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This volume breaks open traditional disciplinary confines and approaches the full complexity of communicative interaction from an impressive range of exciting state-of-the-art perspectives in social psychology conversation analysis hermeneutics constructivist psychology communication theory computational neuroscience sociology of communication second language pragmatics ergonomic interaction theory and computer-mediated interaction studies. In so doing it sets out to establish a new research agenda in which communication science is understood as a human-social science par excellence. This collection of fifteen essays by seventeen scholars from Canada the United States Brazil Ireland the Netherlands Germany and the UK will be of interest to scholars and students in all of the above fields. The editor Colin B. Grant is Reader in Modern Languages in the School of Management and Languages Heriot Watt University Edinburgh where he runs the interdisciplinary social communication science research group. He is author of Literary Communication from Consensus to Rupture (1995) Functions and Fictions of Communication (2000) and chief editor of Language-Meaning-Social Construction (2001).

This volume includes nine papers selected from the Fifteenth Annual Symposium on Arabic Linguistics. Four of the papers deal with the area of corpus linguistics (new for this series) including papers from both a computational and a variationist point of view. The other papers deal with Syntax and with various aspects of Arabic Sociolinguistics. <br xmlns="http://pub2web.metastore.ingenta.com/ns/"/>

This book is the first corpus-based description of epistemic stance in conversational American English. It argues for epistemic stance as a pragmatic rather than semantic notion: showing commitment to the status of information is an emergent interactive activity rooted in the interaction between conversational co-participants. The first major part of the book establishes the highly regular and routinized nature of such stance marking in the data. The second part offers a micro-analysis of I think the prototypical stance marker in its sequential and activity contexts. Adopting the methodology of conversation analysis and paying serious attention to the manifold prosodic cues attendant in the speakers’ utterances the study offers novel situated interpretations of I think. The author also argues for intonation units as a unit of social interaction and makes observations about the grammaticization patterns of the most frequent epistemic markers notably the status of I think as a discourse marker.

This book addresses how cross-linguistic interference is represented in the bilingual mind. Examining novel oral production data from older bilingual children representing two Quechua varieties this research concludes that interference in the feature specification of functional categories leads to language change in a language contact situation and links convergence a common set of feature values for the same functional category in both languages to the activation of features related to the informational structure of the sentence. These mechanisms are illustrated in detail by the presence of overt determiners canonical SVO word order and the absence of accusative marking in bilingual Quechua and by neutralization of case and gender distinctions in direct object pronouns as well as in the emergence of null pronouns with definite antecedents in bilingual Spanish.

This innovative study of naturally-occurring English conversations between Hong Kong Chinese and their native English friends and colleagues makes a worthwhile contribution to the research literature on intercultural conversation. Through analyzing dyadic intercultural conversations the study investigates the ways in which culturally divergent conversationalists manage their organizational and interpersonal aspects of the unfolding conversations. The study focuses on five features of conversational interaction — disagreements compliments and compliment responses simultaneous talk discourse topic management and discourse information structure — where cultural values and attitudes are particularly evident. For each of the features hypotheses are formulated and tested through the detailed analysis of twenty-five intercultural conversations. This quantitative analysis is then followed by qualitative analysis of excerpts from the conversations to show the ways in which conversational interaction is performed and negotiated. The study shows in very revealing ways that intercultural conversations involve a complex interactive and collaborative process of communication between the participants.

Dependent-Head Synthesis in Nivkh has been awarded a prize of the Offermann-Hergarten Donation at the University of Cologne in 2004. The endowments are granted for outstanding innovative and comprehensibly documented research.This book offers an innovative approach to three interlaced topics: A systematic analysis of the morphosyntatic organization of Nivkh (Paleosiberian); a cross-linguistic investigation of complex noun forms (parallel to complex (polysynthetic) verb forms); and a typology of polysynthesis. Nivkh (Gilyak) is linguistically remarkable because of its highly complex word forms both verbs and nouns. They are formed productively from ad hoc concatenation of lexical roots in dependent — head relations without further morphological marking: primary object — predicate attribute - noun noun — relational morpheme ("adposition"). After an in-depth examination of the wordhood of such complexes the morphological type of Nivkh is explored against the background of polysynthesis noun incorporation verb root serialization noun complexes and head/dependent marking. For this purpose a new delimitation and classification of polysynthesis is proposed on the basis of an evaluation of 75 languages. Besides contributing to a reconciliation of previous diametrically opposed approaches to polysynthesis this study challenges some common preconceived notions with respect to how languages "should be".

This book advances a model for the analysis of contemporary satirical humour. Combining a range of theoretical frameworks in stylistics pragmatics and discourse analysis Simpson examines both the methods of textual composition and the strategies of interpretation for satire. Verbal irony is central to the model in respect of which Simpson isolates three principal “ironic phases” that shape the uptake of satirical humour. Throughout the book consistent emphasis is placed on satire’s status as a culturally situated discursive practice while the categories of the model proposed are amply illustrated with textual examples. A notable feature of the book is a chapter on the legal implications of using satirical humour as a weapon of attack in the public domain.



A book where Jonathan Swift meets Private Eye magazine this entertaining and thought-provoking study will interest those working in stylistics humorology pragmatics and discourse analysis. It also has relevance for forensic discourse analysis and for media literary and cultural studies.

Tok Pisin is one of the most important languages of Melanesia and is used in a wide range of public and private functions in Papua New Guinea. The language has featured prominently in Pidgin and Creole linguistics and has featured in a number of debates in theoretical linguistics. With their extensive fieldwork experience and vast knowledge of the archives relating to Papua New Guinea Peter Mühlhäusler Thomas E. Dutton and Suzanne Romaine compiled this Tok Pisin text collection. It brings together representative samples of the largest Pidgin language of the Pacific area. These texts represent about 150 years of development of this language and will be an invaluable resource for researchers language policy makers and individuals interested in the history of Papua New Guinea.

Since the 1980s metaphor has received much attention in linguistics in general. Within Systemic Functional Linguistics (SFL) the area of 'grammatical metaphor' has become increasingly more important. This volume aims to raise and debate problematic issues in the study of lexico-grammatical metaphor and to foreground the potential of further study in the field. There is a need to highlight the SFL perspective on metaphor; other traditions focus on lexical aspects and from cognitive perspectives while SFL focuses on the grammatical dimension and socio-functional aspects in the explanation of this phenomenon.

This book contains a selection of papers presented in a subsection on translation process analysis at the II Brazilian International Translators' Forum held on 23-27 July 2001. The volume builds on the notion of triangulation i.e. the combined use of different methods of data elicitation and analyses to discuss methodological issues and actual experimental methods in the field of translation process research. Grouped in three parts the seven contributions raise issues concerned among others with the translation-pragmatics interface the role of inter-subjectivity the attempts at modeling what accounts for translation competence and the effect of think-aloud on translation speed revision and segmentation. The volume also examines the process of translation in terms of relevant measurements which can validate some of the instruments used in the triangulation approach and fosters the application of triangulation as a pedagogical instrument to be applied to translators' training. The book will certainly find an audience among translation scholars doing experimental work and students and practitioners interested in capturing the translation process.

Re/reading the Past is concerned with the discourses of history from the complementary perspectives of Critical Discourse Analysis (CDA) and Systemic Functional Linguistics (SFL). The papers in the book stress the discursive construction of the past focussing on the different social narratives which compete for official acknowledgement. Issues of collective and cultural memory are addressed reflecting the "linguistic turn" in the Social Sciences. The book covers a range of discourses interpreting texts from popular culture to academic discourse including the construction and evaluation of past events in a variety of places around the world. It is especially timely in its focus on the construction of time and value in a post-colonial world where history discourses are central to on-going processes of reconciliation debates on war crimes and the issues of amnesty and restitution. As such the book fills a significant gap in interdisciplinary debates as well as in register and genre analysis and will be of general interest to historians political scientists and discourse analysts as well as students and teachers of ESP (English for Specific Purposes) and EAP (English for Academic Purposes).

Our species has been hunting for meaning ever since we departed from our cousins in the evolutionary tree. We developed sophisticated forms of communication. Yet as much as they can convey meaning and foster understanding they can also hide meaning and prevent comprehension. Indeed we can never be sure that a "yes" conveys assent or that a smile reveals pleasure. In order to ascertain what communicative behavior "means" we have to go through an elaborate cognitive process of interpretation.<br xmlns="http://pub2web.metastore.ingenta.com/ns/"/>This book deals with how we achieve the daily miracle of understanding each other. Based on the author ’s contributions to pragmatics the book articulates his perspective using the insights of linguistics the philosophy of language and rhetoric and confronting alternatives to it. Theory formation is shaped by application to fields of human activity – such as legal practice artificial intelligence psychoanalysis the media literature aesthetics ethics and politics – where interpretation and understanding are paramount. <br/>Using an accessible language this is a book addressed to specialists as well as to anyone interested in interpreting understanding and understanding the potentialities and limits of interpretation.

This book explores how speakers of Japanese organize their messages into coherent units as they jointly and interactively construct conversational discourse. Specifically it investigates the syntactic informational and functional structures of intonation units (IUs) as basic units of discourse production and information flow in spoken communication. It addresses various research topics: clause vs. phrase centrality relationship between IUs and clauses functions of independent NPs preferred argument/clause structure and transitivity interrelationship among functional components and the role of new and interactional information in the shaping of IU syntax. Overall it tries to elucidate not only the preferred IU structures that are typical of the way Japanese speakers talk in connected discourse but also possible relationships between the structures and their implications. Besides three main chapters discussing the results of quantitative and qualitative analyses it also includes an introductory chapter comprehensively covering key issues in research on information flow in spoken discourse in general. Thus the book will be useful to all students and researchers of functional linguistics and discourse analysis.<br xmlns="http://pub2web.metastore.ingenta.com/ns/"/><br/>

This volume presents both an analysis of how identities are built represented and negotiated in narrative as well as a theoretical reflection on the links between narrative discourse and identity construction. The data for the book are Mexican immigrants' personal experience narratives and chronicles of their border crossings into the United States. Embracing a view of identity as a construct firmly grounded in discourse and interaction the author examines and illustrates the multiple threads that connect the local expression and negotiation of identity to the wider social contexts that frame the experience of migration from material conditions of life in the United States to mainstream discourses about race and color. The analysis reveals how identities emerge in discourse through the interplay of different levels of expression from implicit adherence to narrative styles and ways of telling to explicit negotiation of membership categories.

This collection of essays by contemporary translation scholars and trainers addresses what is a critically important though often neglected field within translation studies: translation pedagogy. The contributors explore some of the current influences on translator training from both inside and outside the academy such as: trends in foreign language pedagogy teaching methods adapted from various applied disciplines changes in the rapidly-expanding language industry and new technologies developed for use both in the classroom and the workplace.<br xmlns="http://pub2web.metastore.ingenta.com/ns/"/>These various influences challenge educators to re-conceptualize the translator's craft within an increasingly specialized and computerized profession and encourage them to address changing student needs with new pedagogical initiatives. Combining theory and practice the contributors offer discussion of pedagogical models as well as practical advice and sample lessons making this volume a unique contribution to the field of translation pedagogy.<br/>

English competes with Tagalog and Taglish a mixture of English and Tagalog for the affections of Filipinos. To understand the competing ideologies that underlie this switching between languages this book looks at the language situation from multiple perspectives. Part A reviews the social and political forces that have propelled English through its life cycle in the Philippines from the 1898 arrival of Admiral Dewey to the 1998 election of Joseph Estrada. Part B looks at the social support for English in Metro Manila and the provinces with a focus on English teachers and their personal and public use of English. Part C examines the language of television sport broadcasts commercials interviews sitcoms and movies and the language of newspapers from various linguistic sociolinguistic and sociocultural perspectives. The results put into perspective the short-lived language revolution that took place at the turn of the twenty-first century.<br xmlns="http://pub2web.metastore.ingenta.com/ns/"/>

Twenty-one articles from the 31st LSRL investigate cutting-edge issues and interfaces across phonology pragmatics sociolinguistics semantics and syntax in multiple dialects of such Romance languages as Catalan French Creole French and Spanish both old and modern. Research in Romance phonology moves from the quantitative and synchronic to cover issues of diachrony and Optimality theory. Work within pragmatics and sociolinguistics also explores the synchronic/diachronic link while topicalizing such issues as change of non-pro-drop Swiss French toward pro-drop status scalar implicatures speech acts word order and simplification in contexts of language contact. Finally debates in linguistic theory are resumed in the work on syntax and semantics within both a Minimalist perspective and an Optimality framework. How do Catalan and French children acquire AGR and TNS? Can Basque Spanish be compared to topic-oriented Chinese? If Spanish preverbal subjects occur in an A-position can Spanish no longer be compared to Greek?

The formal treatment of the semantics and pragmatics of dialogue became possible through a series of breakthroughs in foundational methodology. There is broad consensus on a couple of issues like the fact that some variety of dynamic theory is necessary to capture certain characteristics of dialogue. Other matters still are disputed.<br xmlns="http://pub2web.metastore.ingenta.com/ns/"/>This volume contains papers both of foundational and applied orientation. It is the result of one of a series of specialized Workshops on Formal Semantics and Pragmatics of Dialogue that took place in 2001. One can therefore truly say that it mirrors both the state of the art at the end of the past millennium and research strategies that are pursued at the beginning of the new millennium.<br/>The collected papers cover the range from philosophy of language to computer science from the analysis of presupposition to investigations into corpora and touches upon topics like the role of speech acts in dialogue or language specific phenomena. This broad coverage will make the volume valuable for students of dialogue from all fields of expertise.

This analysis of the relation between virtue and knowledge focuses on the following aspects: i) Virtue and Happiness can be objects of knowledge; ii) Virtue is knowledge; iii) The search for knowledge is aiming at – and justified by – the human to be happy. Plato therefore defines philosophy not as theory but as the search for wisdom in order to live well. Accordingly Plato does not distinguish different or independent branches of philosophy.<br xmlns="http://pub2web.metastore.ingenta.com/ns/"/>These conclusions are reached by an investigation which traces the continuity and the development of the relation between virtue and knowledge throughout the different phases in Plato’s philosophy. The leading thesis of this book is unitarian but in order to corroborate it the methodology is used of those scholars who think that Plato’s philosophy has changed significantly through the dialogic phase. This way it can be shown that Plato kept developing new justifications for the same relation between virtue and knowledge.Diese Untersuchung der Beziehung von Tugend und Wissen konzentriert sich auf folgende Aspekte: i) Sowohl Tugend als auch Wissen können erkannt werden; ii) Tugend ist Wissen; iii) Die Wissenssuche wird durch das Glücksstreben finalisiert. Daher bestimmt Platon Philosophie nicht als Theorie sondern als Suche nach der Weisheit um glücklich zu leben. Entsprechend unterscheidet Platon keine Teilbereiche der Philosophie die unabhängige Ziele verfolgen.<br/>Diese Schlussfolgerungen werden erreicht durch eine Untersuchung die die Kontinuität und Entwicklung der Beziehung von Tugend und Wissen durch die verschiedenen Phasen in der Platonischen Philosophie verfolgt. Die leitende These ist unitarisch aber um sie zu bestätigen wird die Methode derjenigen verwandt die annehmen die Platonische Philosophie hätte sich in durch die Dialogphasen wesentlich entwickelt. So kann gezeigt werden dass Platon immer neue Begründungen für dieselbe Beziehung von Tugend und Wissen entwickelt hat.

When politicians and pundits in the Middle East discuss democracy do they mean it? Looking at public discourse about democracy in contemporary Egypt Dunne proposes a fresh way of reading Arabic political discourse. She charts a method combining ethnographic research into communities of people producing political discourse with investigation of the texts themselves using tools from anthropology pragmatics and sociolinguistics — a method with broad applicability to political discourse generally. Taking off from the premise that all discourse is based in social interaction this book demonstrates that looking at the ways individuals and groups use public discourse to perform critical social and political functions yields entirely new perspectives on the significance of the discourse. Democracy in Contemporary Egyptian Political Discourse is a valuable resource for students of linguistics political science democracy studies Arabic language and Middle East area studies.

This book contributes to an area of study that is of interest to linguists of all backgrounds. Typological in nature this volume presents data analysis from the major language families of Africa as well as Sino-Tibetan Austronesian Japanese Indo-European Siouan and Penutian. The 16 contributors to the volume share a commitment to examining the language phenomena pertaining to the volume’s theme with a fresh eye. While most of the papers make reference to existing theoretical frameworks each also makes a novel and sometimes surprising contribution to the body of knowledge and theory concerning motional directional and locational predicates complements morphology adpositions and other phenomena. This collection of articles suitably complements courses on comparative and diachronic linguistics semantics syntax typology or field methods.

English Words Abroad summarizes the methods developed for the innovative multilingual Dictionary of European Anglicisms (Görlach 2001 OUP) which combines data on English loanwords in sixteen European languages (four each for Germanic Slavic Romance and others). This summary allows us to quantify for the first time the extent of the lexical impact of loanwords on individual languages and cultures. The author discusses the elicitation of data from informants with a high linguistic awareness; criteria for inclusion; problems of integration on graphemic phonological morphological and semantic/stylistic levels; and speakers’ reactions (purism language legislation). He then explores the possibilities of applying these methods to dictionaries of gallicisms and germanisms. The book includes a survey of the most recent dictionaries of anglicisms in European languages.

This book considers the discourses that come into play in organizational change. The book outlines the tensions that arise for people having to enact change and analyzes the ways in which they position themselves in changing organizational environments. The book takes a social semiotic perspective on discourse organization and change. Here discourse encompasses not only the multi-modal resources that people mobilize in organizational (inter)action but also the practices and transformative dynamics afforded by those resources. The organizational changes highlighted in the book revolve around three dimensions of work that are increasingly coming to the fore: participation boundary-spanning and knowledging. These dimensions are explored through case studies including a health planning project an initiative to standardize work practices and the tension between paper-based and IT-based reporting. The book addresses the relevance of this discourse perspective to organizational research more broadly by investigating organization as a dynamic of ‘resemiotizations’.



Cover illustration by John Reid

Typological differences in the formation of multiple Wh-questions are well-known. One option is fronting all Wh-phrases to the sentence periphery. The contributions to this volume all explore this option from a number of perspectives. Topics covered include finer investigations of the “classic” multiple Wh-fronting languages (such as the South Slavic languages Bulgarian and Serbo-Croatian) extensions to less well studied languages (Basque Malagasy Persian Yiddish) explorations for languages that don’t obviously fall into this category (German Hungarian) peripheral effects (optionality of fronting Superiority vs. Anti-Superiority etc.) interface issues (with semantics pragmatics and phonology) and simply theoretical approaches aiming to capture the mechanisms involved in multiple Wh-fronting strategies. The theoretical framework adopted throughout is the Minimalist Program viewed from different angles. This volume brings together some of the leading experts on the syntax of Wh-questions and offers up-to-date analyses of the topic. It will be indispensable for scholars investigating multiple Wh-questions and will find an appropriate audience in advanced students and faculty alike.

What is the future of languages in an increasingly globalized world? Are we moving toward the use of a single language for global communication or are there ways of managing language diversity at the international level? Can we or should we maintain a balance between the global need to communicate and the maintenance of local and regional identities and cultures? What is the role of education of language rights of language equality in this volatile global linguistic mix? A group of leading scholars in sociolinguistics and language policy examines trends in language use across the world to find answers to these questions and to make predictions about likely outcomes. Highlighted in the discussion are among other issues the rapidly changing role of English the equally rapid decline and death of small languages the future of the major European languages the international use of constructed languages like Esperanto and not least the question of what role applied scholarship can and should play in mapping and influencing the future.

This volume contributes to the now one-century old question ‘Is the link between forms and meanings in language essentially arbitrary as Saussure put it or is it on the contrary also considerably motivated?’ The greater part of the papers (Sections 1–3) analyze linguistic phenomena in which not arbitrary but cognitively motivated links between form and meaning play a role. As such the contributions in Section 1 examine selected aspects of motivation in the continuum between lexicon and grammar; the contributions in Section 2 study the factors underlying the range of (semantic) variants that attach to a particular lexical item; and papers in Section 3 look at motivating factors in linguistic items situated in and conceptualizing the socio-cultural domain. A smaller set of papers in Section 4 point to the role which learner motivation and attitudinal motivation may play in applied linguistics domains.

The research on the formation of (radical) creoles has seen an unprecedented intensification and diversification in the last 20 years. This book discusses illustrates and evaluates current research on creole formation based on an in-depth investigation of the processes and mechanisms that contributed to the emergence of the morphosyntactic system of the creoles of Suriname. The study draws on a rich corpus of a) natural conversational and elicited synchronic linguistic data from the Eastern Maroon Creole (EMC) and its main African substrate language Gbe b) published diachronic data from the EMC’s sister-language Sranan Tongo and c) information on the early history of Suriname coming from socio-historical investigations. It suggests that mechanisms of deliberate and contact-induced change also involved in borrowing and particularly shift situations led to the initial formation of the creoles of Suriname while language-internal change played a role in their subsequent development. <br xmlns="http://pub2web.metastore.ingenta.com/ns/"/>

This is the second of a two-volume selection of refereed and revised papers originally presented at the special workshop of the international conference From NP to DP at the University of Antwerp. Reflecting the stage of current research with respect to the expression of possession in the noun phrase it focusses on issues such as alienable and inalienable possession internal and external syntax of possessors interaction between determiners and possessors interpretation of possessors and typology of possessors. The papers preceded by an up-to-date overview and discussion of the most important studies in the field provide an excellent basis for comparative analyses of possession in the noun phrase between a large number of languages.

In recent years conceptual metonymy has been recognized as a cognitive phenomenon that is as fundamental as metaphor for reasoning and the construction of meaning. The thoroughly revised chapters in the present volume originated as presentations in a workshop organized by the editors for the 7th International Pragmatics Conference held in Budapest in 2000. They constitute according to an anonymous reviewer "an interesting contribution to both cognitive linguistics and pragmatics." The contributions aim to bridge the gap and encourage discussion between cognitive linguists and scholars working in a pragmatic framework. Topics include the metonymic basis of explicature and implicature the role of metonymically-based inferences in speech act and discourse interpretation the pragmatic meaning of grammatical constructions the impact of metonymic mappings on and their interaction with grammatical structure the role of metonymic inferencing and implicature in linguistic change and the comparison of metonymic principles across languages and different cultural settings.

Like its companion volume this book offers a detailed description and comparison of three major structural-functional theories: Functional Grammar Role and Reference Grammar and Systemic Functional Grammar illustrated throughout with corpus-derived examples from English and other languages. Whereas Part 1 confines itself largely to the simplex clause Part 2 moves from the clause towards the discourse and its context. The first three chapters deal with the areas of illocution information structuring (topic and focus theme and rheme given and new information etc.) and clause combining within complex sentences. Chapter 4 examines approaches to discourse text and context across the three theories. The fifth chapter deals with the learning of language by both native and non-native speakers and applications of the theories in stylistics computational linguistics translation and contrastive studies and language pathology. The final chapter assesses the extent to which each theory attains the goals it sets for itself and then outlines a programme for the development of an integrated approach responding to a range of criteria of descriptive and explanatory adequacy.<br xmlns="http://pub2web.metastore.ingenta.com/ns/"/><br/>

This book and its companion volume present a detailed guide to three major structural-functional theories: Functional Grammar Role and Reference Grammar and Systemic Functional Grammar. This first volume provides the necessary background through a discussion of the characteristics of functional theories followed by a brief analysis of six approaches to language in the light of this discussion. These chapters lead to a characterization of a smaller set of ‘structural-functional grammars’ among which FG RRG and SFG are central. An overview of each of these theories in relation to the simplex clause is then presented followed by a more critical comparison. The remainder of the book deals with the structure and meaning of phrasal units the representation of situations and the treatment of tense aspect modality and polarity across the three theories. A major feature of the book is the use of examples from corpora of English and other languages which serve not only to exemplify theoretical and descriptive claims but also at times to challenge them.<br xmlns="http://pub2web.metastore.ingenta.com/ns/"/><br/>

As the title indicates the author presents a contemporary theory of consequence. In so doing he establishes a terminology that enables a description interpretation and evaluation of medieval theory independently of medieval vocabulary.

In the interest of better understanding the medieval writers the author puts himself in the position of the medieval scholar in Erfurt. The reader learns about the Erfurt schools and the controversal debate on the so-called modi significandi using only texts that are known to have been available in Erfurt in the first half of the 14^th century.

The two tracts a short epitome of Thomas Maulfelt and a comprehensive volume of Albert of Saxony represent the two most common tracts of this discipline and are discussed on the basis of questions arising in the introduction. New conclusions can be reached about the scope and the goal of medieval consequence theory which is an original accomplishment of the high Middle Ages and its place in the history of logic.

Der Ankündigung im Titel gehorchend stellt der Autor eine zeitgenössische Theorie zu Schlußfolgerung dar. Somit wird eine Terminologie erstellt in der — unabhängig von der Fachsprache des Mittelalters – die verschiedenen Ausführungen zur Schlußfolgerungslehre des Spätmittelalters beschreiben interpretiert und bewertet werden können.

Um die mittelalterlichen Autoren Thomas Maulfelt und Albert von Sachsen zu verstehen versetzt sich der Autor in die Perspektive eines Scholars im Erfurt der Mitte des 14. Jahrhunderts. Der Leser wird über die Schulsituation in Erfurt unterrichtet er erfährt von der hitzigen Debatte um die modi significandi und blickt zur weiteren Erläuterung lediglich in solche Schriften deren Vorkommen für die Mitte des 14. Jahrhunderts in Erfurt belegbar sind.

Anhand von Fragestellungen die sich aus dem Einleitungsteil ableiten werden die zwei Traktate die in Form Inhalt und Umfang die zwei häufigsten Schrifttypen zur Schlußfolgerungslehre repräsentieren untersucht. So ergeben sich zur Anwendungreichweite zur Zielsetzung dieser Disziplin die eine originäre Leistung des hohen Mittelalters ist sowie zu ihrem Stellenwert in der Logikgeschichte neue Erkenntnisse.

Contact Englishes of the Eastern Caribbean is the first collection to focus via primary linguistic fieldwork on the underrepresented and neglected area of the Anglophone Eastern Caribbean. The following islands are included: The Virgin Islands (USA & British) Anguilla Barbuda Dominica St. Lucia Carriacou Barbados Trinidad and Guyana. In an effort to be as inclusive as possible the contiguous areas of the Bahamas and the Turks and Caicos islands (often considered part of North American Englishes) are also included. Papers in this volume explore all aspects of language study including syntax phonology historical linguistics dialectology sociolinguistics ethnography and performance. It should be of interest not only to creolists but also to linguists anthropologists sociologists and educators either in the Caribbean itself or those who work with schoolchildren of West Indian descent.

The theory of consequences is one of the most important developments of medieval logic and was an integral part of the logic curricula at universities. One of the most famous authors of school tracts in the 14th century was Richard Billingham who was well known for his Speculum puerorum a famous and influential text in the 14th and 15th century. This book includes the critical editions of three copies of Billingham's tract De consequentiis and the edition of the Toledo commentary on this tract. Apart from these texts the book will consider some short school tracts of Billingham's contemporaries as well as the elaborated treatises on the consequences in Ockham's Summa logicae and Burleigh's De putitate artis logicae. The introduction gives information about the author the historical context and the latest developments of research. The concept of consequences in the British tradition is discussed in the detailed commentary on Billingham's tract which follows the editions.Die Folgerungslehre ist eine der bedeutendsten Entwicklungen mittelalterlicher Logik und war integraler Bestandteil der Logik-Curricula an den Universitäten. Zu den bedeutendsten Autoren von Schultraktaten im 14. Jh. zählt Richard Billingham Autor des Speculum puerorum einem berühmten und einflußreichen Text über das Beweisen von Aussagen. Die vorliegende Arbeit enthält die kritischen Editionen dreier Kopien von Billinghams Traktat Über die Folgerungen (De consequentiis) und die Edition des Toledo-Kommentars zu diesem Traktat. Darüber hinaus werden in der Arbeit einige zeitgenössische Schultraktate sowie die ausgearbeiteten Abhandlungen zu den Folgerungen in Ockhams Summa logicae und Burleighs Traktat De puritate artis logicae berücksichtigt. Die Einleitung informiert über den historischen Kontext den gegenwärtigen Forschungsstand sowie über den Autor und sein Werk. Den Editionen schließt sich ein ausführlicher Kommentar an in dem der Folgerungsbegriff der Britischen Tradition diskutiert wird und der dem Leser weitere Hilfen zum Verständnis des Textes bietet.

This volume is about computers and translation. It is not however a Computer Science book nor does it have much to say about Translation Theory. Rather it is a book for translators and other professional linguists (technical writers bilingual secretaries language teachers even) which aims at clarifying explaining and exemplifying the impact that computers have had and are having on their profession. It is about Machine Translation (MT) but it is also about Computer-Aided (or -Assisted) Translation (CAT) computer-based resources for translators the past present and future of translation and the computer.

The editor and main contributor Harold Somers is Professor of Language Engineering at UMIST (Manchester). With over 25 years’ experience in the field both as a researcher and educator Somers is editor of one of the field’s premier journals and has written extensively on the subject including the field’s most widely quoted textbook on MT now out of print and somewhat out of date.

The current volume aims to provide an accessible yet not overwhelmingly technical book aimed primarily at translators and other users of CAT software.

Accessibility and Acceptability in Technical Manuals is written for an audience with a general interest in readability studies linguistics and technical writing. With the main emphasis on technical manuals the book is primarily targeted at those who have a special interest in the design and use of utility texts and how these texts are received and understood by a multifaceted audience. Accessibility is not a new research area and many explanations have been offered over the past years as to why non-experts often have difficulties in comprehending texts written by technological experts. This book offers a new approach to accessibility studies by exploring not only style but also attitudes to style by asking text consumers which style they prefer for different parts of the manual. A key role is played by the Systemic Functional Linguistics' notion of grammatical metaphor a stylistic choice that is commonly used in technical literature. Grammatical metaphor — although apparently obstructing the comprehension process of some readers — is a common element in the preferred style that separates the ‘insiders’ from the ‘outsiders’. An explanation of this rather surprising result is offered by resorting to Critical Discourse Analysis.

Quantum Closures and Disclosures thinks together two seemingly irreconcilable discourses: An application of quantum field theory to brain functioning called quantum brain dynamics and the continental postphenomenological tradition especially the work of Martin Heidegger and Jacques Derrida. Underlying both developments is a new ontology of nonCartesian dual modes whose rich provenance is their "between." World is disclosed in the lumen naturale of dual modes belonging-together in their between; all presencing is a function of a "~conjugate" form of match in the between. This surprising rapprochement between a powerful tradition within continental philosophy and the 20th-century quantum revolution in science is fruitfully applied to crucial issues in philosophy brain science mathematics and psychiatry.



Related Titles: Quantum Brain Dynamics and Consciousness: An introduction edited by Mari Jibu and Kunio Yasue (1995) and My Double Unveiled: The dissipative quantum model of the brain by Giuseppe Vitiello (2001)

Acquisition in Interlanguage Pragmatics provides readers with a much-needed insight into the development of pragmatic competence an area of research long neglected in interlanguage pragmatics. The longitudinal investigation which provides the basic material for this book consists of a corpus of requests offers and refusals of offers elicited from Irish learners of German over a ten-month study abroad period using production questionnaires and a variety of metapragmatic instruments. The analysis focuses on developments in these learners’ knowledge of discourse structure pragmatic routines and internal modification. Findings present valuable information pertaining to the process of acquisition of pragmatic competence. They also point to the favourable but imperfect nature of the study abroad context for the development of pragmatic competence. A comprehensive discussion of theoretical and methodological issues an in-depth analysis and an extensive bibliography make this book of interest to both researchers and students in interlanguage pragmatics cross-cultural pragmatics German as a foreign language and study abroad research.

Comparing Japanese and American interaction Language Social Structure and Culture argues that language use is instrumental in the construction of social structure and culture. In order to ground the work in empirical evidence verbal interaction in similar situations – Japanese and American cooking classes – is compared. Unlike other studies of verbal interaction a genre analysis approach is used to examine regular patterns at three levels of language use: interaction discourse and grammar. Collectively these patterns exhibit both similarities and differences across the classes in the two cultures creating the unique event that has been institutionalized as a cooking class in each culture. In concluding the author suggests that genre analysis is a useful approach for cross-cultural research in that it provides information about situation-specific language use but also information about what aspects of linguistic structure are likely to become conventionalized across languages and cultures across situations and across time.

The present volume originally prepared to celebrate Jan Firbas' 80th birthday unfortunately is presented only belatedly to commemorate one of the most outstanding personalities of functional and structural linguistics. Its contributors have been inspired by the richness and penetrating invention of Firbas contained in his analysis of functional sentence perspective and of many other aspects of sentence and discourse.

This is the third of a three-volume comprehensive reference work on “Gender across Languages” which provides systematic descriptions of various categories of gender (grammatical lexical referential social) in 30 languages of diverse genetic typological and socio-cultural backgrounds. Among the issues discussed for each language are the following: What are the structural properties of the language that have an impact on the relations between language and gender? What are the consequences for areas such as agreement pronominalisation and word-formation? How is specification of and abstraction from (referential) gender achieved in a language? Is empirical evidence available for the assumption that masculine/male expressions are interpreted as generics? Can tendencies of variation and change be observed and have alternatives been proposed for a more equal linguistic treatment of women and men? This volume (and the previous two volumes) will provide the much-needed basis for explicitly comparative analyses of gender across languages. All chapters are original contributions and follow a common general outline developed by the editors. The book contains rich bibliographical and indexical material. Languages of Volume 3: Czech Danish French German Greek Japanese Oriya Polish Serbian Swahili and Swedish.

The cross-linguistic differences documented in studies of relative clause attachment offer an invaluable opportunity to examine a particular aspect of bilingual sentence processing: Do bilinguals process their two languages as if they were monolingual speakers of each? This volume provides a review of existing research on relative clause attachment showing that speakers of languages like English attach relative clauses differently than do speakers of languages like Spanish. Fernández reports the findings of an investigation with monolinguals and bilinguals tested using speeded ("on-line") and unspeeded ("off-line") methodology with materials in both English and Spanish. The experiments reveal similarities across the groups when the procedure is speeded but differences with unspeeded questionnaires: The monolinguals replicate the standard cross-linguistic differences while bilinguals have language-independent preferences determined by language dominance — bilinguals process stimuli in either of their languages according to the general preferences of monolinguals of their dominant language.

This book searches for the sources and means for a disciplined practical approach to exploring human experience. The spirit of this book is pragmatic and relies on a Husserlian phenomenology primarily understood as a method of exploring our experience. The authors do not aim at a neo-Kantian a priori ‘new theory’ of experience but instead they describe a concrete activity: how we examine what we live through how we become aware of our own mental life. The range of experiences of which we can become aware is vast: all the normal dimensions of human life (perception motion memory imagination speech everyday social interactions) cognitive events that can be precisely defined as tasks in laboratory experiments (e.g. a protocol for visual attention) but also manifestations of mental life more fraught with meaning (dreaming intense emotions social tensions altered states of consciousness). The central assertion in this work is that this immanent ability is habitually ignored or at best practiced unsystematically that is to say blindly. Exploring human experience amounts to developing and cultivating this basic ability through specific training. Only a hands-on non-dogmatic approach can lead to progress and that is what animates this book. (Series B)

The Interfaces: Deriving and Interpreting Omitted Structures is a collection of never-before-published papers that explore the nature of the interfaces of syntax with semantics phonology and discourse. The papers investigate the various ways in which elliptical structures are related to these interfaces. As such they not only make a valuable contribution to generative linguistic research but more generally help to deepen our understanding of the relation between form and meaning in natural language.

In the book’s introductory chapter the editors address general issues related to current work on ellipsis and the syntax/semantics syntax/phonology and syntax/discourse interfaces. The rest of the book is organized into three parts. The first examines PF-deletion accounts of elliptical structures; the second investigates these structures from the perspective of the syntax/semantic interface; and the third explores these from a perspective that concentrates on the relation between semantics and focus and discourse structure. Together the papers collected in this volume offer a convincing demonstration of the value of collaborative research on the ‘interfaces’.

These volumes contain selected papers from the Second International Conference on Contrastive Semantics and Pragmatics that was held at Newnham College University of Cambridge in September 2000. They include papers on negation temporality modality evidentiality eventualities grammar and conceptualization grammaticalization metaphor cross-cultural pragmatics and speech acts and the semantics-pragmatics boundary. There are contributions by amongst many others Les Bruce Ilinca Crainiceanu Thorstein Fretheim Saeko Fukushima Ronald Geluykens Javier Gutiérrez-Rexach Klaus von Heusinger K. M. Jaszczolt Susumu Kubo Akiko Kurosawa Eva Lavric Didier Maillat Márta Maleczki Steve Nicolle Sergei Tatevosov L. M. Tovena Jacqueline Visconti and Krista Vogelberg. <br xmlns="http://pub2web.metastore.ingenta.com/ns/"/>

Languages are dying at an alarming rate all over the world. Estimates range from 50% to as much as 90% by the end of the century. This collection of original papers tries to strike a balance between theoretical practical and descriptive approaches to language death and language maintenance. It provides overviews of language endangerment in Africa Eurasia and the Greater Pacific Area. It also presents case studies of endangered languages from various language families. These descriptive case studies not only provide data on the degree of endangerment and the causes of language death but also provide a general sociolinguistic and typological characterization the language(s) under discussion and the prospects of language maintenance (if any). The volume will be of interest to all those concerned with the ongoing extinction of the world’s linguistic diversity.<br xmlns="http://pub2web.metastore.ingenta.com/ns/"/>

This book features a fascinating and extended focal interview with Professor John J. Gumperz who ranges over his long career trajectory and reflects on his scientific achievements and how they relate to the contemporary linguistic scene. In this way the reader is presented with a snapshot introduction to Gumperz's work in a contemporary context.

A number of commentaries provide a stimulating and illuminating series of theoretical and applied encounters with Gumperz's work from different perspectives. In so doing they shed new light on Gumperz's seminal contribution to the study of language and interaction. In his Response Essay and in a final discussion Gumperz clarifies his views on many of the topics discussed in the volume as well as sharing with readers his views on some other approaches to language and interaction that are closely aligned to his own.

Sociolinguistics the ethnographic approach to language language and social interaction intercultural communication communicative conventions contextualization – these are some of the key terms which Professor John J. Gumperz discusses in this wide ranging and searching interview about his career as an anthropological linguist and sociolinguist interested in cultural diversity and intercultural communication.

John J. Gumperz Professor Emeritus of Anthropology University of California Berkeley is one of the founders of Sociolinguistics whose early work on speech communities and on the relationship of linguistic to social boundaries helped lay the basis for much current work in the field. Since the 1970s he has concentrated on a theory and methods of discourse analysis that can account for the intrinsic diversity of today’s communicative environments.

His publications include: Language in Social Groups (1962); Ethnography of Communication (1964) and Directions in Sociolinguistics (1972/2002) both coedited with Dell Hymes; Discourse Strategies (1982); Language and Social Identity (1982); and Rethinking Linguistic Relativity (1996) coedited with Steven Levinson. He is currently working on a collection of studies New Ethnographies of Communication (coedited with Marco Jacquemet); and Language in Social Theory.