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In a number of languages the speaker must specify the evidence for every statement whether seen or heard or inferred from indirect evidence or learnt from someone else. This grammatical category referring to information source is called ‘evidentiality’. Evidentiality systems differ in how complex they are: some distinguish just two terms (eyewitness and noneyewitness or reported and non-reported) while others have six (or even more) terms. Evidentiality is a category in its own right and not a subtype of epistemic or some other modality or of tense-aspect. The introductory chapter sets out cross-linguistic parameters for studying evidentiality. It is followed by twelve chapters which deal with typologically different languages from various parts of the world: Shipibo-Conibo Jarawara Tariana and Myky from South America; West Greenlandic Eskimo; Western Apache and Eastern Pomo from North America; Qiang (Tibeto-Burman); Yukaghir (Siberian isolate); Turkic languages; languages of the Balkans; and Abkhaz (Northwest Caucasian). The final chapter summarises some of the recurrent patterns. <br xmlns="http://pub2web.metastore.ingenta.com/ns/"/>

Narrative Intelligence (NI) — the confluence of narrative Artificial Intelligence and media studies — studies models and supports the human use of narrative to understand the world. This volume brings together established work and founding documents in Narrative Intelligence to form a common reference point for NI researchers providing perspectives from computational linguistics agent research psychology ethology art and media theory. It describes artificial agents with narratively structured behavior agents that take part in stories and tours systems that automatically generate stories dramas and documentaries and systems that support people telling their own stories. It looks at how people use stories the features of narrative that play a role in how people understand the world and how human narrative ability may have evolved. It addresses meta-issues in NI: the history of the field the stories AI researchers tell about their research and the effects those stories have on the things they discover. (Series B)

This volume a sequel to Form Miming Meaning (1999) and The Motivated Sign (2001) offers a selection of papers given at the Third International Symposium on Iconicity in Language and Literature (Jena 2001). The studies collected here present a number of new departures. Special consideration is given to the way non-linguistic visual and auditory signs (such as gestures and bird sounds) are represented in language and more specifically in ‘signed’ language and how such signs influence semantic conceptualization. Other studies examine more closely how visual signs and representations of time and space are incorporated or reflected in literary language in fiction as well as (experimental) poetry. A further new approach concerns intermedial iconicity which emerges in art when its medium is changed or another medium is imitated. A more abstract diagrammatic type of iconicity is again investigated with reference to both language and literature: some essays focus on the device of reduplication isomorphic tendencies in word formation and on creative iconic patterns in syntax while others explore numerical design in Dante and geometrical patterning in Dylan Thomas. A number of theoretically-oriented papers pursue post-Peircean approaches such as the application of reader-response theory and of systems theory to iconicity.

Recent advances in cognitive neuroscience make possible an understanding of the neural events that are associated with different forms of consciousness. To fully understand and unveil the mystery of consciousness inside the brain we require examination of the concept of neural basis of conscious mind.This book provides a systematic exploration of consciousness and gives an overview of neural and quantum basis of conscious mind through careful explanation of proposed models and extends these theories challenging some generalised views on consciousness.<br xmlns="http://pub2web.metastore.ingenta.com/ns/"/> Each chapter provides a review of the findings and theoretical accounts related to neural basis of consciousness and the mechanisms of the different varieties of consciousness.<br/>Professor Naoyuki Osaka (Kyoto University) has been active in experimental research on consciousness and attention for more than 15 years. (Series B)

This book offers an in-depth treatment of a variety of morpho-syntactic issues in Cape Verdean Creole (CVC) both from a descriptive and theoretical perspective. The investigated topics include the determiner system Tense Mood Aspect markers and pronominal paradigms. The study of TMA markers reveals morpho-syntactic configurations with interesting ramifications for syntactic theory and parametric variation. This book targets creolists theoretical linguists and the Cape Verdean community. Given the diversified targeted audience the descriptive chapters are purposefully kept separate from their theoretical counterparts presenting issues that are later revisited in the Minimalist framework. The data used in this study are primarily drawn from 83 transcribed interviews from a pool of 187 speakers. The interviews were collected during fieldwork conducted in 1997 2000 and 2001 in the Cape Verdean Sotavento (leeward) islands representing the more basilectal varieties of the creole. As all natural languages CVC displays syntactic similarities and differences with other creoles and noncreoles. Hence in the spirit of comparative syntax this volume compares CVC to other creoles like Guinea-Bissau Creole and to noncreoles like Portuguese French Icelandic and Italian dialects.