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Singapore English: A grammatical description provides a vivid account of current contemporary Singapore English complementing older seminal accounts of this variety. Drawing primarily on the Grammar of Spoken Singapore English Corpus which comprises naturally-occurring conversational speech the contributions in this volume not only provide comprehensive and systematic descriptions of the structural features characterising colloquial Singapore English of the young native speaker of today but also propose the likely substrate sources of these features through insightful linguistic and historical examination. Clearly illustrating the particular rules of grammar that characterise Singapore English as a variety in its own right this volume presents its evolution as a perfectly natural linguistic phenomenon which is best understood within the multiethnic and multilingual society that Singapore is and has been for the past two centuries. Theoretical linguists sociolinguists dialectologists variationists typologists and creolists as well as those involved in education and policy-making should find this description relevant and vital.

Until now Ghelly Chernov’s work on the theory of simultaneous interpretation (SI) was mostly accessible only to a Russian-speaking readership. Finally Chernov’s major work originally published in Russia in 1987 under the title Основы Синхронного Перевода (Introduction to Simultaneous Interpretation) and widely considered a classic in interpretation theory is now available in English as well. Adopting a psycholinguistic approach to professional SI Chernov defines it as a task performed in a single pass concurrently with the source language speech under extreme perception and production conditions in which only a limited amount of information can be processed at any given time.

Being both a researcher and a practitioner Chernov drew from a rich interpreting corpus to create the first comprehensive model of simultaneous interpretation. His model draws on semantics pragmatics Russian Activity Theory and the SI communicative situation to formulate the principles of objective and subjective redundancy and identify probability prediction as the enabling mechanism of SI. Edited with notes and a critical foreword by two active SI researchers Robin Setton and Adelina Hild this book will be useful to practicing interpreters in providing a theoretical basis for appreciating the syntactic and other devices that can be used by both students and experienced interpreters in fine-tuning their performance in the booth.

This book examines new forms of communication that have emerged through the interactive capabilities of the Internet in particular online advertising and web advertisements. It develops a new model of online communication incorporating mass communication and interpersonal communication. Interactive mass communication redefines the roles of online communication partners who are confronted with a higher degree of complexity in terms of hypertextual information units. In web advertising this new aspect of interactivity is linguistically reflected in different types of personal address forms directives and "trigger words". This study also analyzes the different strategies of persuasion with which web ads try to initiate their activation.Web Advertising provides essential information on the language of web advertisements for academics researchers and students in the fields of hypertext-linguistics advertising communication and media studies.

This volume sign posts several paths of multimodality research and theory-building today. The chapters represent a cross-section of current perspectives on multimodal discourse with a special focus on theoretical and methodological issues (mode hierarchies modelling semiotic resources as multiple semiotic systems multimodal corpus annotation). In addition it discusses a wide range of applications for multimodal description in fields like mathematics entertainment education museum design medicine and translation.

In a world of increasing migration and technological progress multilingual communication has become the rule rather than the exception. This book reflects the growing interest in understanding communication between members of different linguistic groups and contains a collection of original papers by members of the German Science Foundation’s research center on multilingualism at Hamburg University and by international experts offering an overview of the most important research fields in multilingual communication. The book is divided into four sections dealing with interpreting and translation code-switching in various institutional contexts two important strands of multilingual communication: rapport and politeness and contrastive studies of Japanese and German grammar and discourse. The editors’ preface presents the relevant theoretical and methodological background to the issues discussed in this book and points to useful directions for future research.

This is the first book on the acquisition of Spanish that provides a state-of-the-art comprehensive overview of Spanish morphosyntactic development in monolingual and bilingual situations. Its content is organized around key grammatical themes that form the empirical base of research in generative grammar: nominal and verbal inflectional morphology subject and object pronouns complex structures involving movement (topicalizations questions relative clauses) and aspects of verb meaning that have consequences for syntax. The book argues that Universal Grammar constrains all instances of language acquisition and that there is a fundamental continuity between monolingual bilingual child and adult early grammatical systems. While stressing their similarities with respect to linguistic representations and processes the book also considers important differences between these three acquisition situations with respect to the outcome of acquisition. It is also shown that many linguistic properties of Spanish are acquired earlier than in English and other languages. This book is a must read for those interested in the acquisition of Spanish from different theoretical perspectives as well as those working on the acquisition of other languages in different contexts.

This volume is the product of a Columbia School Linguistics Conference held at Rutgers University in October 1999 where the plenary speaker was Ronald W. Langacker a founder of Cognitive Linguistics. The goal of the book is to promote two kinds of dialogue. First dialogue between Cognitive Grammar and the particular sign-based approach to language known as the Columbia School. While they share certain basic assumptions the “maximalist” CG and the “minimalist” CS differ both theoretically and methodologically. Given that philosophers from Mill to Kuhn to Feyerabend have stressed the importance to any discipline of dialogue between opposing views the dialogue begun here cannot fail to bear fruit. The second kind of dialogue is that among several sign-based approaches themselves and also between them and two competitors: grammaticalization theory and generic functionalism. Topics range from phonology to discourse. Analytical problems are taken from a wide range of languages including English German Guarani Hebrew Hualapai Japanese Korean Macedonian Mandarin Polish Russian Serbian Spanish Urdu and Yaqui.

This volume brings together revised versions of a selection of papers presented at the 2003 International Conference on “Recent Advances in Natural Language Processing”. A wide range of topics is covered in the volume: semantics dialogue summarization anaphora resolution shallow parsing morphology part-of-speech tagging named entity question answering word sense disambiguation information extraction. Various ‘state-of-the-art’ techniques are explored: finite state processing machine learning (support vector machines maximum entropy decision trees memory-based learning inductive logic programming transformation-based learning perceptions) latent semantic analysis constraint programming. The papers address different languages (Arabic English German Slavic languages) and use different linguistic frameworks (HPSG LFG constraint-based DCG).<br xmlns="http://pub2web.metastore.ingenta.com/ns/"/>This book will be of interest to those who work in computational linguistics corpus linguistics human language technology translation studies cognitive science psycholinguistics artificial intelligence and informatics.

This volume brings together work by scholars with backgrounds in linguistics psycholinguistics developmental psychology education and language pathology. As such the book adds psycholinguistic and crosslinguistic perspectives to the clinical and classroom approaches that have dominated the study of “later language development”. Incorporating insights from prior language acquisition research it goes beyond preschool age to consider both isolated utterances and extended discourse conversational interactions and monologic text construction and both written and spoken language use from early school-age across adolescence. Data from French Hebrew Spanish and Swedish as well as English cover varied domains: morphology and lexicon syntax and verb–argument structure as well as peer interaction spelling processing of on-line writing and reading poetry. The epilogue suggests explanations for the findings documented. Across the book the authors show how cognitive and social maturation combines with increased literacy in the path taken by schoolchildren and adolescents towards the flexible deployment of a growing repertoire of lexical elements in varied morpho-syntactic constructions and different discourse contexts that constitutes the hallmark of maturely proficient language use.

This book explores the structure and use of academic and professional discourse through the lens of corpus linguistics. The goal of this book is to show how insights from corpus linguistic analyses can help us better understand how we use academic and professional language and help us find ways to better train newcomers to the genres used in various professional contexts. The contributions to this book show that specialized corpora of specific genres from a variety of fields allow us to make more relevant observations about the function and use of language for particular purposes. The specialized corpora examined include written and spoken academic genres written and spoken business and legal genres and written philanthropic genres. The book showcases a variety of approaches to analyzing the discourse of specialized corpora and each chapter concludes with a reflection on the practical and pedagogical implications of the analysis.

This book examines the resources that speakers employ when building conversations. These resources contribute to overall coherence and cohesion which speakers create and maintain interactively as they build on each other’s contributions. The study is cross-linguistic drawing on parallel corpora of task-oriented dialogues between dyads of native speakers of English and Spanish. The framework of the investigation is the analysis of speech genres and their staging; the analysis shows that each stage in the dialogues exhibits different thematic rhetorical and cohesive relations. The main contributions of the book are: a corpus-based characterization of a spoken genre (task-oriented dialogue); the compilation of a body of analysis tools for generic analysis; application of English-based analyses to Spanish and comparison between the two languages; and a study of the characteristics of each generic stage in task-oriented dialogue.

The twelve articles in this volume describe Yeniseic Samoyedic and Siberian Turkic languages as a linguistic complex of great interest to typologists grammarians diachronic and synchronic linguists as well as cultural anthropologists. The articles demonstrate how interdependent the disparate languages spoken in this area actually are. Individual articles discuss borrowing and language replacement as well as compare the development of language subsystems such as numeral words in Ket and Selkup. Three of the articles also discuss the historical and anthropological origins of the tribes of this area. The book deals with linguistics from the vantage of both historical anthropology as well as diachronic and synchronic linguistic structure. The editor's introduction offers a concise summary of the diverse languages of this area with attention to both their differences and similarities. A major feature uniting them is their mutual interaction with the unique Yeniseic language family – the only group in North Asia outside the Pacific Rim that does not belong to Uralic or Altaic. Except for the papers by Anderson and Harrison all of the articles were originally written in Russian and they are made available in English here for the first time.

Memory-Based Learning (MBL) one of the most influential machine learning paradigms has been applied with great success to a variety of NLP tasks. This monograph describes the application of MBL to robust parsing. Robust parsing using MBL can provide added functionality for key NLP applications such as Information Retrieval Information Extraction and Question Answering by facilitating more complex syntactic analysis than is currently available. The text presupposes no prior knowledge of MBL. It provides a comprehensive introduction to the framework and goes on to describe and compare applications of MBL to parsing. Since parsing is not easily characterizable as a classification task adaptations of standard MBL are necessary. These adaptations can either take the form of a cascade of local classifiers or of a holistic approach for selecting a complete tree.The text provides excellent course material on MBL. It is equally relevant for any researcher concerned with symbolic machine learning Information Retrieval Information Extraction and Question Answering.

Theory and history combine in this book to form a coherent narrative of the debates on language and languages in the Western world from ancient classic philosophy to the present with a final glance at on-going discussions on language as a cognitive tool on its bodily roots and philogenetic role.

An introductory chapter reviews the epistemological areas that converge into or contribute to language philosophy and discusses their methods relations and goals. In this context the status of language philosophy is discussed in its relation to the sciences and the arts of language. Each chapter is followed by a list of suggested readings that refer the reader to the final bibliography.

About the author: Lia Formigari Professor Emeritus at University of Rome La Sapienza. Her publications include: Language and Experience in XVIIth-century British Philosophy. Amsterdam & Philadelphia: J. Benjamins 1988; Signs Science and Politics. Philosophies of Language in Europe 1700–1830. Amsterdam & Philadelphia: J. Benjamins 1993; La sémiotique empiriste face au kantisme. Liège: Mardaga 1994.

This collection of twenty articles selected from the 33rd annual Linguistic Symposium on Romance Languages held at Indiana University in 2003 presents current theoretical approaches to a variety of issues in Romance linguistics. Invited speakers Luigi Burzio and José Ignacio Hualde contribute papers on the paradigmatics and syntagmatics of Italian verbal inflection and comparative/diachronic Romance intonation respectively. The other papers whose authors include both well-known researchers and younger scholars represent such areas as French syntax (both synchronic and diachronic) second language acquisition (Spanish & English) Spanish intonation phonology syntax and semantics Italian semantics Romanian morphology and syntax Catalan phonology and morphology and Galician phonology (two papers). The volume is rounded out by three explicitly comparative studies one on proto-Romance phonology one on microvariation in Romance syntax and a third addressing syntactic microvariation among varieties of French and French-based creoles. Frameworks represented include Optimality Theory Minimalism and Construction Grammar.

This volume emphasizes a new line of thinking in generative grammar which acknowledges that certain synchronic properties of languages can only be fully understood if diachronic data is taken into consideration. The central topics addressed in this collection of papers are (1) a critical assessment of the hypothesis that certain apparently synchronic generalizations are actually the result of the mechanisms of language change (2) an inquiry into how diachronic data can be used to evaluate and shape formal analyses of particular synchronic phenomena. Reviving the interest in diachronic explanations for synchronic data the contributions provide novel and original diachronic accounts of phenomena that up to now have escaped a deeper synchronic explanation including the nature of EPP features gaps in the distribution of complementizer agreement and counterexamples to the generalization that rich verbal inflection correlates with verb movement.

This book introduces a unique model of medical discourse that identifies the forms of talk – voices – that doctors and patients use during the consultation and studies the dynamic interaction as it unfolds particularly in follow-up visits. Natural recordings semi-structured interviews questionnaires and ethnographic observations provide the data for the research which was carried out in an Outpatient Clinic in Santiago Chile. Using an interactional sociolinguistic approach analysis of the data identifies doctor–patient communication as a micro-performance of broader socio-cultural realities in which social status power knowledge and personal beliefs and values all find expression in the consultative setting. Importantly while both doctor and patient voices are shown to contribute to an essentially asymmetrical exchange the study also identifies the holistic and empathic Fellow Human voice which places doctors and patients on a more equal footing. In connection with this voice the Spanish concept of simpatía is also discussed.While the model in this study was developed within a specific socio-cultural framework it is hoped that it will be adapted and modified more widely and contribute to a better understanding between doctors and their patients.

The Going Romance conferences are a major European annual discussion forum for theoretically relevant research on Romance languages. Selected papers are published in the Romance Languages and Linguistic Theory volumes. This is the fourth such volume containing a selection of the papers that have been presented at the 2002 conference which was held at the State University of Groningen. The three-day program included a workshop on Acquisition. The articles in this volume focalize on specifics of one or more Romance languages or varieties: clausal structure verb-movement topic focus and reinforcement constructions nominal ellipsis (absence of) pronouns in child language and other current issues in Romance linguistics.

Volume 1 of Non-nominative Subjects (NNSs) presents the most recent research on this topic from a wide range of languages from diverse language families of the world with ample data and in-depth analysis. A significant feature of these volumes is that authors with different theoretical perspectives study the intricate questions raised by these constructions. Some of the central issues include the subject properties of noun phrases with ergative dative accusative and genitive case case assignment and checking anaphor–antecedent coreference the nature of predicates with NNSs whether they are volitional or non-volitional possibilities of control coreference and agreement phenomena. These analyses have significant implications for theories of syntax and verbal semantics first language acquisition of NNSs convergence of case marking patterns in language contact situations and the nature of syntactic change.

Volume 2 of Non-nominative Subjects (NNSs) presents the most recent research on this topic from a wide range of languages from diverse language families of the world with ample data and in-depth analysis. A significant feature of these volumes is that authors with different theoretical perspectives study the intricate questions raised by these constructions. Some of the central issues include the subject properties of noun phrases with ergative dative accusative and genitive case case assignment and checking anaphor–antecedent coreference the nature of predicates with NNSs whether they are volitional or non-volitional possibilities of control coreference and agreement phenomena. These analyses have significant implications for theories of syntax and verbal semantics first language acquisition of NNSs convergence of case marking patterns in language contact situations and the nature of syntactic change.

Stemmatology is the discipline that attempts to reconstruct the transmission of a text on the basis of relations between the various surviving manuscripts. The object of this volume is the evaluation of the most recent methods and techniques in the field of stemmatology as well as the development of new ones. The book is largely interdisciplinary in character: it contains contributions from scholars from classical historical biblical medieval and modern language studies as well as from mathematical and computer scientists and biologists. The contributions in the book have been divided into two sections. The first section deals with various stemmatological methods and techniques. The second section focuses more specifically on the various problems concerning textual variation.An earlier volume on Studies in Stemmatology was published in 1996 and opened the most actual state of the art in stemmatology to a broad audience. That first volume was very well received by stemmatologists and also gave an impulse to new research as several articles in the current volume clearly illustrate.

Both volumes are of interest to scholars in (historical) linguistics literary studies Bible studies classical studies medieval studies and history.

Self-consciousness is a topic of considerable importance to a variety of empirical and theoretical disciplines such as developmental and social psychology cognitive neuroscience psychiatry and philosophy. This volume presents essays on self-consciousness by prominent psychologists cognitive neurologists and philosophers. Some of the topics included are the infants’ sense of self and others theory of mind phenomenology of embodiment neural mechanisms of action attribution and hermeneutics of the self. A number of these essays argue in turn that empirical findings in developmental psychology phenomenological analyses of embodiment or studies of pathological self-experiences point to the existence of a type of self-consciousness that does not require any explicit I —thought or self-observation but is more adequately described as a pre-reflective embodied form of self-familiarity. The different contributions in the volume amply demonstrate that self-consciousness is a complex multifaceted phenomenon that calls for an integration of different complementary interdisciplinary perspectives. (Series B)

Adverbials have become an important testing ground for research on the interfaces between syntax semantics and pragmatics. The articles selected for this volume present recent research on this topic. Among the issues addressed are the occurrence of adverbials in various domains of the sentence Mittelfeld left and right periphery adverbials in front of gaps and the influence of the discourse context on the interpretation and position of adverbials. Particular classes of adverbials that are discussed include domain locative temporal manner transparent and degree adverbials. Beyond the exploration of these topics the volume reflects the current debate between proponents of semantic-driven approaches to the positioning of adverbials which assume adverbials to be adjuncts and approaches that claim a primacy of syntax in conceiving of adverbials as specifiers in a universally valid hierarchy of functional projections.

This book provides much detail on the changes involving the grammaticalization of personal and relative pronouns topicalized nominals complementizers adverbs prepositions modals perception verbs and aspectual markers. It accounts for these changes in terms of two structural economy principles. Head Preference expresses that single words i.e. heads are used to build structures rather than full phrases and Late Merge states that waiting as late as possible to merge i.e. be added to the structure is preferred over movement. The book also discusses grammar-external processes (e.g. prescriptivist rules) that inhibit change and innovations that replenish the grammaticalized element. Most of the changes involve the (extended) CP and IP: as elements grammaticalize clause boundaries disappear. Cross-linguistic differences exist as to whether the CP IP and VP are all present and split and this is formulated as the Layer Principle. Changes involving the CP are typically brought about by Head Preference whereas those involving the IP and VP by Late Merge.

This collection assembles early yet previously unpublished research into the practices that organize conversational interaction by many of the central figures in the development and advancement of Conversation Analysis as a discipline. Using the methods of sequential analysis as first developed by Harvey Sacks the authors produce detailed empirical accounts of talk in interaction that make fundamental contributions to our understanding of turntaking action formation and sequence organization. One distinguishing feature of this collection is that each of the contributors worked directly with Sacks as a collaborator or was trained by him at the University of California or both. Taken together this collection gives readers a taste of CA inquiry in its early years while nevertheless presenting research of contemporary significance by internationally known conversation analysts.

This book studies linguistic complexity and the processes by which it arises and is maintained focusing not so much on what one can say in a language as how it is said. Complexity is not seen as synonymous with “difficulty” but as an objective property of a system – a measure of the amount of information needed to describe or reconstruct it. Grammatical complexity is the result of historical processes often subsumed under the rubric of grammaticalization and involves what can be called mature linguistic phenomena that is features that take time to develop. The nature and characteristics of such processes are discussed in detail as well as the external and internal factors that favor or disfavor stability and change in language.

This groundbreaking study explores Simultaneous Conference Interpreting (SI) by focusing on interpreters as professionals working in socio-cultural contexts and on the interdependency between these contexts and actual SI behavior. While previous research on SI has been dominated by cognitive and psycholinguistic approaches Diriker’s work explores SI in relation to the broader and more immediate socio-cultural contexts by investigating the representation of the profession(al) in the meta-discourse and by exploring the presence of interpreters and the nature of the interpreted utterance at an actual conference. Making use of participant observations interviews and analysis of conference transcripts Diriker challenges some of the widely held assumptions about SI. She suggests that the interpreter’s delivery represents not only the speaker but a multiplicity of speaker-positions and that this multiplicity may well be a source of tension or vulnerability as well as strength for interpreters. Her analysis also highlights how interpreters negotiate meaning in SI and underscores the need for more concerted efforts to explore SI in authentic contexts.

What actually happens in counselling interactions? How does counselling bring about change? <br xmlns="http://pub2web.metastore.ingenta.com/ns/"/>How do clients end up producing new and alternative stories of their lives and relationships? <br/>By addressing these questions and others Peter Muntigl explores the narrative counselling process in the context where it is enacted: the unfolding conversation between counsellor and clients. Through a transdisciplinary approach that combines conversation analysis and systemic functional linguistic theory Muntigl demonstrates how language is used in couples counselling how language use changes over the course of counselling and how this process provides clients with new linguistic resources that help them change their social relationships. <br/>This book will be a valuable resource not only for linguists and discourse analysts but also for researchers and practitioners in the fields of counselling psychotherapy psychology and medicine.

This is the first book on coordinating constructions that adopts a broad cross-linguistic perspective. Coordination has been studied intensively in English and other major European languages but we are only beginning to understand the range of variation that is found world-wide. This volume consists of a number of general studies as well as fourteen case studies of coordinating constructions in languages or groups of languages: Africa (Iraqw Fongbe Hausa) the Caucasus (Daghestanian Tsakhur Chechen) the Middle East (Persian and other Western Iranian languages) Southeast Asia (Lai Karen Indonesian) the Pacific (Lavukaleve Oceanic Nêlêmwa) and the Americas (Upper Kuskokwim Athabaskan). A detailed introductory chapter summarizes the main results of the volume and situates them in the context of other relevant current research.

Maurice Gross who died in December 2001 was a pioneer and leading thinker in the field of modern linguistics. Long before computers could facilitate large-scale lexically-based language study he and his team began building an exhaustive empirically-based inventory of the "lexicon-grammar" of French which thirty years later still remains the most complete syntax-based lexicon available. Researchers all over the world have adopted the Gross model of description which serves as a computational model for any language. As can be seen in the contributions in this volume it has been applied to languages as different as Arabic Chinese English Greek or Korean (as well as the major Romance languages of course). In this volume the reader will also find a number of articles by eminent linguists who were close friends of Maurice Gross and frequently in dialogue with him on linguistic issues. No matter whether they shared his theoretical views or his particular empirical methods of description they each had great respect for his work especially for the close-grained linguistic analysis which has set a benchmark for future generations.

Current Trends in the Pragmatics of Spanish provides the reader with a representative spectrum of current research in the most dynamic areas of the pragmatics of Spanish. It brings together a collection of academic essays written by well-established as well as emerging voices in Hispanic pragmatics. The essays include applications of pragmatic concepts to sub-fields of (Spanish) linguistics (i.e. pragmatics and grammar; pragmatics and applied linguistics; pragmatics and cross- and inter-cultural communication) studies of ‘traditional’ topics in pragmatics (i.e. discourse markers politeness metaphor humour) as well as a proposal to amalgamate the dominant pragmatic approaches namely socio-pragmatics and cognitive pragmatics into one comprehensive model. The essays in this collection represent both new theoretical and empirical research and as such they constitute a valuable contribution to the field of pragmatics in general and an essential reference to those researching the pragmatics of Spanish.

The main aim of this book is to provide teaching ideas that can be adapted to different learning environments and that can be used with different language combinations. The pedagogical approach and the activities tasks and projects are based on Communicative Humanistic and Socioconstructivist principles: the students are actively involved in their learning process by making decisions and interacting with each other in a classroom setting that is a discussion forum and hands-on workshop.Clear aims are specified for the activities which move from the most rudimentary level of the word to the more complicated issues of syntax and finally to those of cultural difference. Moreover they attempt to synthesize various translation theories not only those based on linguistics but those derived from cultural studies as well. <br xmlns="http://pub2web.metastore.ingenta.com/ns/"/>This volume will be of interest to translation teachers to foreign language teachers who wish to include translation in their classes to graduates and professional translators interested in becoming teachers and also to administrators exploring the possibility of starting a new translation programme.

The shaping of complex meanings depends on punctual and relational coding and inferencing. Coding is viewed as a vector which can run either from expression to content or from concepts to (linguistic) forms to mark independent conceptual relations. While coding relies on systematic resources internal to language inferencing essentially depends on a layered system of autonomous shared conceptual structures which include both cognitive models and consistency criteria grounded in a natural ontology. Inference guided by coding is not a residual pragmatic device but it is a direct way to long-term conceptual structures that guide the connection of meanings.<br xmlns="http://pub2web.metastore.ingenta.com/ns/"/>The interaction of linguistic forms and concepts is particularly clear in conceptual conflict where conflictual complex meanings provide insights into the roots of significance and the linguistic structure of metaphors.<br/>Complementing a formal analysis of linguistic structures with a substantive analysis of conceptual structures a philosophical grammar provides insights from both formal and functional approaches toward a more profound understanding of how language works in constructing and communicating complex meanings. <br/>This monograph is ideally addressed to linguists philosophers and psychologists interested in language as symbolic form and as an instrument of human action rooted in a complex conceptual and cognitive landscape.

This book explores the intricacies of court interpreting through a thorough analysis of the authentic discourse of the English-speaking participants the Spanish-speaking witnesses and the interpreters. Written by a practitioner educator and researcher the book presents the reader with real issues that most court interpreters face during their work and shows through the results of careful research studies that interpreter’s choices can have varying degrees of influence on the triadic exchange. It aims to raise the practitioners’ awareness of the significance of their choices and attempts to provide a theoretical basis for interpreters to make informed decisions rather than intuitive ones. It also suggests solutions for common problems. The book highlights the complexities of court interpreting and argues for thorough training for practicing interpreters to improve their performance as well as for better understanding of their task from the legal profession. Although the data is drawn from Spanish-English cases the main results can be extended to any language combination. The book is written in a clear accessible language and is aimed at practicing interpreters students and educators of interpreting linguists and legal professionals.

The linguistic study of workplace language is a new and exciting area of research. This book explores the expression of power in a New Zealand workplace through examination of 52 everyday interactions between four women and their colleagues. The main focus of this research is the expression of three types of "control acts" i.e. directives requests and advice. The women include two managers who demonstrate an interactive participative style of management. They tend to minimise rather than exert power although their status is still evident in their speech. The study is original in its combination of a quantitative and a qualitative approach as well as in its combination of a detailed categorisation of head acts and an analysis of context and role relationships. Through the design of the study and the methodology used the results which are brought forward challenge earlier research both on power and control acts. The data analyzed is drawn from the Wellington Language in the Workplace Project.

This is the first of two volumes of papers selected from those given at the 12th International Conference on English Historical Linguistics. The second is New Perspectives on English Historical Linguistics (2): Lexis and Transmission. Together the volumes provide an overview of many of the issues that are currently engaging practitioners in the field. In this volume the primary concern is with the historical grammar of English. Some papers take a broad overview of the subject positioning it within current advances in linguistic theory while others deal with specific points of syntax and morphology in a historical context. There is a recurrent emphasis on data collection and analysis with a chronological range from Old to Present Day English and a geographical spread from Scotland to Newfoundland. Contributions from scholars around the world remind us that not only English itself but the history of English is now an international possession.

Guided by the methodology of conversation analysis (CA) this book explores how participants in Mandarin conversation display stance in the unfolding development of action and interaction and in particular how this is accomplished through the use of two Mandarin final particles. Through a close examination of the sequential environments of these two particles and the interactional work accomplished by their use the research presented in this book seeks to demonstrate how a participant-oriented action-based micro approach to data can help us gain analytic leverage in understanding the functions and meanings of these particles – an area which has long posed a challenge to Chinese linguists. On the other hand in utilizing a CA-based framework applied to Mandarin this study also seeks to contribute to conversation analytic research by revealing previously uninvestigated language-specific phenomena while at the same time showing how talk-in-interaction in a non-western language i.e. Mandarin can also display the same striking systematicity and orderliness as observed in many western languages. As one of the pioneering CA studies of Mandarin this book will be of interest to researchers in Chinese linguistics and conversation analysis as well as those in fields which touch upon the relationships between languages and cultures.

This volume is the outcome of 25 years of research into the neurolinguistic aspects of bilingualism. In addition to reviewing the world literature and providing a state-of-the-art account including a critical assessment of the bilingual neuroimaging studies it proposes a set of hypotheses about the representation organization and processing of two or more languages in one brain. It investigates the impact of the various manners of acquisition and use of each language on the extent of involvement of basic cerebral functional mechanisms. The effects of pathology as a means to understanding the normal functioning of verbal communication processes in the bilingual and multilingual brain are explored and compared with data from neuroimaging studies. In addition to its obvious research benefits the clinical and social reasons for assessment of bilingual aphasia with a measuring instrument that is linguistically and culturally equivalent in each of a patient’s languages are stressed. The relationship between language and thought in bilinguals is examined in the light of evidence from pathology. The proposed linguistic theory of bilingualism integrates a neurofunctional model (the components of verbal communication and their relationships: implicit linguistic competence metalinguistic knowledge pragmatics and motivation) and a set of hypotheses about language processing (neurofunctional modularity the activation threshold the language/cognition distinction and the direct access hypothesis).

Many languages have constructions in which verbs cluster. But few languages have verb clusters as rich and complex as Continental West Germanic and Hungarian. Furthermore the precise ordering properties and the variation in the cluster patterns are remarkably similar in Hungarian and Germanic. This similarity is of course unexpected since Hungarian is not an Indo-European language like the Germanic language group. Instead it appears that the clustering inversion and roll-up patterns found may constitute an areal feature. This book presents the relevant language data in considerable detail taking into account also the variation observed for example among dialects. But it also discusses the various analytical approaches that can be brought to bear on this set of phenomena. In particular there are various hypotheses as to what is the underlying driving force behind cluster formation: stress patterns aspectual features morpho- syntactic constraints? And the analytical approaches are closely linked to a number of questions that are at the core of current syntactic theorizing: does head movement exist or should all apparent verb displacement be reduced to remnant movement are morphology and syntax really just different sides of the same coin?

Past attempts at writing a history of Chinese translation theory have been bedeviled by a chronological approach which often forces the writer to provide no more than a list of important theories and theorists over the centuries. Or they have stretched out to almost every aspect related to translation in China so that the historical/political backdrop that had an influence on translation theorizing turns out to be more important than the theories themselves. In the present book the author hopes to devote exclusive attention to the ideas themselves. The approach adopted centers around eight key issues that engaged the attention of theorists through the course of the twentieth century in the hope that a historical account will be presented that is not time-bound. On the basis of 38 articles translated into English by teachers and scholars of translation the author has written four essays discussing the Chinese characteristics of this body of theory. Separately they focus on the impressionistic the modern the postcolonial and the poststructuralist approaches deployed by leading Chinese theorists from 1901 to 1998. It is hoped that publication of this book will make possible cross-cultural dialogue with translation academics in the West although the general reader will find much firsthand information on Chinese thinking about translation.

This volume contains a selection of papers given at the European Science Foundation Exploratory Workshop on ‘Emotion in Dialogic Interaction’ at the University of Münster in October 2002. In the literature the complex network of ‘emotion in dialogic interaction’ is mostly addressed by reducing the complex and separating emotions or defining them by means of simple artificial units. The innovative claim of the workshop was to analyse emotion as an integrated component of human behaviour in dialogic interaction as demonstrated by recent findings in neurology and to develop a linguistic model which is able to deal with the complex integrated whole. Specific emphasis was laid on communicative means for expressing emotions and on emotional principles in dialogue. Furthermore the issue of specific European principles for dealing with emotions was highlighted.

The basic idea behind this volume is to probe the nature of grammaticalization. Its contributions focus on the following questions: (i) In how far can grammaticalization be considered a universal diachronic process or mechanism of change and in how far is it conditioned by synchronic factors? (ii) What is the role of the speaker in grammaticalization? (iii) Does grammaticalization itself provide a cause for change or is it an epiphenomenon i.e. a conglomeration of causal factors/mechanisms which elsewhere occur independently? (iv) If it is epiphenominal how do we explain that similar pathways so often occur in known cases of grammaticalization? (v) Is grammaticalization unidirectional? (vi) What is the nature of the parameters guiding grammaticalization? The overall aim of the book is to enrich our understanding of what grammaticalization does or does not entail via detailed case studies in combination with theoretical and methodological discussions.

The author offers an overview of the Interpreting Studies literature on curriculum and assessment. A discussion of curriculum definitions foundations and guidelines suggests a framework based upon scientific and humanistic approaches – curriculum as process and as interaction. Language testing concepts are introduced and related to interpreting. By exploring means of integrating valid and reliable assessment into the curriculum the author breaks new ground in this under-researched area.Case studies of degree examinations provide sample data on pass/fail rates test criteria and text selection. A curriculum model is outlined as a practical example of synthesis flexibility and streamlining.<br xmlns="http://pub2web.metastore.ingenta.com/ns/"/>This volume will appeal to interpretation and translation instructors program administrators and language industry professionals seeking a discussion of the theoretical and practical aspects of curriculum and assessment theory. This book also presents a new area of application for curriculum and language testing specialists.

This book brings together a number of empirical studies that use corpora to study discourse patterns in speech and writing. It explores new trends in the area of text and discourse characterized by the alliance between text linguistics and areas such as corpus linguistics genre analysis literary stylistics and cross-linguistic studies. The contributions to the volume show how established corpora can be used to ask a number of new questions about the interface between speech and writing the relation between grammar and discourse academic discourse cohesive markers stylistic devices such as metaphor deixis and non-verbal communication. The corpora used for text-analysis can also be tailor-made for the study of particular genres such as journal article abstracts lectures e-mailing list messages headlines and titles. A recent development is to bring in contrastive data from bilingual corpora to show what is language-specific in the organization of the text.

The notion of focus structure in this work refers to the distinction between categorical thetic and identificational sentences. The central claim is that the syntactic representation of every sentence has to encode which of these types of focus structure is realized. This claim is discussed in great detail with respect to syntax intonation and semantics within the framework of the Minimalist Program. It is shown that the incorporation of focus structure into syntax offers new perspectives for a solution of vexing problems in syntax and semantics. For example fronting (preposing 'topicalisation') is treated as a syntactic operation which clearly belongs to core grammar i.e. is not optional or 'stylistic'; the semantic notion of quantifier raising is dispensed with in favour of a focus structural treatment of phenomena which gave rise to it. The book appeals to generative linguists and to functional linguists who do not believe in an unbridgeable gap between the formal and functional analysis of language.

The book focuses on the question of how and to what extent cognitive semantic approaches can contribute to the new field of the cognitive science of science. The argumentation is based on a series of instructive case studies which are intended to test the prospects and limits of the metascientific application of both holistic and modular cognitive semantics. The case studies show that while cognitive semantic research is able to solve problems which have traditionally been the domain of the philosophy of science it also encounters serious limits. The prospects and the limits thus revealed suggest new research topics which in future can be tackled by cognitive semantic approaches to the cognitive science of science.

Nonfictional Romantic Prose: Expanding Borders surveys a broad range of expository polemical and analytical literary forms that came into prominence during the last two decades of the eighteenth century and the first half of the nineteenth. They stand in contrast to better-known romantic fiction in that they endeavor to address the world of daily empirical experience rather than that of more explicitly self-referential fanciful creation. Among them are genres that have since the nineteenth century come to characterize many aspects of modern life like the periodical or the psychological case study; others flourished and enjoyed wide-spread popularity during the nineteenth century but are much less well-known today like the almanac and the diary. Travel narratives pamphlets religious and theological texts familiar essays autobiographies literary-critical and philosophical studies and discussions of the visual arts and music all had deep historical roots when appropriated by romantic writers but prospered in their hands and assumed distinctive contours indicative of the breadth of romantic thought.

SPECIAL OFFER: 30% discount for a complete set order (5 vols.).The Romanticism series in the Comparative History of Literatures in European Languages is the result of a remarkable international collaboration. The editorial team coordinated the efforts of over 100 experts from more than two dozen countries to produce five independently conceived yet interrelated volumes that show not only how Romanticism developed and spread in its principal European homelands and throughout the New World but also the ways in which the affected literatures in reaction to Romanticism have redefined themselves on into Modernism. A glance at the index of each volume quickly reveals the extraordinary richness of the series’ total contents. Romantic Irony sets the broader experimental parameters of comparison by concentrating on the myriad expressions of “irony” as one of the major impulses in the Romantic philosophical and artistic revolution and by combining cross-cultural and interdisciplinary studies with special attention also to literatures in less widely diffused language streams. Romantic Drama traces creative innovations that deeply altered the understanding of genre at large fed popular imagination through vehicles like the opera and laid the foundations for a modernist theater of the absurd. Romantic Poetry demonstrates deep patterns and a sharing of crucial themes of the revolutionary age which underlie the lyrical expression that flourished in so many languages and environments. Nonfictional Romantic Prose assists us in coping with the vast array of writings from the personal and intimate sphere to modes of public discourse including Romanticism’s own self-commentary in theoretical statements on the arts society life the sciences and more. Nor are the discursive dimensions of imaginative literature neglected in the closing volume Romantic Prose Fiction where the basic Romantic themes and story types (the romance novel novella short story and other narrative forms) are considered throughout Europe and the New World. This enormous realm is seen not just in terms of Romantic theorizing but in the light of the impact of Romantic ideas and narration on later generations. As an aid to readers the introduction to Romantic Prose Fiction explains the relationships among the volumes in the series and carries a listing of their tables of contents in an appendix. No other series exists comparable to these volumes which treat the entirety of Romanticism as a cultural happening across the whole breadth of the “Old” and “New” Worlds and thus render a complex picture of European spiritual strivings in the late eighteenth and the nineteenth centuries a heritage still very close to our age.

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In the humanities and social sciences context is one of those terms which is frequently used and frequently referred to but hardly made explicit.<br xmlns="http://pub2web.metastore.ingenta.com/ns/"/>This book proposes a model for describing the multifaceted connectedness between language and language use and between cognitive context linguistic context social context and sociocultural context and their underlying principles of well-formedness grammaticality acceptability and appropriateness. Combining a range of theoretical frameworks in linguistics pragmatics sociolinguistics discourse analysis and philosophy of language Fetzer goes beyond the unilateral conception of speech and argues for a dialogue outlook on natural-language communication based on dialogue principles and dialogue categories. The most important ones are cooperation joint production micro and macro communicative intentions micro and macro validity claims co-suppositions dialogue-common ground and communicative genre.

One of the most enigmatic aspects of experience concerns time. Since pre-Socratic times scholars have speculated about the nature of time asking questions such as: What is time? Where does it come from? Where does it go? The central proposal of The Structure of Time is that time at base constitutes a phenomenologically real experience. Drawing on findings in psychology neuroscience and utilising the perspective of cognitive linguistics this work argues that our experience of time may ultimately derive from perceptual processes which in turn enable us to perceive events. As such temporal experience is a pre-requisite for abilities such as event perception and comparison rather than an abstraction based on such phenomena. The book represents an examination of the nature of temporal cognition with two foci: (i) an investigation into (pre-conceptual) temporal experience and (ii) an analysis of temporal structure at the conceptual level (which derives from temporal experience).

Formulaic sequences (FS) are now recognized as an essential element of language use. However research on FS has generally been limited to a focus on description or on the place of FS in L1 acquisition. This volume opens new directions in FS research concentrating on how FS are acquired and processed by the mind both in the L1 and L2. The ten original studies in the volume illustrate the L2 acquisition of FS the relationship between L1 and L2 FS the relationship between corpus recurrence of FS and their psycholinguistic reality the processes involved in reading FS and pedagogical issues in teaching FS. The studies use a wide range of methodologies many of them innovative and thus the volume serves as a model for future research in the area. The volume begins with three survey chapters offering a background on the characteristics and measurement of FS.