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The area around the Baltic Sea has for millennia been a meeting-place for people of different origins. Among the circum-Baltic languages we find three major branches of Indo-European —Baltic Germanic and Slavic the Baltic-Finnic languages from the Uralic phylum and several others. The circum-Baltic area is an ideal place to study areal and contact phenomena in languages. The present set of two volumes look at the circum-Baltic languages from a typological areal and historical perspective trying to relate the intricate patterns of similarities and dissimilarities to the societal background. In Volume II selected phenomena in the grammars of the circum-Baltic languages are studied in a cross-linguistic perspective.

There is little hope of reconstructing by means of comparative or typological studies a lingua adamica essentially different from present-day languages. The distant preverbal past is however still present in live speech. Phonetic syntactic and semantic rule transgressions far from being products of a deficient output are governed by a universal iconic apparatus a sort of ‘anti-grammar’ or ‘proto-grammar’ which enables the speaker and the poet to express preconscious and subconscious mental contents that could not be conveyed by means of the grammar of any language. Secondary messages generated by the proto-grammar are integrated into the primary grammatical message. The two messages whose structural and semantic divergence represents a chronological distance of hundreds of thousands of years constitute a dialectic unity which characterize natural languages. The evolutive approach offers a different perhaps better understanding of questions related to dynamic synchrony vocal and verbal style poetic language language change.Chapters on: Diversity of the lexicon; Dual encoding: vocal style; Syntactic gesturing; Syntactic regressions; Prosodic expression of emotions; Poetry and vocal art; Situation and meaning; A hidden presence: verbal magic; Playing with language: joke and metaphor; Metaphor: a research instrument; Dynamics of poetic language; Semantic structure of possessive constructions; Semantic structure of punctuation marks; Why gestures?; Between acts and words; Language within language: dynamics change and evolution.

This volume brings together new research on theoretical Romance Linguistics; its intended audience is scholars in the field of formal grammar especially those specializing in Romance languages. It represents the latest work on the structure of Romance languages with relevant comparisons to other languages such as English and Basque. As the volume's title indicates two related themes recur in these studies: the role of grammatical features in sub-modules of the grammar and the interaction of sub-modules with each other and with external systems at the “interfaces”. The contributions to this volume all framed within current theoretical models explore these and related problems in the analysis of Romance. The volume contains studies on morphology phonology syntax and semantics and includes language and subject indices.

The area around the Baltic Sea has for millennia been a meeting-place for people of different origins. Among the circum-Baltic languages we find three major branches of Indo-European — Baltic Germanic and Slavic the Baltic-Finnic languages from the Uralic phylum and several others. The circum-Baltic area is an ideal place to study areal and contact phenomena in languages. The present set of two volumes look at the circum-Baltic languages from a typological areal and historical perspective trying to relate the intricate patterns of similarities and dissimilarities to the societal background. In Volume I surveys of dialect areas and language groups bear witness to the immense linguistic diversity in the area with special attention to less well-known languages and language varieties and their contacts.

In this volume the results of a number of empirical studies of the development of narrative construction within a multilingual context are presented and discussed. It is explored what operating principles underlie the process of narrative production in L1 and L2. Developmental relations between form and function will be studied across a broad range of functional categories such as temporality perspective connectivity and narrative coherence. Moreover a variety of language contact situations is considered with broad variation in the typological distances between the languages in order to enable cross-linguistic comparison. The analysis of learner data in various cross-linguistic settings may thus offer new information on the role of the structural properties of unrelated languages on the process of narrative acquisition. In the present volume an attempt is also made to find out how transfer from one language to the other is facilitated. Finally the effects of input on narrative construction in children’s first and second language are examined in several studies. <br xmlns="http://pub2web.metastore.ingenta.com/ns/"/>

The Psychology and Sociology of Literature is a collection of 25 chapters on literature by some of the leading psychologists sociologists and literary scholars in the field of the empirical study of literature. Contributors include Ziva Ben-Porat Gerry Cupchik Art Graesser Rachel Giora Norbert Groeben Colin Martindale David Miall Willie van Peer Kees van Rees Siegfried Schmidt Hugo Verdaasdonk and Rolf Zwaan. Topics include literature and the reading process; the role of poetic language metaphor and irony; cathartic and Freudian effects; literature and creativity; the career of the literary author; literature and culture; literature and multicultural society literature and the mass media; literature and the internet; and literature and history. An introduction by the editors situates the empirical study of literature within an academic context.

The chapters are all invited and refereed contributions collected to honor the scholarship and retirement of professor Elrud Ibsch of the Free University of Amsterdam. Together they represent the state of the art in the empirical study of literature a movement in literary studies which aims to produce reliable and valid scientific knowledge about literature as a means of verbal communication in its cultural context. Elrud Ibsch was one of the pioneers in Europe to promote this approach to literature some 25 years ago and this volume takes stock of what has happened since.

The Psychology and Sociology of Literature presents an invaluable overview of the results promises gaps and needs of the empirical study of literature. It addresses social scientists as well as scholars in the humanities who are interested in literature as discourse.

This book brings together linguistics and psycholinguistics. Text representation is considered a cognitive entity: a mental construct that plays a crucial role in both text production and text understanding.<br xmlns="http://pub2web.metastore.ingenta.com/ns/"/>The focus is on referential and relational coherence and the role of linguistic characteristics as processing instructions from a text linguistic and discourse psychology point of view. Consequently this book presents various research methodologies: linguistic analysis text analysis corpus linguistics computational linguistics argumentation analysis and the experimental psycholinguistic study of text processing. The authors compare test and evaluate linguistic and processing theories of text representation.<br/>A state of the art volume in an emerging field of interest located at the very heart of our communicative behavior: the study of text and text representation.<br/>

Hausa is a major world language spoken as a mother tongue by more than 30 million people in northern Nigeria and southern parts of Niger in addition to diaspora communities of traders Muslim scholars and immigrants in urban areas of West Africa e.g. southern Nigeria Ghana and Togo and the Blue Nile province of the Sudan. It is also widely spoken as a second language and has expanded rapidly as a lingua franca. Hausa is a member of the Chadic language family which together with Semitic Cushitic Omotic Berber and Ancient Egyptian is a coordinate branch of the Afroasiatic phylum. This comprehensive reference grammar consists of sixteen chapters which together provide a detailed and up-to-date description of the core structural properties of the language in theory-neutral terms thus guaranteeing its on-going accessibility to researchers in linguistic typology and universals.

This volume is the twelfth to date in a series of works in French or English presenting the epochs and movements of a Comparative History of Literatures in European Languages (Histoire Comparée des Littératures de Langues Européennes). The original intention of the editors was to publish a four-volume history of European literature from 1760-1820 and the first of these volumes Des Lumières au Romantisme. Genres en Vers appeared as long ago as 1982. The volumes Genres en Prose and Théâtre are still awaited. In their absence the present volume Epoche im _berblick attempts a more comprehensive and rigorous treatment of the period and its historiographical problems than was initially planned providing the reader with an overview of sixty eventful years of European literary history — years in which German Classicism coincided with the birth initially in Germany and England of Romanticism. And at the centre of this turbulent period of European intellectual and literary history stands the French Revolution.<br xmlns="http://pub2web.metastore.ingenta.com/ns/"/>

In the twentieth century literature was under threat. Not only was there the challenge of new forms of oral and visual culture. Even literary education and literary criticism could sometimes actually distance novels poems and plays from their potential audience. This is the trend which Roger D. Sell now seeks to reverse. Arguing that literature can still be a significant and democratic channel of human interactivity he sees the most helpful role of teachers and critics as one of mediation. Through their own example they can encourage readers to empathize with otherness to recognize the historical achievement of significant acts of writing and to respond to literary authors’ own faith in communication itself. By way of illustration he offers major re-assessments of five canonical figures (Vaughan Fielding Dickens T.S. Eliot and Frost) and of two fascinating twentieth-century writers who were somewhat misunderstood (the novelist William Gerhardie and the poet Andrew Young).

Apart from the names of Jan Baudouin de Courtenay (1845–1929) Mikołaj Kruszewski (1851–1887) and later Jerzy Kuryłowicz (1895–1978) Polish linguists and Polish linguistics generally have been little known in the West. The first two were mentioned with approval by Saussure in an unpublished paper and this reference was picked up by Roman Jakobson and others many years later. Kuryłowicz for his part made himself well known in the West through his important work as Indo-Europeanist even Semiticist and as a general linguist.<br xmlns="http://pub2web.metastore.ingenta.com/ns/"/>The present volume is a first attempt to broaden the perspectives on the Polish contribution to linguistics both inside and outside of Poland during the past centuries. Specialists in their respective fields contributed chapters on the origins and development of general linguistics (Z. Wąsik) applied linguistics (F. Grucza) lexicology (T. Piotrowski) dialectology (St. Gogolewski) and onomastics (S. Gala) followed by five chapters presenting the theories of the arguably most remarkable Polish linguistic thinkers from Baudouin de Courtenay (A. Adamska-Sałaciak) Kruszewski (F. M. Berezin) and Kuryłowicz (W. Smoczyński) to Mikołaj Rudnicki (1881–1978) and Ludwik Zabrocki (1907–1977) (both written by J. Bańczerowski).<br/>Detailed individual bibliographies a full index of names (with life dates of Polish linguists from the Renaissance to the present day) and a thorough index of subjects and terms make this volume an important reference tool for anyone wishing to acquaint himself with the rich heritage of Polish linguistic thought.

Few linguistic concepts are more elusive than ‘possession’. The present collection of articles selected from an international workshop held in Copenhagen in May 1998 confronts the subject from several angles (lexicon; the semantics of possession and the verb HAVE; the syntax of genitives and other possessive structures; the interaction of verbal and nominal constructions; the semantic and textual implications of the alienable/inalienable distinction etc.) and approaches (formal semantics; functional semantics; and syntax as diachronic and typological comparisons). The languages covered include both European languages such as Danish French Russian Spanish Portuguese and Latin and several American Australian African and Asian languages. This volume in which the contributing scholars have sought to examine as many 'dimensions' as possible is of interest to all linguists in particular those working in the field of typology and functional approaches to language.<br xmlns="http://pub2web.metastore.ingenta.com/ns/"/>

Web Site Design is Communication Design is written for practitioners trainers and students of Communication Business Information Science and Media Design.

This book is based on a series of case studies of web-site design processes in smaller and larger organizations including Amazon and Microsoft. It offers a well-researched reflective and thorough analysis of the activities undertaken in combination with practical real-life experiences of web-site designers and producers. It pays attention to the often complicated organizational context that web designers and producers have to work in while they serve both bosses and target groups to their best intents. The importance of careful evaluation is stressed throughout the book and in the concluding checklists which guide the practitioner through the design process from initial idea through site maintenance and re-design.

This collection of papers consolidates the observation that linguistic change typically is actualized step by step: any structural innovation being introduced accepted and generalized over time in one grammatical environment after another in a progression that can be understood by reference to the markedness values and the ranking of the conditioning features. The Introduction to the volume and a chapter by Henning Andersen clarify the theoretical bases for this observation which is exemplified and discussed in separate chapters by Kristin Bakken Alexander Bergs and Dieter Stein Vit Bubenik Ulrich Busse Marianne Mithun Lene Schøsler and John Charles Smith in the light of data from the histories of Norwegian English Hindi Northern Iroquoian and Romance. A final chapter by Michael Shapiro adds a philosophical perspective. The papers were first presented in a workshop on “Actualization Patterns in Linguistic Change” at the XIV International Conference on Historical Linguistics Vancouver B.C. in 1999.

The chapters in this volume provide the first comprehensive overview of trends in research on early phonological lexical syntactic and pragmatic development in children acquiring two (or more) languages simultaneously. Ongoing as well as emerging issues are examined and discussed by leading researchers in the field. Collectively these studies extend our knowledge of bilingual acquisition and broaden our understanding of the child's ability to acquire and use language. This volume is of interest to researchers working on language acquisition by monolingual and bilingual children graduate students of psychology linguistics and communication sciences and researchers and professionals concerned with the diagnosis and treatment of bilingual children with language impairment.<br xmlns="http://pub2web.metastore.ingenta.com/ns/"/>

This book offers a new account of particle verbs in German and Dutch by looking at the conditions under which a non-morphological structure may exhibit “word-like” properties. It shows that although particles are represented as phrasal complements of their verbs they lack the functional structure which is usually associated with phrases. The author uses the concept of a “local domain” which can be established by terminal nodes both in syntax and in morphology to demonstrate why the impoverished syntactic structure of particle verbs shares important features of complex words derived in morphology. The analysis is substantiated through a detailed study of the syntactic semantic and morphological properties of particle verbs. Special attention is given to the relevance of local domains for the association of lexical information about sound and meaning with terminal nodes in morphological and syntactic structures.

This book explores the discourse pragmatics of reportive evidentiality in Macedonian Japanese and English through an empirical study of evidential strategies in narrative retelling. The patterns of evidential use (and non-use) found in these languages are attributed to contextual cultural and grammatical factors that motivate the adoption of an ‘epistemological stance’ — a concept that owes much to recent trends in Cognitive Linguistics. The patterns of evidential strategies found in the three languages provide a fine illustration of the balancing act between speakers’ expressions of their own subjectivity their motivations to tell a coherent and exciting story and their motivations to be faithful retellers of someone elses’ story. These pressures are further complicated by the grammatical and pragmatic conventions that are particular to each language.

Evidentiality and Epistemological Stance: narrative retelling will appeal to those interested in evidentiality grammar and pragmatics cross-linguistics discourse analysis linguistic subjectivity and narrative.

This volume includes 14 papers investigating politeness phenomena in Greece and Turkey the cultural cross-roads of Europe Asia and the Middle East. It reflects current research and provides observations of and findings in patterns of linguistic politeness in a geographical area other than the much studied English speaking ones. The book appeals to professionals and students interested in a broader perspective of language use in its social context.<br xmlns="http://pub2web.metastore.ingenta.com/ns/"/>Articles in the collection are empirically rather than theoretically oriented and examine realisations of politeness in relation to social parameters. The chapters have been arranged in pairs (Greek/Turkish) treating the following related issues: firstly a more general ethnographic picture of the two societies the variables of power/status in classroom and other interaction solidarity in advice-giving and the use of approbatory expressions service encounters and the differential use of language by males and females the use of interruptions in television talk and finally compliments.<br/>

Face Recognition: Cognitive and Computational Processes critically discusses current research in face recognition leading to an original approach with criminological applications. The book covers

• The methodological and philosophical basis of research in face recognition.

• Findings and their explanations conceptual issues theories and models of face recognition

• The Catch Model (Rakover & Cahlon) for reconstructing (identifying) a face from memory and other models and methods of face reconstruction.

• Conscious perception and recognition of faces.



The book also discusses original ideas on conceptualizing face perception and recognition in tasks of facial cognition developing the Schema Theory and the Catch Model and introducing Rakover & Cahlon's discovery of the proposed law of Face Recognition by Similarity (FRBS). (Series B)

This volume based on presentations at a 1998 state of the art conference at the University of Georgia critically examines African American English (AAE) socially culturally historically and educationally. It explores the relationship between AAE and other varieties of English (namely Southern White Vernaculars Gullah and Caribbean English creoles) language use in the African American community (e.g. Hip Hop women’s language and directness) and application of our knowledge about AAE to issues in education (e.g. improving overall academic success). To its credit (since most books avoid the issue) the volume also seeks to define the term ‘AAE’ and challenge researchers to address the complexity of defining a language and its speakers. The volume collectively tries to help readers better understand language use in the African American community and how that understanding benefits all who value language variation and the knowledge such study brings to our society.<br xmlns="http://pub2web.metastore.ingenta.com/ns/"/>

An important tool for scientific study in any field is a formal language in which the phenomena can be described and hypotheses formulated. In this book a formal notation is developed for the description of the cognitive structure of arguments. The analyses based on this notation are more fine-grained than the analyses in previous attempts and they are applicable not only to arguments but to all types of moves in a discourse. Further the notational system provides a basis for the description of relations between arguments and the structure of the discourse as a whole. In the final chapter some empirical studies of retention of arguments in memory and of précis writing are reported based on hypotheses formulated in terms of the notational system.

This book investigates the notion of conversational dominance in depth and seeks to establish a systematic method of analysing it. It also offers a new insight into the role of gender and the pragmatic transfer of conversational norms in the first and second language conversations among native speakers of Japanese.<br xmlns="http://pub2web.metastore.ingenta.com/ns/"/>Drawing upon a critical synthesis of insights from several different fields including Conversation Analysis the Birmingham school of discourse analysis and dialogical analysis the author proposes an innovative analytical framework for operationalising the concept of dominance in conversation. She then applies this framework to the empirical analysis of Japanese speakers’ L1 and L2 conversations finding direct evidence for the important role of gender and pragmatic transfer in conversational dominance.<br/>By integrating quantitative and qualitative approaches to discourse analysis the author offers a new perspective into the pragmatic transfer of conversational norms. She does so by demonstrating how the notion of self-oriented and other-oriented conversational styles and strategies can affect the level of transfer of interactional behaviour differently for male and female speakers.

The contributions in this volume a sequel to the volume published in 1986 (SiHoLS 34) treat many aspects of the history of the language sciences in Spain and in Hibero-America from the Renaissance and ‘Siglo de Oro’ to the 20th century. Most papers were published in the journal Historiographia Linguistica; they were complemented with a few invited papers.<br xmlns="http://pub2web.metastore.ingenta.com/ns/"/>

The thought of Meister Eckhart — the Dominican theologian the preacher the master of language the mystic — exudes a remarkable fascination on the modern mind not the least due to its characteristic interplay of scholastic-academic and vernacular terminology. This volume presents the only book-length study in English of Meister Eckhart the philosopher within the tradition in which his thought is embedded and from which it draws its authority. It shows that even as Eckhart may be justly regarded as a medieval precursor of a modern philosophy of subjectivity the novelty and continuity of his thought can only be understood in its relation to that of Albert the Great Aristotle Dionysius Pseudo-Areopagita the Liber de causis and the Neoplatonic heritage Theodoric of Freiberg and Thomas Aquinas as well as Eckhart of Gründig Jakob of Metz and Johannes Picardi of Lichtenberg. At its center lies the return of the soul through its detachment from everything corporeal manifold and temporal into its ground or spark — into that “something” in the soul where according to Eckhart “the ground of God is my ground and my ground is God’s ground”. The present translation not only revises the German-language original to take account of recent debates in Eckhart-scholarship it moreover makes accessible to the non-specialist all Latin and Middle High German material much of it previously not available in any translation at all. Meister Eckhart: Dominikanischer Theologe Prediger Sprachgenie Mystiker — sein Denken fasziniert den modernen Menschen nicht zuletzt wegen der einprägsamen Wechselwirkung von scholastisch-akademischer Terminologie und deutscher Mundart. Der vorliegende Band ist die einzige englischsprachige Monographie über Meister Eckhart als Philosophen die ihn im Zusammenhang der ihn maîgeblich bedingenden philosophischen Tradition interpretiert. Auch wenn Eckhart zurecht als Vordenker der modernen Subjektivität gilt kann man ihn nur im bezug auf Albert den Groîen Aristoteles Dionysius Pseudo-Areopagita den Liber de causis und die neuplatonische Tradition Dietrich von Freiberg und Thomas von Aquin sowie Eckhart von Gründig Jakob von Metz und Johannes Picardi von Lichtenberg adäquat verstehen. Im Mittelpunkt dieser Studie steht die Rückkehr der Seele — durch ihre Abgeschiedenheit vom Körperlichen vom Mannigfaltigen und vom Zeitlichen — in ihren Grund bzw. in den Funken der Seele wo nach Eckhart “gotes grunt mîn grunt und mîn grunt gotes grunt” ist. Der vorliegende Band revidiert nicht nur die deutschsprachige Original-Studie im Hinblick auf Debatten in der neueren Eckhart-Forschung: Auch dem Nicht-Spezialisten werden sämtliche lateinische und mittelhochdeutsche Quellen durch die Übersetzung ins Englische zugänglich gemacht.

This monograph offers an in depth investigation of nominalization processes across languages e.g. Greek Germanic Romance Hebrew Slavic. Adopting and extending the view that category formation does not involve any lexical operation (recently put forth within the framework of Distributed Morphology) it shows how the behavior of nominals as opposed to that of verbs follows from general processes operating in specific syntactic structures and is linked with the presence or absence of functional layers (T D Aspect v). It further defines criteria on the basis of which the organization of nominal functional structure can be determined. Moreover it demonstrates how nominals split into several types across languages and within a language depending on the number and the type of functional projections they include. Furthermore it substantiates the hypothesis that aspects of the syntax of DPs of nominative-accusative languages are strikingly similar to aspects of the syntax of ergative languages and discusses aspects of the syntax of the perfect. The book targets researchers in theoretical linguistics comparative syntax morphology and typology. It can also be used as a foundation book on the morpho-syntax of nominals argument structure and word formation.