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Using Corpora to Explore Linguistic Variation
Nov 2002
Book
Using Corpora to Explore Linguistic Variation illustrates the ways in which linguistic variation can be explored through corpus-based investigation. Two major kinds of research questions are considered: variation in the use of a particular linguistic feature and variation across dialects or registers. Part 1: “Exploring variation in the use of linguistic features” focuses on the study of specific words expressions or grammatical constructions to study variation in the use of a particular linguistic feature. Part 2: “Exploring dialect and register variation” describes salient characteristics of dialects or registers and the patterns of variation across varieties. Part 3: “Exploring Historical Variation” applies these same two major perspectives to historical variation. One recurring theme is the extent to which linguistic variation depends on register differences reflecting the importance of register as a key methodological and thematic concern in current corpus linguistic research.
Jewish Translation History : A bibliography of bibliographies and studies
Nov 2002
Book
A classified bibliographic resource for tracing the history of Jewish translation activity from the Middle Ages to the present day providing the researcher with over a thousand entries devoted solely to the Jewish role in the east-to-west transmission of Greek and Arab learning and science into Latin or Hebrew. Other major sections extend the coverage to modern times taking special note of the absorption of European literature into the Jewish cultural orbit via Hebrew Yiddish or Judezmo translations for instance or the translation and reception of Jewish literature written in Jewish languages into other languages such as Arabic English French German or Russian. This polyglot bibliography the first of its kind contains over 2600 entries is enhanced by a vast number of additional bibliographic notes leading to reviews and related resources and is accompanied by both an author and a subject index.
Contexts in Translating
Nov 2002
Book
Contexts in Translating is designed to help translators understand the varieties of contexts and their importance for understanding a text and reproducing the meaning in another language. The contexts include the historical setting of writing a text the cultural components that make a text unique the types of audiences for which the translation is intended and the most efficient and effective ways of producing a satisfactory representation of the source-language text. The structural levels of language are described and the principal features of text organization are also explained. In addition the main features of various books on translation are outlined and a chapter on basic theories of translation is followed by a selective bibliography.
Linguistic Variation in the Shakespeare Corpus : Morpho-syntactic variability of second person pronouns
Nov 2002
Book
This study investigates the morpho-syntactic variability of the second person pronouns in the Shakespeare Corpus seeking to elucidate the factors that underlie their choice. The major part of the work is devoted to analyzing the variation between you and thou but it also includes chapters that deal with the variation between thy and thine and between ye and you. Methodologically the study makes use of descriptive statistics but incorporates both quantitative and qualitative features drawing in particular on research methods recently developed within the fields of corpus linguistics socio-historical linguistics and historical pragmatics. By making comparisons to other corpora on Early Modern English the work does not only contribute to Shakespeare studies but on a broader scale also to language change by providing new and more detailed insights into the mechanisms that have led to a restructuring of the pronoun paradigm in the Early Modern period.
The Legacy of Zellig Harris : Language and information into the 21st century. Volume 2: Mathematics and computability of language
Nov 2002
Book
Zellig Harris had a profound influence in formal systems and applied mathematics in demonstrations of the computability of language and in informatics. Volume 2 begins with a commentary by André Lentin on Harris's grounding in constructivist intuitionist mathematics drawing a parallel between Harris's central insights and those of Gödel and others which were of like import in the foundations of mathematics. An international array of scholars describe further developments and relate this work to that of others. Fernando Pereira argues that Harrisian 'linguistic information' can effect a reunion of linguistics with information theory that has not been considered possible since Chomsky's declaration of irrelevance in 1957. Chapters by Richard Oehrle and by Terence Langendoen develop two novel formal systems with intriguing properties. Chapters by Naomi Sager and Ngo Thanh Nhan by Aravind Joshi and by Stephen Johnson describe the history of work on the computability of language and project exciting prospects ahead. Karel van den Eynde and colleagues describe use of distributional methods refined beyond those of Harris to develop comprehensive computer dictionaries for several languages. The chapter by Benoît Habert and Pierre Zweigenbaum surveys the field of automatic acquisition of information categories and that by Richard Kittredge surveys work on text generation. Richard Smaby shows how distributional analysis can even inform design of computer user interfaces.
The Legacy of Zellig Harris : Language and information into the 21st century. Volume 1: Philosophy of science, syntax and semantics
Nov 2002
Book
Zellig Harris opened many lines of research in language information and culture from generative grammar to informatics from mathematics to language pedagogy. An international array of scholars here describe further developments and relate this work to that of others. Volume 1 begins with a survey article by Harris himself previously unavailable in English. T.A. Ryckman Paul Mattick Maurice Gross and Francis Lin show the importance of Harris's methodology for philosophy of science the first two with reference especially to his remarkable findings on the form of information in science. Themes of discourse and sublanguage analysis are developed further in chapters by Michael Gottfried James Munz Robert Longacre and Carlota Smith. Morris Salkoff Peter Seuren and Lila Gleitman present diverse developments in syntax and semantics. Phonology is represented in chapters by Leigh Lisker and by Frank Harary and Stephen Helmreich. Daythal Kendall applies operator grammar to literary analysis of Sapir's Takelma texts and Fred Lukoff's chapter describes benefits of string analysis for language pedagogy.
Selbst – Singularität – Subjektivität : Vom Neuplatonismus zum Deutschen Idealismus
Nov 2002
Book
This anthology examines stations in the development of Neoplatonist thought between its origins in late antiquity and its modern culmination in the philosophy of German Idealism. Aspects of the latter receive extensive treatment in contrast to other anthologies on the Neoplatonic tradition. This volume's unique focus lies in its highlighting of the ways in which Neoplatonist thought breaks the conceptual ground for modern notions of subjectivity and self-consciousness. In doing so it makes a distinctive contribution to the current scholarly discussion of the Neoplatonic roots of German Idealism. This anthology should provoke interest among those interested in the history of philosophy and theology as well as those interested in mysticism.
Precursors of Functional Literacy
Nov 2002
Book
The purpose of this volume is to present recent research in the field of the acquisition of functional literacy and its precursors. The volume aims to capture the state of the art in this rapidly expanding field. An attempt is made to clarify the vague and often inconsistent definitions of functional literacy from the perspective of development. Cognitive linguistic educational and social factors of literacy development are all taken into account. <br xmlns="http://pub2web.metastore.ingenta.com/ns/"/>The volume consists of three subsequent parts. The first part goes into phonological precursors of literacy development. In this part the focus is on the development of early language precursors of of reading and writing. The cultural foundations of these precursors are explored and their links with reading development are dealt with in detail. Different psycholinguistic approaches are also proposed to explain the occurrence of literacy problems. In the second part the scope is on the constraints of reading and writing efficiency at the word level and beyond. The acquisition of reading and writing is seen as a result from the interaction between phonological orthographic and semantic processes. A crosslinguistic perspective is taken on the role of writing system factors in the acquisition of literacy skills. The final part deals with the role of social and educational factors in literacy acquisition. Starting from a crosscultural perspective the central issue is how the attainment of functional literacy is dependent on sociocultural variation. The predictors of more advanced levels of literacy development are considered including foreign language literacy and adult literacy.
Creole Discourse : Exploring prestige formation and change across Caribbean English-lexicon Creoles
Nov 2002
Book
Creole languages are characteristically associated with a negative image. How has this prestige been formed? And is it as static as the diglossic situation in many anglo-creolophone societies seems to suggest? This volume examines socio-historical and epistemological factors in the prestige formation of Caribbean English-Lexicon Creoles and subjects their classification as a (socio)linguistic type to scrutiny and critical debate. In its analysis of rich empirical data this study also demonstrates that the uses functions and negotiations of Creole within particular social and linguistic practices have shifted considerably. Rather than limiting its scope to one "national" speech community the discussion focusses on changes of the social meaning of Creole in various discursive fields such as inter generational changes of Creole use in the London Diaspora diachronic changes of Creole representation in written texts and diachronic changes of Creole representation in translation. The study employs a discourse analytical approach drawing on linguistic models as well as Foucauldian theory.
Perspective and Perspectivation in Discourse
Nov 2002
Book
‘Perspective’ and ‘viewpoint’ are widely used in everyday talk as well as in the specialist languages of the social cognitive and literary sciences. Taken from the field of visual perception and representation these concepts have acquired a general meaning and significance as characteristics of human cognitive processing. Since however this field is shared by an increasing body of disciplines perspective terms have also acquired specific and technical meanings. A striking example is the newly introduced use of ‘perspectivation’ in discourse analysis.<br xmlns="http://pub2web.metastore.ingenta.com/ns/"/>This volume on ‘perspective and perspectivation’ — the first of its kind — will help to fill the gap between the common understanding of perspective and the specifics of its structure and dynamics as they have been elaborated in the human sciences mainly in psychology and linguistics. The focus is on the structure of perspectivity in cognition and language and the dynamics of setting and taking perspectives in social interaction and in the construction and understanding of texts. Both topics are presented here in an interdisciplinary way by a group of linguists and psychologists.
Simulation and Knowledge of Action
Nov 2002
Book
The current debate between theory theory and simulation theory on the nature of mentalisation has reached no consensus yet although many now think that some hybrid theory is needed. This collection of essays represents an effort at re-evaluating the scope of simulation theory while also considering areas in which it could be submitted to experimental tests. The volume explores the two main versions of simulation theory Goldman’s introspectionism and Gordon’s radical simulationism and enquires whether they allow a non-circular account of mentalisation. The originality of the volume is to confront conceptual views on simulation with data from pragmatics developmental psychology and the neurosciences. Individual chapters contain discussions of specific issues such as autism imitation motor imagery conditional reasoning joint attention and the understanding of demonstratives. It will be of interest primarily to advanced students and researchers in the philosophy of mind language and action but also to everyone interested in the nature of interpretation and communication. (Series B)
Cognitive Stylistics : Language and cognition in text analysis
Nov 2002
Book
This book represents the state of the art in cognitive stylistics a rapidly expanding field at the interface between linguistics literary studies and cognitive science. The twelve chapters combine linguistic analysis with insights from cognitive psychology and cognitive linguistics in order to arrive at innovative accounts of a range of literary and textual phenomena. The chapters cover a variety of literary texts periods and genres including poetry fictional and non-fictional narratives and plays. Some of the chapters provide new approaches to phenomena that have a long tradition in literary and linguistic studies (such as humour characterisation figurative language and metre) others focus on phenomena that have not yet received adequate attention (such as split-selves phenomena mind style and spatial language). This book is relevant to students and scholars in a wide range of areas within linguistics literary studies and cognitive science.
Point of View and Grammar : Structural patterns of subjectivity in American English conversation
Oct 2002
Book
This book proposes that subjective expression shapes grammatical and lexical patterning in American English conversation. Analyses of structural and functional properties of English conversational utterances indicate that the most frequent combinations of subject tense and verb type are those that are used by speakers to personalize their contributions not to present unmediated descriptions of the world. These findings are informed by current research and practices in linguistics which argue that the emergence or conventionalization of linguistic structure is related to the frequency with which speakers use expressions in discourse. The use of conversational data in grammatical analysis illustrates the local and contingent nature of grammar in use and also raises theoretical questions concerning the coherence of linguistic categories the viability of maintaining a distinction between semantic and pragmatic meaning in analytical practice and the structural and social interplay of speaker point of view and participant interaction in discourse.
Politics as Text and Talk : Analytic approaches to political discourse
Oct 2002
Book
Human beings are political animals. <br xmlns="http://pub2web.metastore.ingenta.com/ns/"/>They are also articulate mammals. <br/>How are these two aspects linked? <br/>This is a question that is only beginning to be explored. The present collection makes a contribution to the investigations into the use of language in those situations which informally and intuitively we call ‘political’. Such an approach is revealing not only for politics itself but also for the human language capacity.<br/>Each chapter outlines a particular method or analytic approach and illustrates its application to a contemporary political issue institution or mode of political behaviour. As a whole the collection aims to give a sample of current research in the field. It will interest those who are beginning to carry the research paradigm forward as well as provide an introduction for newcomers whether they come from neighbouring or remote disciplines or from none.
The Civilized Organization : Norbert Elias and the future of organization studies
Oct 2002
Book
This book brings a major new resource to organization studies: the work of Norbert Elias. By applying his ideas in a critical but sympathetic way the authors provide a new perspective on the never-ending stream of management fads and fashions. Standing back and taking a more detached perspective inspired by the work of Norbert Elias (1897-1990) it becomes clear that many 'new' types of organizations are often variations on an old theme.
Elias gives us considerable purchase on current debates through his emphasis on long-term historical perspectives his highlighting of issues of power emotion and subjectivity his interweaving of analysis at the level of the state the organization groups and individuals his alternative 'take' on issues of agency and structure and his relevance to a wide range of current organization theories.
The contributions show the current relevance of Elias's work in numerous fields of organizational analysis such as the sociology of finance and markets the comparative and cross-cultural study of organization comparative management development organizational meetings organizational boundaries gossip and privacy in organizations emotion in organizations and the significance of humiliation within organizations.
It is indeed "time for Elias"! 
Semitic and Indo-European : Volume II: Comparative morphology, syntax and phonetics
Oct 2002
Book
This is a sequel to the author's Semitic and Indo-European: The Principal Etymologies (1995). That volume provided the key examples of morphological correspondences between the Semitic and the Indo-European languages. In this sequel the author analyzes correspondences of structure either within a certain group of languages or belonging to a distantly related group by looking at inflectional morphology case grammar and phonology. Thus are uncovered the prehistoric means of oral communication linking the forerunners of ancient societies in Asia Africa and Europe as they talked about livestock or revealed some inner sentiment.
The L2 Acquisition of Tense–Aspect Morphology
Oct 2002
Book
The present volume provides a cross-linguistic perspective on the development of tense-aspect in L2 acquisition. Data-based studies included in this volume deal with the analysis of a wide range of target languages: Chinese English Italian French Japanese and Spanish. Theoretical frameworks used to evaluate the nature of the empirical evidence range from generative grammar to functional-typological linguistics. Several studies focus on the development of past tense markers but other issues such as the acquisition of a future marker are also addressed. An introductory chapter outlines some theoretical and methodological issues that serves as relevant preliminary reading for most of the chapters included in this volume. Additionally a preliminary chapter offers a substantive review of first language acquisition of tense-aspect morphology. The analysis of the various languages included in this volume significantly advances our understanding of this phenomenon and will serve as an important basis for future research.
Defining Language : A local grammar of definition sentences
Oct 2002
Book
Definition is a basic activity of language of particular importance to linguists because of its use of language to describe itself. Beyond this inherent significance as a crucial element of language study definitions also provide a rich potential source of the information needed for Natural Language Processing systems. This book describes an investigation of the subset of general language used in definition sentences and the development of a taxonomy of definition types a grammar of definition sentences and parsing software which can extract their functional components. The work is based on definition sentences used in one of the dictionaries from the Cobuild range and the book includes a brief history of the development of monolingual English dictionaries an assessment of the concepts of sublanguages and local grammars and a full exploration of the results of the analysis and of the present and future applications of the taxonomy grammar and parser.<br xmlns="http://pub2web.metastore.ingenta.com/ns/"/>
Die Philosophie in ihren Disziplinen : Eine Einführung. Bochumer Ringvorlesung Wintersemester 1999/2000
Oct 2002
Book
The disciplines of philosophy make up its methodological and thematic branches of study; they reflect its self-understanding as a science according to both its basic tasks and its different approaches to them. The contributions to this anthology arranged according to the main disciplines of philosophy were originally presented in a special lecture series at the Department of Philosophy of the Ruhr-University Bochum geared towards providing students with a much-needed provisional orientation in the field. The essays included in this volume combine this introductory systematic character with careful historical scholarship. Topics treated include aesthetics epistemology ethics logic metaphysics philosophical anthropology philosophical pedagogy philosophy of language philosophy of nature philosophy of religion political philosophy and the theory of the human sciences. This volume should appeal to students and teachers of philosophy as well as to all those interested in a historically grounded systematic introduction to philosophical thinking.<br xmlns="http://pub2web.metastore.ingenta.com/ns/"/>Die Disziplinen der Philosophie bilden die Teilbereiche in die sie sich sowohl methodisch als auch gegenstandsbezogen gliedern läßt; sie bezeugen das Selbstverständnis dieser Wissenschaft nach Aufgabe und Vorgehensweise. Die Beiträge zum vorliegenden Band gehen auf eine Ringvorlesung zurück die am Institut für Philosophie der Ruhr-Universität Bochum gehalten wurde. Diese hat den Studierenden zur Einführung in die Philosophie gedient und damit einem elementaren Wunsch nach einer — wenn auch nur provisorisch — wegweisenden Orientierung im Fach entsprochen. Somit werden die Teilbereiche Ästhetik Erkenntnistheorie Ethik Logik Metaphysik Naturphilosophie Rechts- und Staatsphilosophie Philosophiedidaktik Philosophische Anthropologie Religionsphilosophie Sprachphilosophie und Theorie der Geisteswissenschaften im vorliegenden Band vorgestellt. Der Band ist für Studenten sowie Philosophielehrer vom Interesse ferner für alle die sich eine historische sowie systematische Einführung in philosophisches Denken wünschen.
Language, Vision and Music : Selected papers from the 8th International Workshop on the Cognitive Science of Natural Language Processing, Galway, 1999
Oct 2002
Book
Language vision and music: what common cognitive patterns underlie our competence in these disparate modes of thought? Language (natural & formal) vision and music seem to share at least the following attributes: a hierarchical organisation of constituents recursivity metaphor the possibility of self-reference ambiguity and systematicity. Can we propose the existence of a general symbol system with instantiations in these three modes or is the only commonality to be found at the level of such entities as cerebral columnar automata? Answers are to be found in this international collection of work which recognises that one of the basic features of consciousness is its MultiModality that there are possibilities to model this with contemporary technology and that cross-cultural commonalities in the experience of and creativity within the various modalities are significant. With the advent of Intelligent MultiMedia this aspect of consciousness implementation in mind/brain acquires new significance. (Series B)