian manuscripts as reported by Strabo and Plutarch — a matter hotly debated in recent studies — was of only marginal importance.Kein Theoretiker provozierte über eine ähnlich lange Zeitspanne eine so intensive kontinuierliche und multikulturelle Rezeption wie Aristoteles. Die Geschichte der Philosophie verlangt es daher geradezu unter der Perspektive der ebenso konstanten wie vielgestaltigen Auseinandersetzung mit “dem Philosophen” analysiert zu werden. Den geeignetsten Kristallisationspunkt hierfür stellt die in “De Anima” G 4-5 präsentierte Nous-Theorie dar denn zum einen stand sie im Zentrum des aristotelischen “Systems” zum anderen handelt es sich bei ihr um die mit gröîter Kontinuität höchster Intensität und unterschiedlichsten Resultaten rezipierte philosophische Theorie überhaupt.

Der vorliegende Band thematisiert im Anschluî am die “Topographie” der aristotelischen Noetik die frühhellenistische Resonanz. Den ersten Schwerpunkt bildet Theophrasts philosophisch-kritische Auseinandersetzung mit der Nous-Konzeption seines Lehrers den zweiten die “De Anima”-Rezeption in der damaligen Philosophie-Szene die im wesentlichen durch drie Gruppen konstituiert wurde: Theophrasts Kollegen im “Peripatos” (Dikaiarch Aristoxenos); Theophrasts eingene Hörerschaft (Demetrios v. Phaleron Menander Erasistratos); und die zahlreichte philosophische Konkurrenz: die “Akademiker” “Sokratiker” und die Schulen Epikurs bzw. Zenons. Die Analyse der relevanten Texte führt erstens zu einder grundsätzlichen Neubewertung der philosophiehistorischen Position Theophrasts. Zweitens dokumentiert sie daî die aristotelische Theorie entgegen der heutigen opinio communis gerade im Frühhellenismus eine erstaunlich bescheidene Rolle spielte. Rezeptionsgeschichtlich kommt dem von Strabon/Plutarch berichteten und in der neueren Forschung heiîdiskutierten Verlust der aristotelischen Originalmanuscripte deshalb allenfalls eine sekondäre Bedeutung zu.

The book offers a combined discussion of the main theoretical methodological and application issues related to corpus work. Thus starting from the definition of what is a corpus and why reading a corpus calls for a different methodology from reading a text the underlying assumptions behind corpus work are discussed. <br xmlns="http://pub2web.metastore.ingenta.com/ns/"/>The two main approaches to corpus work are discussed as the “corpus-based” and the “corpus-driven” approach and the theoretical positions underlying them explored in detail. The book adopts and exemplifies the parameters of the corpus-driven approach and posits a new unit of linguistic description defined systematically in the light of corpus evidence. The applications where the corpus-driven approach is exemplified are language teaching and contrastive linguistics. Alternating between practical examples and theoretical evaluation the reader is led step-by-step to a detailed understanding of the issues involved in corpus work and at the same time tempted to explore for himself some of the major applications where a corpus-driven methodology can reveal unprecedented insights into linguistic patterning.

Using a workplace development program as source of experience the book deals with the development of innovation processes. Since innovation means to explore the unique and the special to bring forth what does not (yet) exist each innovation process must in itself be an innovation. The study explores the tools and activities needed to create such processes like dialogue networking coalition building and social partnership. The authors report from the position of collaborative actors involved in the innovation process rather than external observers.

The Handbook of Terminology Management is a unique work designed to meet the practical needs of terminologists translators lexicographers subject specialists (e.g. engineers medical professionals etc.) standardizers and others who have to solve terminological problems in their daily work.

In more than 900 pages the Handbook brings together contributions from approximately 50 expert authorities in the field. The Handbook covers a broad range of topics integrated from an international perspective and treats such fundamental issues as: practical methods of terminology management; creation and use of terminological tools (terminology databases on-line dictionaries etc.); terminological applications.

The high level of expertise provided by the contributors combined with the wide range of perspectives they represent results in a thorough coverage of all facets of a burgeoning field. The lay-out of the Handbook is specially designed for quick and for cross reference with hypertext and an extensive index.

See also Handbook of Terminology Management set (volumes 1 and 2).

Together with its sister volume on Theoretical Cognitive Approaches this volume explores the contribution which cognitive linguistics can make to the identification and analysis of overt and hidden ideologies. This volume shows that descriptive tools which cognitive linguistics developed for the analysis of language-in-use are highly efficient for the analysis of ideologies as well. Amongst them are the concept of grounding and the speaker’s deictic centre iconographic reference frames cultural cognitive models as a subgroup of Idealized Cognitive Models conceptual metaphors root metaphors frames as groups of metaphors mental spaces and conceptual blending.<br xmlns="http://pub2web.metastore.ingenta.com/ns/"/>The first section ‘Political metaphor and ideology’ discusses topics such as Nazi Germany discrimination of Afro-Americans South Africa’s “rainbow nation” and the impeachment campaign against President Clinton. The second section on cross-cultural “Otherness” deals with cultural clashes such as those between the Basque symbolic world and the general European value systems; between the Islam and the West determining its treatment of Iraq in the Gulf War; and between Hong Kong “Otherness” and centuries of Western dominance. The third section deals with ‘Metaphors for institutional ideologies’ and concentrates on the globalisation of the North and South American markets on insults in (un)parliamentary debates and on the Internet being for sale.<br/>

Part sociolinguistic part ethnographic this book takes up the neglected question of how ethnic division interacts with variation and change in Northern Irish English. It identifies an idealised folk model of harmonious<br xmlns="http://pub2web.metastore.ingenta.com/ns/"/>communities in spite of the social divide and open conflict that have long affected the region; this model affects daily life and sociolinguistic studies alike. A reading of sociolinguistic studies from the region reveals<br/>ethnolinguistic differentiation. Qualitative analysis of material from (London)Derry shows people often stressing tolerance in their community while accounts of their activities contain evidence of ethnic division and strife. Quantitative analysis charts six changes in (London)Derry English. Variation correlates to varying degrees with age ethnicity class sex and social network. The ethnic dimension while not the most important parameter in all cases plays a role in relation to all the changes examined.

Together with its sister volume on Descriptive Cognitive Approaches this volume explores the contribution which cognitive linguistics can make to the identification and analysis of overt and hidden ideologies. As a theory of language which sees language as the accumulation of the conventionalised conceptualisations of a given linguistic and/or cultural community or sub-group within it cognitive linguistics is called upon to make its own inroads in the study of ideology. This volume offers theoretical approaches and first discusses the philosophical foundations of cognitive linguistics. The question whether cognitive linguistics is not an ideology itself is not tabooed. The speaker’s deictic centre is the anchoring point not only for spatial temporal or interactional deixis but also for cultural and ideological deixis. Cognitive linguistics is also confronted with a severe Marxist critique but the potential convergence between the two ‘philosophies’ is highlighted as well. Further the question is raised to what extent the central nervous system and the grammatical system of a language impose sexually biased and hence ideological representations on cognition. Finally linguistics itself is seen as a potential bearer of ideological deviations as was the case with the ‘politics of linguistics’ in Nazi Germany and even with the quest for the Indo-European homeland in comparative and historical linguistics throughout the 19th century and well into the 20th century.

Is there an internal relationship between consciousness and intentionality? Can mental content be described in such a way so as to avoid dualism? What is the influence of social context upon consciousness conceptions of self and mental content?<br xmlns="http://pub2web.metastore.ingenta.com/ns/"/>This book considers questions such as these and argues for a conception of consciousness mental content and intentionality that is anti-Cartesian in its major tenets. Focusing upon the rule governed nature of concepts and the grounding of the rules for concept use in the practical world intentional consciousness emerges as a phenomena that depends upon social context. Given that dependence the authors consider and set aside attempts to reduce human consciousness and intentionality to phenomena explicable at biological or neuroscientific levels. (Series A)

This volume explores the implications of cross-linguistic structures in simultaneous bilingualism. It aims to find cognitive explanations for the presence or absence of cross-linguistic structures that go beyond the debate of ‘one system or two’. The contributors present syntactic morphological and phonological features that are found in bilingual children but are untypical of monolingual development and discuss pertinent methodological issues. The orientation of this volume stands out from competing volumes in the field in that the focus is not limited to similarities between monolingual and bilingual first language acquisition. The volume will be of interest to researchers in the field of bilingualism and primary language acquisition language theorists and professionals working with bilingual populations. <br xmlns="http://pub2web.metastore.ingenta.com/ns/"/>

This book investigates two elliptical coordinations in German Right Node Raising and Gapping. Ellipsis in both constructions is claimed to be the result of a phonological process which is conditioned by prosodic and focus semantic constraints. It is convincingly argued that Right Node Raising cannot involve raising to the right periphery: The alleged movement freely violates any of the well-known restrictions on syntactic movement and it does not alter the scope relations within the coordination. Gapping in contrast is more sensitive to syntactic conditions in that its remnants must be major syntactic constituents. The author carefully examines the close connection between focus and ellipsis in the two constructions. A considered discussion of focus structure demonstrates that the conjuncts are informationally dependent on each other. This co-dependence is also reflected in their particular intonational contour which is argued to be responsible for ellipsis in coordination.

Textual Parameters in Older Languages takes a contemporary approach to the inherent limitations of using older texts as data for linguistic analysis drawing on methods of text analysis pragmatics and sociolinguistics to supplement traditional historical and philological methods. The focus of the book is on the importance of controlling for textual parameters-defined by the editors as dimensions of variation associated with texts and their production including text type degree of poeticality orality and dialect-in the analysis of older language data. Failure to do so can result in invalid generalizations; recognizing the influence of textual parameters conversely raises a myriad of issues for the practice and theory of historical linguistics.

The 12 essays in this collection apply this approach in analyses of anaphora non-finite verbal forms particles punctuation word order and other phenomena in a wide range of languages including Ancient Tamil Sanskrit Latin Heian Japanese Medieval Greek Old French Old Russian Middle English and Modern Danish. An in-depth introduction by the editors lays out the goals of the textual parameters approach and considers the methodological and theoretical consequences of the evidence presented in the book as a whole.