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This book offers a completely new analysis of the syntax and semantics of transitive reflexive sentences in German which is embedded in the major phenomenon of the middle voice in Indo-European languages. It integrates the interpretation of non-argument reflexives into a modified version of recent theories of binding. The ambiguity of the reflexive pronoun is derived at the interface between syntax and semantics and does not rely on additional lexical or syntactic rules of argument suppression and argument promotion. This shift towards the semantic interpretation of syntactic arguments enables the author to offer a unified analysis of the middle the anticausative and the reflexive interpretations. Furthermore the crucial distinction between structural and oblique case forms is discussed and it is illustrated how specific properties of middle constructions such as adverbial modification or subject responsibility can be related to the generic interpretation of middle constructions.

This volume contains selected papers from the 4th Language International Conference on ‘Teaching Translation and Interpreting: Building Bridges’ which was held in Shanghai in December 1998. The collection is an excellent source of ideas and information for teachers and students alike. With contributions from five continents the topics discussed cover a wide range including the relevance of translation theories cultural and technical knowledge acquisition literary translation translation and interpreting for the media Internet-related training methods and tools for student assessment. While complementing the volumes of the previous three conferences in exploring new methods and frontiers this collection is particularly strong on case studies outside of the European and Anglo-American spheres.

This edition has been replaced by a new edition and is no longer available for purchase.

Japanese ranks as the sixth language of the world with more than 125 million speakers in the island state of Japan. Its genetic relation has been a topic of heated discussion but Altaic and Austronesian languages appear to have contributed to the early formation of this language. It has a long written tradition which goes back to texts from the eighth century AD. The modern writing system employs a mixture of Chinese characters and two sets of syllabary developed from the Chinese characters.This book consists of fourteen chapters covering the phonology morphology the writing system grammatical constructions and discourse and pragmatic phenomena of Japanese. It provides researchers with a useful typological reference and students of Japanese with a theory-neutral introduction to current linguistic research issues.

Paradox — the simultaneous existence of two inconsistent states — has become orthodox. The orthodox is now the paradox. The orthodox world of ordering controlling and organizing is increasingly opposed to a normalizing world of disordering disrupting and disorganizing. And organization studies cannot avoid changing its conceptions of reality as that reality changes. In the future organization studies will be the study of paradox how to understand it how to use it.

In this book of original contributions addressed to management and organization paradoxes the authors address the new state of the field in terms of representations — representing paradoxes — and materialisations — materialising paradoxes. The themes — although varied ranging from dialectics to internal tensions; from collaborations to ethics and value conflicts; from resistant labourers and wharfies to cartoon characters such as The Simpsons; from the irrationalities of finance to the psychoanalytic rationalities of auditing and from issues of governance in Asian and international business to the composition of the new knowledge work force in the business professions — cohere around core aspects of paradoxicality.

Overall the contributions to Management and Organization Paradoxes are diverse and challenging. Each contribution takes a different angle on the central theme. All of the chapters illuminate diverse aspects of contemporary paradoxes in management and organization theory. The book provides in each of its chapters a challenge to the still overwhelmingly rationalist views of theory and practice that dominate the field and provides new directions for understanding organizations and management.The contributors are drawn from leading European Australian and Latin American contributors.

This monograph comprises eight papers most of which originated as presentations given at international conferences or guest lectures. These papers deal with the problematic nature of English as a global language and discuss what makes texts authentic and reliable for linguistic analysis Scots in Ulster and in Scotland forms and functions of English in Southeast Asia the spread of rhyming slang and varieties of ELT. The volume concludes with an annotated bibliography of the most important publications devoted to varieties of English around the world.

Gender and discourse interface in many more epistemological sites than can be represented in one collection. Gender Identity and Discourse Analysis therefore focuses on a principled diversity of key sites within four broad areas: the media sexuality education and parenthood. The different chapters together illustrate how taking a discourse perspective facilitates understanding of the complex and subtle ways in which gender is represented constructed and contested through language.

The book engages critically with long-running and on-going debates but also reflects and develops current understandings of gender identity and discourse particularly the shift from 'gender differences' to the discoursal shaping of gender. Gender Identity and Discourse Analysis thus offers not only insights and methodologies of new empirical studies but also careful theorisations in particular of discourse text identity and gender.

The collection is a valuable resource for researchers postgraduates and advanced undergraduates working in the area of gender and discourse.

Diana Boxer’s Applying Sociolinguistics: Domains and Face-to-Face Interaction is an up-to-date overview of discourse studies in oral interaction. Its focus is on encounters in the various spheres of life: family educational social religious and work with an additional chapter on cross-cultural face-to-face interaction in these domains. Each chapter reviews current research in that specific domain with particular attention to methodological issues. For example in-depth explanations are offered to the reader on how the various approaches to studying face-to-face discourse (e.g. ethnographic conversational analytic interactional sociolinguistic) lend themselves to answering different research questions. Each chapter also culminates with an original analysis by the author of face-to-face interaction in that particular domain. Topics include: nagging in family interaction; bragging and boasting in workplace interaction; sarcasm in educational interaction; joking and teasing in social interaction; rite-of-passage discourse in religious interaction; and gatekeeping discourse in cross-cultural interaction.

This book develops a bold new approach to universal grammar based on research findings of the natural semantic metalanguage (NSM) program. The key idea is that universal grammar is constituted by the inherent grammatical properties of some 60 empirically established semantic primes which appear to have concrete exponents in all languages. For six typologically divergent languages (Mangaaba-Mbula Mandarin Chinese Lao Malay Spanish and Polish) contributors identify exponents of the primes and work through a substantial set of hypotheses about their combinatorics valency properties complementation options etc. Each study can also be read as a semantically-based typological profile. Four theoretical chapters by the editors describe the NSM approach and its application to grammatical typology. As a study of empirical universals in grammar this book is unique for its rigorous semantic orientation its methodological consistency and its wealth of cross-linguistic detail.

This book provides a broad overview of the issues relevant for the study of syntax of modals and their interaction with the verbal system. A large number of novel observations are offered from a variety of languages including Dutch (Modern and Middle) English German Lele Macedonian Middle Dutch and Slovene. The wealth of data the critical evaluation of existing syntactic analyses of modality and the alternative analyses proposed make the book interesting for both for descriptively and for theoretically oriented syntacticians. Major concerns addressed are: the distinction between epistemic and root modality (where the arguments pro and contra the assumption of a corresponding difference in syntactic structure are evaluated refined and supplemented by arguments for syntactic distinction between necessity and possibility modals and by consideration of the influence of the modal’s complement on the interpretation) the interaction between modality and clausal phenomena (in particular negation but also imperatives aspect and Aktionsart) and the acquisition of modality (addressing cross-linguistic differences in the possibility for root infinitives to express modal interpretations and the late acquisition of epistemic interpretations as compared with non-epistemic interpretations).<br xmlns="http://pub2web.metastore.ingenta.com/ns/"/>

Sleep and wakefulness undergo important changes with age. Awakening a crucial event in the sleep-wake rhythm is a transition implying complex physiological mechanisms. Its involvement in sleep disturbances is also well known. This collective volume is the first attempt to systematically approach awakening across development.A methodological section considers criteria to define awakening in a developmental perspective. Theoretical considerations on development of wakefulness and on its relation to consciousness are included and provide a vigorous impulse to go beyond present criteria and classifications.<br xmlns="http://pub2web.metastore.ingenta.com/ns/"/>Age changes are the core of studies on development: a section of the book examines old and new data from preterm to infants up to children underscoring the main turning points along this developmental path. As for other aspects of development awakening and the sleep-wake cycle are also influenced by external factors both physical and human. Several contributions deal with this topic in particular focusing on the parent-infant interaction and the influences of culture.<br/>Clinical contexts offer an opportunity to show both quantitative and qualitative changes of awakening and arousals in different pathological conditions. Either partial changes of one physiological variable or global and massive changes can be observed. (Series B)