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This book is a collection of 12 papers dealing with manipulation and ideology in the 20th century mostly with reference to political speeches by the leaders of major totalitarian regimes but also addressing propaganda within contemporary right-wing populism and western ideological rhetoric. This book aims at bringing together researchers in the field of ideology reproduction in order to better understand the underlying mechanisms of speaker-favourable belief inculcation through language use. The book covers a wide range of theoretical perspectives from psychosocial approaches and discourse analysis to semantics and cognitive linguistics and pragmatics. The book’s central concern is to provide not only a reference work with up-to-date information on the analysis of manipulation in discourse but also a number of tools for the scholar some of them being developed within theories originally not designed to address belief-change through language interpretation. Foreword by Frans van Eemeren.

This comprehensive volume contains twenty-six out of thirty three papers that were presented at the International Conference on "Les Périphrases Verbales". The conference took place at the University of Caen-Basse-Normandie from June 25th to June 28th 2003 and was co-organized by the Crisco umr cnrs research group and the French Department at Tel Aviv University Israel. The contributors to this volume aim to present a broad spectrum of theoretical approaches to the analysis of constructions entitled "périphrases verbales". Their work revolves around three central themes: the definition of these constructions and the distinction between certain verbal expressions and true periphrastic expressions; a particular meaning or function of these expressions; and specific nominal constructions considered as periphrastic expressions. The volume is divided into seven sections each throwing light on a particular aspect of periphrastic expression from various perspectives. The issues discussed are: temporal and aspectual periphrases; auxiliaries copula and support verbs; causative periphrases; venire and aller + infinitive / participle; inchoative periphrases; modal periphrases; and the heritage of Gustave Guillaume.

This study analyzes how morphosyntactic structures and information flow characteristics are used by interlocutors in producing and understanding clauses in conversational Javanese focusing on the Cirebon variety of the language. While some clauses display grammatical mechanisms used to code their structure explicitly and redundantly many other clauses include few if any of these grammatical resources. These extremes mark a cline between the morphosyntactic and paratactic expression of clauses. The situation is thrown into relief by the frequency of unexpressed referents and conversationalists’ heavy reliance on shared experience and cultural knowledge. In all cases pragmatic inference grounded in the interactional context is essential for establishing not only the discourse functions but indeed also the very structure of clauses in conversational Javanese. This study contributes to our understanding of transitivity emergent constituency prosodic organization and the co-construction of meaning and structure by conversational interlocutors.

This book focuses on theoretical and descriptive issues and techniques in the study of text and discourse. Drawing on a large number of corpora containing academic language from spoken language to published research papers the authors approach their subject from multiple angles: The academic language of biology literature philosophy economics agriculture linguistics and applied linguistics. The analysis of intertextual features these papers show leads to penetrating results.<br xmlns="http://pub2web.metastore.ingenta.com/ns/"/>

This volume brings into focus the conceptual roots of the notion ‘grammatical construction’ as the theoretical entity that constitutes the backbone of Construction Grammar a unique grammatical model in which grammatical constructions have the status of elementary building blocks of human language. By exploring the analytic potential and applicability of this notion the contributions illustrate some of the fundamental concerns of constructional research. These include issues of sentence structure in a model that rejects the autonomy of syntax; the contribution of Frame Semantics in establishing the relationship between syntactic patterning and the lexical meaning of verbs; and the challenge of capturing the dynamic and variable nature of grammatical structure in a systematic way. All the authors share a commitment to studying grammar in its use which gives the book a rich empirical dimension that draws on authentic data from typologically diverse languages.

This book contains eleven carefully selected papers all discussing negative constructions in English. The aim of this volume is to bring together empirical research into the development of English negation and analyses of syntactic variations in Present-day English negation. The first part "Aspects of Negation in the History of English" includes six contributions which focus on the usages of the negative adverbs ne and not the decline of negative concord and the development of the auxiliary do in negation. Most of the themes discussed here are then linked to the second part "Aspects of Negation in Present-day English". Especially the issue of negative concord is repeatedly explored by three of the five papers in this part one related to British English dialects in general another to Tyneside English and the other to African American Vernacular English. This book uniquely highlights the importance of continuity from Old English to Present-day English while in its introduction it provides a useful detailed survey of previous studies on English negation.

The concept of analogy is of central concern to modern cognitive scientists whereas it has been largely neglected in linguistics in the past four decades. The goal of this thought-provoking book is (1) to introduce a cognitively and linguistically viable notion of analogy; and (2) to re-establish and build on traditional linguistic analogy-based research.

As a starting point a general definition of analogy is offered that makes the distinction between analogy-as-structure and analogy-as-process.

Chapter 2 deals with analogy as used in traditional linguistics. It demonstrates how phonology morphology syntax semantics and diachronic linguistics make use of analogy and discusses linguistic domains in which analogy does or did not work. The appendix gives a description of a computer program which performs such instances of analogy-based syntactic analysis as have long been claimed impossible.

Chapter 3 supports the ultimate (non-modular) ‘unity of the mind’ and discusses the existence of pervasive analogies between language and such cognitive domains as vision music and logic.

The final chapter presents evidence for the view that the cosmology of every culture is based on analogy.

At a more abstract level the role of analogy in scientific change is scrutinized resulting in a meta-analogy between myth and science.

This book is a collection of articles based on a lecture series about Kant's philosophy. The contributions present an excellent overview of Kant's work – the subjects range from metaphysical ethical aesthetical teleological historical and political aspects to questions of mind nature and education.<br xmlns="http://pub2web.metastore.ingenta.com/ns/"/>The common topic of all articles is the examination of Kant's current relevance in the context of modern philosophy and society. Each author gives various arguments why a close reading of Kant is still worthwhile and can make important contributions to present philosophical and social discussions.<br/>The lecture series from which the book developed was conceived as an introduction of Kant for students but some of the articles are very profound. Therefore while students and Kant-beginners may find the texts helpful as introductory reading philosophers and Kant-experts will also appreciate the book for opening up new perspectives on their specific field of interest.<br/>Dieser Sammelband basiert auf einer einführenden Ringvorlesung zur Philosophie Kants. Die Beiträge behandeln sowohl metaphysische ethische ästhetische teleologische und politische Aspekte als auch Fragen zu Natur Geist und Erziehung und bieten damit einen ausgezeichneten Überblick über Kants Werk.<br/>Der Schwerpunkt liegt in allen Artikeln auf der aktuellen Bedeutung Kants im Kontext der modernen Philosophie und Gesellschaft. Den Autoren gelingt es zu zeigen dass die Auseinandersetzung mit Kant nicht nur immer noch lohnenswert ist sondern auch wichtige Beiträge zu den philosophischen und gesellschaftlichen Diskussionen der Gegenwart – von bioethischen und neurophilosophischen Fragen bis hin zu Problemen von Krieg und Frieden – liefern kann.<br/>Die Texte sind nicht nur als Einstieg in die Kantlektüre für Studenten und Kant-Neulinge wertvoll auch Philosophen und Kant-Experten werden darin zahlreiche neue Gesichtspunkte für eine fruchtbare Auseinandersetzung mit Kant finden.

This volume brings together a number of wide-ranging transdisciplinary research articles on the interface between discourse studies and economics. It explores in what way economics can contribute to the analysis of discursive practices in various institutional settings as well as investigating what role discourse studies can play in economic research. The contributors are linguists communication scholars economists and other social scientists drawing on various traditions including Critical Discourse Analysis Cognitive Linguistics ethnography and the literature on the rhetoric of economics and on economic storytelling. All articles are essentially empirical focusing on the details of actual language use. The type of data analysed ranges from the minutes of university policy meetings and large-scale corpora of newspaper language over books of economic theory from both well-respected economists and monetary cranks to cartoons from The Economist.

This book illustrates the structuralist idea that language creates the reality we perceive. The data presented in this volume focus on the problematic issues of the passive construction and irregular (strong) verbs with examples taken primarily from English with separate subsections on German and Russian. The author presents a new and different analysis of these complex topics which proceeds from the levels of form to meaning rather than the traditional and generative methodologies that follow the opposite path from meaning to form. This book will be of interest to all linguists who have ever confronted the controversial question of the interaction between lexical exceptions and grammatical rules. The scope of this volume is rather broad and it compares and contrasts text grammar versus sentence grammar in an innovative way.

This comparative syntactic study claims that agreement is the most central functional category responsible for licensing predication in finite non-finite and small clauses alike. Intriguing syntactic phenomena like Icelandic infinitival predicates taking non-nominative (quirky) subjects; psych-impersonal and modal predicates in Italian Hungarian and Russian; meteorological predicates existential clauses post-verbal and null subjects in the so-called null-subject VSO languages can all be better analyzed through a concept of predication that is closely related to AGRP manifesting subject-verb agreement. The overt agreement marking in Hungarian and Portuguese infinitival clauses further strengthens this view. Obviation and control subjunctive clauses in the Balkan languages Welsh finite and non-finite infinitival clauses as well as case-marked secondary predicates in Icelandic Slovak Hungarian Russian and Finnish also lend support to an analysis where the [+pred] feature is checked in AGRP.

This monograph is the first study of the acquisition of Swahili as a first language. It focuses on the acquisition of inflectional affixes with a particular emphasis on subject agreement and tense. Other inflectional affixes are also investigated including object agreement and mood. The study surveys the adult dialect in question Nairobi Swahili discussing social phonological morphological and syntactic properties. Data analyses and copious examples are presented of the naturalistic speech of four Swahili speaking children. The data are tested against six influential theories of child language and the results show that processing and metrical theories of telegraphic speech fail to account for the observed patterns while grammatical theories of child language fair significantly better. The data and analyses presented in this book are indispensable for linguists and psychologists interested in the acquisition of inflectional material and other cross-linguistic properties of child language.

This collection of articles on stress and tone in various Athabaskan languages will interest theoretical linguists and historically oriented linguists alike. The volume brings to light new data on the phonetics and/or phonology of prosody (stress tone intonation) in various Athabaskan languages Chiricahua Apache Dene Soun'liné Jicarilla Apache Sekani Slave Tahltan Tanacross Western Apache and Witsuwit’en. As well some contributions describe how prosody is to be reconstructed for Proto-Athabaskan and how it evolved in some of the daughter languages.

This volume offers an original theoretical and methodological approach to the hotly debated issue of epistemic modality. The analysis is conducted in a rigorous typological frame developed after a careful consideration of a wealth of cross-linguistic data and focuses on Italian a language often disregarded in comparative analyses. The complexity of the Italian epistemic system provides relevant information that will undoubtedly foster a better understanding of the topic. A new definition of epistemic modality is proposed on a functional basis and the structure of the Italian epistemic system is closely described. The morpho-syntactic characteristics of Italian epistemic forms are regarded as the result of the dialectic between universal functional pressures and peculiar system resistances. Shaped by the system epistemic modality emerges as an intrinsically linguistic category which cannot be downsized to a mere conceptual notion as other approaches would propose.

Drawing on the methods of conversation analysis and ethnography this book sets out to examine the epistemological practices of Indo-Guyanese villagers as these are revealed in their talk and daily conduct. Based on over eighty-five hours of conversation recorded during twelve months of ethnographic fieldwork the book describes both the social distribution of knowledge and the villagers' methods for distinguishing between fact and fancy knowledge and belief through close analyses of particular encounters. The various chapters consider uncertainty and expertise in advice-giving the cultivation of ignorance in an attempt to avoid scandal and the organization of peer groups through the display of knowledge in the activity of reminiscing local history. An orienting chapter on questions and an appendix provide an introduction to conversation analysis. The book makes a contribution to linguistic anthropology conversation analysis and cross-cultural pragmatics. The conclusion discusses the implications of the analysis for current understanding of practice knowledge and social organization in anthropology and neighboring disciplines.

This book investigates the historical paths leading from pronouns to markers of verbal agreement and proposes a unified formal account of this grammaticalization process. In opposition to beliefs widely held in the literature it is argued that new agreement formatives can be coined in a multitude of syntactic environments. Still the individual paths toward agreement are shown to exhibit a set of underlying similarities which are attributed to universal principles that govern the reanalysis of pronominal clitics as exponents of verbal agreement across languages. It is claimed that syntactic principles impose only a set of necessary conditions on the reanalysis in question while its ultimate trigger is morphological in nature. More specifically it is argued that the acquisition of inflectional morphology is governed by blocking effects which operate during language acquisition and promote the grammaticalization of new markers if this change serves to replace ‘worn-out’ underspecified forms with new more specified candidates.

Politeness and Face in Caribbean Creoles is the first collection to focus on socio-pragmatic issues in the Caribbean context including the socio-cultural rules and principles underlying strategic language use. While the Caribbean has long been recognized as a rich and interesting site where cultural continuities meet with new "creolized" or innovative practices questions of politeness practices constructions of personhood or the notion of face have so far been neglected in linguistic research on Caribbean Creoles. Drawing on linguistic politeness theory and Goffman's concept of face eleven mostly fieldwork-based innovative contributions critically examine a range of topics such as ritual insults strategic use of "bad language" kiss-teeth the performance of homophobic threats greetings address forms advice-giving socialization and discourse parent-child discourse register choice and communicative repertoire in the Caribbean context.

This book combines theoretical and experimental aspects of the establishment of dependency. It provides an account of dependency relations by focusing on the representation and interpretation of referentially dependent elements particularly regular reflexives logophors and pronouns. First the establishment of dependency is discussed within a model of syntax–discourse correspondences that predicts an economy-based dependency hierarchy contingent on the level of representation at which the dependency is formed as well as the internal structure of the dependent element and its antecedent. Secondly the model’s predictions are substantiated by a series of experimental studies (conducted in English and Dutch) providing evidence from three sources of online sentence comprehension: reaction time studies Broca’s aphasia patient studies and event-related brain potential studies. The findings show that dependencies are established at distinct levels of linguistic encoding (i.e. syntax or discourse) determined by the presence or absence of coargumenthood and the representation of the dependency-forming elements.

Since the late 1950s the study of argumentation has developed from a marginal part of logic and rhetoric into a genuine interdisciplinary academic discipline. After having first been primarily concerned with creating an adequate philosophical perspective on argumentation argumentation theorists have gradually shifted their focus of attention to a more immediate concern with the ins and outs of argumentative praxis. What exactly are the characteristics of situated argumentative discourse in different argumentative ‘action types’? How is the discourse influenced by institutional and contextual constraints? In what way can prominent cases of argumentative discourse be fruitfully analysed? Argumentation in Practice aims to provide insight into some important facets of argumentative praxis and the different ways in which it can be approached. The first part of this volume ‘Conceptions of problems in argumentative practice’ introduces useful theoretical perspectives. The second part ‘Empirical studies of argumentative practice’ contains both empirical studies of a general kind and several types of specific case studies.

This book addresses the complexities of the translation process. Informed by theoretical and methodological advances in translation studies research on writing and the expertise paradigm it explores translation as a text reproduction task. With triangulation of data from Russian-Swedish translation – think-aloud-methodology and computer logging of the writing process - it makes a cross-sectional comparison of subjects with different amounts of translation experience highlighting crucial aspects of professional competence and expertise in translation. The book also elaborates a method for a combined product and process analysis applying it to the study of one type of explicitation: increased cohesive explicitness of the target text. The results have implications for translation theory and pedagogy. This volume will be of interest to translation scholars and translator trainers irrespective of language combination as well as to specialists in Russian and Swedish. It will also appeal to researchers on expertise in other domains.

This collective volume focuses on two closely connected issues whose common denominator is the embattled notion of the subject. The first concerns the controversies on the nature of the subject and related notions such as the concepts of ‘I’ and ‘self’. From both theoretical and historical viewpoints several of the contributors show how different and incompatible perspectives on the subject can help us understand today’s world its habits style power relations and attitudes. For this purpose use is made of insights in a broad range of disciplines such as sociology psychoanalysis pragmatics intellectual history and anthropology. This interdisciplinary approach helps to clarify the multifaceted character of the subject and the role it plays nowadays as well as over the centuries.<br xmlns="http://pub2web.metastore.ingenta.com/ns/"/>The second issue concerns the subject in inter-personal as well as in intra-personal controversies. The enquiry here focuses on the ways in which different aspects of the subject and subjective differences affect the conduct content and rationality of controversies with others as well as within oneself on a variety of topics. Among such aspects the contributors analyse the subject’s emotions cognitive states argumentative practices and individual and collective identity. The interaction between the two issues the controversies on the subject and the subject of controversies sheds new light on the debate on modernity and its alleged crisis.

Language is a symbolic system of meanings evoked by linguistic forms. The choice of forms in communication is non-arbitrary. Rather speakers pick those forms whose meanings best convey their discourse intention. The meaning of the Mandarin ba-construction argues Jing-Schmidt is discourse dramaticity a concept that includes high conceptual salience and subjectivity. The ba-construction and its "syntactic variations" are never interchangeable because contrast in their meanings determines difference in their functions. Quantitative analyses based on authentic data validate the postulation of discourse dramaticity. By taking discourse pragmatics seriously the dramaticity hypothesis enables a unitary explanation that transcends sentence grammar. The diachronic treatment reveals the syntactic change of the ba-construction as an adaptive process of pragmatization which raises the issue of linguistic evolution as a result of socio-cultural development.

This book will be of particular value to readers interested in the interaction between grammar and pragmatics and to teachers confronting the controversy of the ba-construction in foreign language pedagogy.

Observing naturally occurring talk-in-interaction in Japanese this book examines how Japanese speakers segment their talk into relevant interactional units and use particles such as ne and sa to accomplish local pragmatic work. The study provides a conversation analytic action-oriented account for the ubiquity of such particles in Japanese talk.

The study argues that such particles are important resources for Japanese speakers to negotiate and fine-tune particular conversational contingencies within the emerging sequential environment of the talk. Various examples show that prospective alignment and the negotiability of conversational next action are ever-present issues for Japanese conversationalists and are handled at the precise moment of their relevance through interlocutors’ deployment of ne and sa. This study thus adds to the literature on Japanese conversational interaction a novel understanding of particle use in its synthesis of functional linguistics and conversation analysis.

This book introduces a methodology for the construction of a comprehensive narrative description and narrative-based theory from the study of multiple populations. The book has two parallel foci. On the one hand it is a conceptual treatise focusing on the principles of the Multiple Case Narrative. On the other hand it also has a practical “how-to” focus with a step-by-step guide to conducting a Multiple Case Narrative. The book is accessible and comprehensive and addresses both those in the field as well as those with little background in the methodologies of narrative study and qualitative research.This book is also relevant to those who are interested in other qualitative varieties like single and collective narrative inquiry single and collective case study as well as ethnography because each of the procedures and techniques described here can be easily utilized for conducting other types of qualitative research.

This volume presents a state-of-the-art descriptive and explanatory analysis of the second language development of Romance tense-aspect systems. It contains new experimental data from adult French Catalan Portuguese learners and Italian children learners. Standing research questions are addressed and pedagogical implications for foreign language classrooms are proposed arguing that there are possible commonalities in the instructional sequences of tense-aspect development in Romance languages. The first chapter presents an overview of current theoretical approaches and a summary of empirical findings. The following four chapters introduce new empirical data from a variety of theoretical perspectives (e.g. the Aspect Hypothesis the UG/Minimalist framework). Chapter 5 proposes practical pedagogical approaches for the foreign language classroom based on empirical findings. The last chapter summarizes and discusses these findings in order to start elaborating a more comprehensive model of the development of tense-aspect marking in the Romance languages.

Since the publication of the still very valuable Biblioteca histórica de la filología by Cipriano Muñoz y Manzano conde de la Viñaza (Madrid 1893) our knowledge of the history of the study of the Spanish language has grown considerably. It has been the purpose of BICRES I (from the early beginnings to 1600) published in 1994 to bring together already available bibliographical information with the more recent research findings scattered in many places books and articles and published during the past one hundred years. BICRES II (covering the 1601–1700 period) followed in 1999. Now the third volume arranged according to the same principles as those guiding the preceding volumes and covering the years from 1701 to 1800 has become available.

Years of research in the major libraries of Spain and other European countries have gone into this new bibliography in order to offer in an as exhaustive as possible fashion a description of all Spanish grammars and dictionaries histories of the Spanish language as well studies devoted to particular facets of its evolution during the 18th century.

Bibliografía cronológica de la lingüística la gramática y la lexicografía del español volume III (BICRES III) brings together in chronological order more than 1500 titles. Access to the bibliographical information is facilitated by several detailed indexes such as an author index a short title index and a listing of places of production of printers and publishers and also an index of the physical location of the books described.

This book offers an in-depth analysis of Modern English pronoun case. The author examines case trends in a wide range of syntactic constructions and concludes that case variation is confined to strong pronoun contexts. Data from a survey of 90 speakers provide new insights into the distributional differences between strong 1sg and non-1sg case forms and reveal systematic case variation within the speech of individuals as well as across speakers. The empirical findings suggest that morphological case is best treated as a PF phenomenon conditioned by semantic syntactic and phonological factors. In order to capture the way in which these linguistic factors interact to produce the pronoun case patterns exhibited by individual speakers the author introduces a novel constraint-based approach to morphological case. Current case trends are also considered in a wider historical context and are related to a change in the licensing of structural arguments.

Critical Discourse Analysis (CDA) has established itself over the past two decades as an area of academic activity in which scholars and students from many different disciplines are involved. It is a field that draws on social theory and aspects of linguistics in order to understand and challenge the discourses of our day. It is time for A New Agenda in the field. The present book is essential for anyone working broadly in the field of discourse analysis in the social sciences. The book includes often critical re-assessments of CDA's assumptions and methods while proposing new route-maps for innovation. Practical analyses of major issues in discourse analysis are part of this agenda-setting volume.

The papers in this volume derive from the International Morphology Meeting (Vienna 2004) and were selected because they address the main topic of the conference: external and internal demarcations of morphology. The external demarcation between syntax and morphology is dealt with in the papers by Rood Cysouw Milićević Blom Enrique-Arias and Heine & König. Demarcations of inflection and derivation are discussed in the contributions by Ricca Lloret Manova Say Žaucer and Stump. In contrast to theoretical discussions in previous literature which have concentrated on the internal boundary between inflection and derivation this volume attributes equal importance to the demarcations between derivation and compounding addressed in the contributions by Bauer Booij Štekauer Fradin Amiot and Scalise Bisetto & Guevara.

This new book extends Teun A. van Dijk’s earlier research on discursive racism to the Latin world. He presents a first inventory of elite discourse and racism in Spain and Latin America by examining discursive reactions in Spain to recent immigration as well as age-old racism and ethnicism in text and talk in Latin America (especially Mexico Brazil Argentina and Chile). Through careful analysis of the media political discourse textbooks and other public discourses in these countries he shows that discursive euro-racism is ubiquitous also in countries outside Europe. Spain reproduces but as yet in a less radical way the kind of racist discourse we find elsewhere in Western Europe. In Latin America ethnicism and racism against the indigenous peoples and against Afrolatins has prevailed in elite discourse since colonialism and slavery. <br xmlns="http://pub2web.metastore.ingenta.com/ns/"/>This is the first integrated study of discursive racism in the Latin world and provides a useful framework for similar research.

The papers in this collection share a common interest in the empirical theoretical and meta-theoretical aspects of the ‘internal-external’ (‘formal-functional’) debate in linguistic theory. The primary aim of this volume is to initiate cooperation between internationally renowned generative and variationist linguists with a view to developing an innovative and more cohesive approach to syntactic variation. The present volume contains treatments incorporating the analysis of external factors into accounts focusing on the internal linguistic conditioning of syntactic variation and change cross-linguistically. As such it offers novel approaches to three key areas of current linguistic debate viz. (1) Methodological practices (2) Theoretical applications and (3) Modularity. The volume is therefore an important achievement for the progress of linguistic theory more generally and it is an even more crucial milestone in the coming-of-age of ‘Socio-Syntax’ as a discipline in its own right.

This book belongs to the rapidly growing field of historical pragmatics. More specifically it aims to lend definition to the area of historical sociopragmatics. It seeks to enhance our understanding of the language of the historical courtroom by documenting changes to the discursive roles of the most active participant groups of the English courtroom (e.g. the judges lawyers witnesses and defendants) in the period 1640–1760. Although the primary focus is on questions and answers this book also analyses the use of eliciting and non-eliciting devices (e.g. requests and commands) as a means of demonstrating similarities and differences over time. Particular strengths of this work include the study of different types of trial making the results potentially more representative of the courtroom in general and the innovative discourse analytic approach which blends corpus methodology and sociopragmatic analysis thereby enabling the quantitative analysis of functional phenomena.

Metaphor is a topical issue across a number of disciplines wherever researchers are concerned with how speakers and writers package and process messages. This book is addressed at readers from diverse academic backgrounds who are interested in ways of researching metaphor from different perspectives and especially through corpus linguistics. A number of approaches to and exploitations of metaphor including conceptual metaphor theory and cognitive approaches more generally text and spoken discourse analysis and CDA are discussed explored and critiqued using corpus data. The book also includes corpus linguistic studies of different aspects of metaphor which investigate its linguistic and semantic properties and relate them to current theoretical views. The book demonstrates the need for naturally-occurring language data to be used in the development of metaphor theory and shows the value of corpus data and techniques in this work.

This book uses Conversation Analysis methodology to analyze rhetorical and other questions that are designed to convey assertions rather than seek new information. It shows how these question sequences unfold interactionally in naturally-occurring talk in a variety of settings e.g. friends arguing over the phone parents disciplining children news interviews and second language writing conferences. The questions are used across these widely different contexts to perform a number of related social actions such as accusations challenges to prior turns and complaints. Those used in institution settings such as teacher-student conferences orient to institutional norms and roles and can help accomplish institutional goals e.g. eliciting student error correction. Both the interactional context in which these questions are embedded and the known epistemic authority of the questioner play a role in our understanding of these questions i.e. what social actions the question is accomplishing in a particular interaction.

The chapters in this volume arise from presentations at a unique conference on typical and atypical language development held in Madison USA in 2002. This joint meeting of the International Association for the Study of Child Language and the Symposium for Research in Child Language Disorders brought together – for the first time in such large numbers – researchers from these two distinct but related fields. The week-long schedule of the conference allowed for an in-depth interrogation of their theoretical positions methodologies and findings. In the contributions to this volume we have put together a carefully selected set of papers which from various perspectives explore the linkage between developmental theory and language impairment and at the same time illustrate the effects of distinct conditions – hearing loss autism Down syndrome Williams syndrome and specific language impairment – on the communication abilities of affected individuals. An introductory chapter and a detailed summary which picks up recurring themes in the chapters complete the volume.

The C-ORAL-ROM book and DVD provide a unique set of comparable corpora of spontaneous speech for the main Romance languages French Italian Portuguese and Spanish. The corpora are accompanied by comparative linguistic studies models and standard linguistic measures of spoken language variability. Each corpus is built to the same design using identical sampling techniques and each corpus is presented in multimedia format allowing simultaneous access to aligned acoustic and textual information. Texts are headed with information about provenance participants etc. and the transcriptions show changes of speaker. Speech acts are tagged according to the evidence of prosodic criteria. Each corpus totals 300000 words and presents formal and informal speech in a variety of contexts of use dialogue structure and text genres semantic domains and speech act typologies. The corpora have great statistical relevance for spoken language structures and can address key issues in human language technology such as speech recognition in unrestricted discourse the suitability of speech synthesis in natural prosody and multilingual applications of the spoken language interface. The work provides new data and innovative theoretical perspectives that are relevant for corpus linguistics romance linguistics syntactic theory speech and prosody research and second language acquisition.

The original C-ORAL-ROM DVD was made to run under Windows XP when Windows 7 and 8 were not yet in existence. A new version of WINPITCH-C-ORAL-ROM makes it possible to run the C-ORAL-ROM DVD under Windows 7 and 8. It can be downloaded from www.winpitch.com/

This book proposes that the two “independent” conditions on argumenthood namely case and referentiality are strongly correlated and have to be associated with each other in syntax as syntactic features. It shows that languages exhibit variation in the way this association is implemented in their syntax which presents an explanation for the differences observed in their phrase structure in terms of (non-)configurationality. Thus this book not only presents an innovative overarching theory for case and referentiality but also aims to bring a new look at the issues of (non-)configurationality. It specifically argues for parameterization of functional categories associated with case and referentiality which has certain implications not only for the acquisition but also for the diachronic development of functional categories. Providing rich comparative data from typologically different languages such as Turkish Chinese Hungarian English and Japanese this book is of particular interest to typologists as well.

This book explores the interaction of the grammar with the external systems conceptual-intentional and sensori-motor. The papers in the Language section include configurational analyses of the interface properties of depictives clitic clusters imperatives conditionals clefts as well as asymmetries in the structure of syllables and feet. The Brain section discusses questions related to human learning and comprehension of language: the acquisition of compounds the acquisition of the definite article the subject/object asymmetry in the comprehension of D-Linked vs. non D-linked questions the evidence for syntactic asymmetries in American Sign Language the acquisition of syllable types and the role of stress shift in the determination of phrase ending. The papers in the Computation section present different perspectives on how the properties of UG can be implemented in a parser; implementations of different theories including configurational selection incorporation and minimalism; and the role of statistical and quantitative approaches in natural language processing.

This is the second volume of the series "Usage-Based Linguistic Informatics" a product of the 21st century COE program held at Tokyo University of Foreign Studies (TUFS). The project has an objective to realize an integration of theoretical and applied linguistics on the basis of computer sciences. With a view to practically applying the results of linguistic analysis to language education the promotion of individual language research has become a high-priority issue. A new field of linguistic research is intended to be developed by elucidating the state of linguistic usage based on the analysis of large amounts of linguistic data. The volume thus consists mainly of language-specific corpus-based analyses on sentence structures in ten different languages such as Nuuchahnulth Korean Chinese Malay Turkish Arabic Russian French English and Spanish. It also includes papers that deal with various theoretical issues in contrastive linguistics and typology.

This volume presents a variety of pragmatic and discourse analytical approaches to a wide range of linguistic data and historical texts including data from English French Irish Latin and Spanish. This diversity of research questions and methods is a feature of the field of historical pragmatics which by its very nature has to take into account the multiplicity of historical contexts and the infinite variety of human interaction. This is highlighted in the book’s introduction by means of the metaphor of "opening windows". Each chapter is a window affording a different view of the linguistic and textual landscape. Some of these windows were opened by historical linguists who have acquired discourse perspectives some by pragmaticians with historical interests and others by literary scholars drawing from linguistic pragmatics. Contributors include L. J. Brinton A. H. Jucker F. Salager-Meyer I. Taavitsainen B. Wehr L. Wright and sixteen others.

The papers in this volume focus on notions which are central to the work of John M. Anderson – the founder of Dependency Phonology – and to phonological theory: the idea of structural analogy between phonology and syntax; the head/dependent relation; the idea that phonological representations are best conceived of in terms of a set of privative elements (rather than as binary-valued features); and the related notions of contrastivity and specification (and non-specification). An important issue dealt with is the relationship between specification and derivationality and the question whether derivations are necessary in phonological theory. Many of the contributions provide sound empirical support for the appeal to elements and to headhood at all levels of phonological analysis. The book will be of interest to anyone interested in current issues in phonological theory.

The papers in this volume of Consciousness & Emotion Book Series are organized around the theme of "enaction." Enactive emotional processes are not merely the recipients of information or the passive victims of input and learning. The organism first is engaged in an ongoing complex pattern of self-organizational activity for the purpose of maintaining a dynamical continuity of pattern across changes of subserving micro-constituents and environmental conditions making use of multiple shunt mechanisms feedback loops and other complex dynamical features. Self-organizational structure is used to distinguish between action and mere reaction. Accordingly the papers of this volume by leading students of emotion such as Jaak Panksepp Luc Ciompi Thomas Natsoulas Farzaneh Pahlavan Michela Balconi Todd Lubart Louise Sundararajan Jordan Petersen and others address three main issues:

I. Emotional influences on perception and thought

II. Agency and choice

III. Agency and moral value

The last decade has seen a growing body of research investigating various aspects of L2 learners’ performance of tasks. This book focuses on one task implementation variable: planning. It considers theories of how opportunities to plan a task affect performance and tests claims derived from these theories in a series of empirical studies. The book examines different types of planning (i.e. task rehearsal pre-task planning and within-task planning) addressing both what learners do when they plan and the effects of the different types of planning on L2 production. The choice of planning as the variable for investigation in this book is motivated both by its importance for current theorizing about L2 acquisition (in particular with regard to cognitive theories that view acquisition in terms of information processing) and its utility to language teachers and language testers for unlike many other constructs in SLA ‘planning’ lends itself to external manipulation. The study of planning then provides a suitable forum for demonstrating the interconnectedness of theory research and pedagogy in SLA.

From the refinement of general methodology to new insights of synchronic and diachronic universals to studies of specific phenomena this collection demonstrates the crucial role that language data play in the evolution of useful accurate linguistic theories. Issues addressed include the determination of meaning in typological studies; a refined understanding of diachronic processes by including intentional social statistical and level-determined phenomena; the reconsideration of categories such as sentence evidential or adposition and structures such as compounds or polysynthesis; the tension between formal simplicity and functional clarity; the inclusion of unusual systems in theoretical debates; and fresh approaches to Chinese classifiers possession in Oceanic languages and English aspect. This is a careful selection of papers presented at the International Symposium on Linguistic Diversity and Language Theories in Boulder Colorado. The purpose of the Symposium was to confront fundamental issues in language structure and change with the rich variation of forms and functions observed across languages.

Telling stories in conversations is intricately interwoven with the interactive and local functions of story telling. Telling stories demands a certain kind of context and in itself establishes a particular interactive reality. Thus narration is a specific kind of verbal interaction governed by contextualizing devices genre-specific cooperative regularities and corresponding verbal features. It plays an important role in institutional as well as in private modes of communication. The volume focuses on narration as a contextualized and contextualizing activity which allocates specific structural tasks to the participants in the narrative process (narrator co-narrator listener). Thus the research questions are oriented towards story telling under a functional and interactive perspective. The contributions analyze recordings of authentic narrations in different functions using different kinds of qualitative reconstructive methods. The data come from everyday as well as institutional settings and the languages covered are English German Greek Hungarian and Italian.

This collection of papers brings together the most recent crosslinguistic research on the syntax of verb-initial languages. Authors with a variety of theoretical perspectives pursue the questions of how verb-initial order is derived and how these derivations play into the characteristic syntax of these languages. Major themes in the volume include the role of syntactic category in languages with verb-initial order; the different mechanisms of deriving V-initial order; and the universal correlates of the order. This book should be of interest to scholars who work on theoretical approaches to word order derivation typologists and those who work on the particular grammars of Celtic Zapotec Mixtec Polynesian Austronesian Mayan Salish Aboriginal and Nilotic languages.

Persuasion in its various linguistic forms enters our lives daily. Politicians and the news media attempt to change or confirm our beliefs while advertisers try to bend our tastes toward buying their products. Persuasion goes on in courtrooms universities and the business world. Persuasion pervades interpersonal relations in all social spheres public and private. And persuasion reaches us via a large number of genres and their intricate interplay.This volume brings together nine chapters which investigate some of the typical genres of modern persuasion. Using both quantitative and qualitative methods the authors explore the linguistic features of successful (and unsuccessful) persuasion and the reasons for the variation of persuasive choices as realized in various genres: business negotiations judicial argumentation political speech advertising newspaper editorials and news writing. In the final chapter the editors tie together the two themes — persuasion and genres — by proposing an Intergenre Model. This model assumes that a powerful force behind generic evolution is the perennial need for implicit persuasion.

This book examines the various philosophical influences contained in the ancient description of the noun. According to the traditional view grammar adopted its philosophical categories in the second century B.C. and continued to make use of precisely the same concepts for over six hundred years that is until the time of Priscian (ca. 500). The standard view is questioned in this study which investigates in detail the philosophy contained in Priscian’s Institutiones grammaticae. This investigation reveals a distinctly Platonic element in Priscian’s grammar which has not been recognised in linguistic historiography. Thus grammar manifestly interacted with philosophy in Late Antiquity. This discovery led to the reconsideration of the origin of all the philosophical categories of the noun. Since the authenticity of the Techne which was attributed to Dionysius Thrax is now regarded as uncertain it is possible to speculate that the semantic categories are derived from Late Antiquity.

This volume consists of 19 papers presented at the 16th International Conference on Historical Linguistics which was held in August 2003 in Copenhagen and drew the largest number of participants and the widest array of languages that this important biannual conference has ever had. As with previous volumes the papers selected cover a wide range of subjects besides the core areas of historical linguistics and this time include studies on ethnolinguistics grammaticalisation language contact sociolinguistics and typology. The individual languages treated include Brazilian Portuguese Chukchi Korean Danish English German Greek Japanese Kok-Papónk Latin Newar Old Norse Romanian Seneca Spanish and Swedish. The volume reflects the state of the art both empirical and theoretical — in Historical Linguistics today and shows the discipline to be as flourishing and capable of new advances as ever.

This book analyzes compliments and compliment responses in naturally occurring talk-in-interaction in German. Using Conversation Analytic methodology it views complimenting and responding to compliments as social actions which are co-produced and negotiated among interactants. This study is the first to analyze the entire complimenting sequence within the larger interactional context thereby demonstrating the interconnectedness of sequence organization turn-design and (varying) function(s) of a turn. In this regard the present study makes a novel contribution to the study of talk-in-interaction beyond German. The book adds to existing work on interaction and grammar by closely analyzing the functions of linguistic resources used to design compliment turns and compliment responses. Here the study extends previous Conversation Analytic work on person reference by including an analysis of inanimate object reference. Lastly the book discusses the use and function of various particles and demonstrates how speaker alignments and misalignments are accomplished through various grammatical forms.