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This book is a collection of 12 papers dealing with manipulation and ideology in the 20th century mostly with reference to political speeches by the leaders of major totalitarian regimes but also addressing propaganda within contemporary right-wing populism and western ideological rhetoric. This book aims at bringing together researchers in the field of ideology reproduction in order to better understand the underlying mechanisms of speaker-favourable belief inculcation through language use. The book covers a wide range of theoretical perspectives from psychosocial approaches and discourse analysis to semantics and cognitive linguistics and pragmatics. The book’s central concern is to provide not only a reference work with up-to-date information on the analysis of manipulation in discourse but also a number of tools for the scholar some of them being developed within theories originally not designed to address belief-change through language interpretation. Foreword by Frans van Eemeren.

This comprehensive volume contains twenty-six out of thirty three papers that were presented at the International Conference on "Les Périphrases Verbales". The conference took place at the University of Caen-Basse-Normandie from June 25th to June 28th 2003 and was co-organized by the Crisco umr cnrs research group and the French Department at Tel Aviv University Israel. The contributors to this volume aim to present a broad spectrum of theoretical approaches to the analysis of constructions entitled "périphrases verbales". Their work revolves around three central themes: the definition of these constructions and the distinction between certain verbal expressions and true periphrastic expressions; a particular meaning or function of these expressions; and specific nominal constructions considered as periphrastic expressions. The volume is divided into seven sections each throwing light on a particular aspect of periphrastic expression from various perspectives. The issues discussed are: temporal and aspectual periphrases; auxiliaries copula and support verbs; causative periphrases; venire and aller + infinitive / participle; inchoative periphrases; modal periphrases; and the heritage of Gustave Guillaume.

This study analyzes how morphosyntactic structures and information flow characteristics are used by interlocutors in producing and understanding clauses in conversational Javanese focusing on the Cirebon variety of the language. While some clauses display grammatical mechanisms used to code their structure explicitly and redundantly many other clauses include few if any of these grammatical resources. These extremes mark a cline between the morphosyntactic and paratactic expression of clauses. The situation is thrown into relief by the frequency of unexpressed referents and conversationalists’ heavy reliance on shared experience and cultural knowledge. In all cases pragmatic inference grounded in the interactional context is essential for establishing not only the discourse functions but indeed also the very structure of clauses in conversational Javanese. This study contributes to our understanding of transitivity emergent constituency prosodic organization and the co-construction of meaning and structure by conversational interlocutors.

This book focuses on theoretical and descriptive issues and techniques in the study of text and discourse. Drawing on a large number of corpora containing academic language from spoken language to published research papers the authors approach their subject from multiple angles: The academic language of biology literature philosophy economics agriculture linguistics and applied linguistics. The analysis of intertextual features these papers show leads to penetrating results.<br xmlns="http://pub2web.metastore.ingenta.com/ns/"/>

This volume brings into focus the conceptual roots of the notion ‘grammatical construction’ as the theoretical entity that constitutes the backbone of Construction Grammar a unique grammatical model in which grammatical constructions have the status of elementary building blocks of human language. By exploring the analytic potential and applicability of this notion the contributions illustrate some of the fundamental concerns of constructional research. These include issues of sentence structure in a model that rejects the autonomy of syntax; the contribution of Frame Semantics in establishing the relationship between syntactic patterning and the lexical meaning of verbs; and the challenge of capturing the dynamic and variable nature of grammatical structure in a systematic way. All the authors share a commitment to studying grammar in its use which gives the book a rich empirical dimension that draws on authentic data from typologically diverse languages.

This book contains eleven carefully selected papers all discussing negative constructions in English. The aim of this volume is to bring together empirical research into the development of English negation and analyses of syntactic variations in Present-day English negation. The first part "Aspects of Negation in the History of English" includes six contributions which focus on the usages of the negative adverbs ne and not the decline of negative concord and the development of the auxiliary do in negation. Most of the themes discussed here are then linked to the second part "Aspects of Negation in Present-day English". Especially the issue of negative concord is repeatedly explored by three of the five papers in this part one related to British English dialects in general another to Tyneside English and the other to African American Vernacular English. This book uniquely highlights the importance of continuity from Old English to Present-day English while in its introduction it provides a useful detailed survey of previous studies on English negation.

The concept of analogy is of central concern to modern cognitive scientists whereas it has been largely neglected in linguistics in the past four decades. The goal of this thought-provoking book is (1) to introduce a cognitively and linguistically viable notion of analogy; and (2) to re-establish and build on traditional linguistic analogy-based research.

As a starting point a general definition of analogy is offered that makes the distinction between analogy-as-structure and analogy-as-process.

Chapter 2 deals with analogy as used in traditional linguistics. It demonstrates how phonology morphology syntax semantics and diachronic linguistics make use of analogy and discusses linguistic domains in which analogy does or did not work. The appendix gives a description of a computer program which performs such instances of analogy-based syntactic analysis as have long been claimed impossible.

Chapter 3 supports the ultimate (non-modular) ‘unity of the mind’ and discusses the existence of pervasive analogies between language and such cognitive domains as vision music and logic.

The final chapter presents evidence for the view that the cosmology of every culture is based on analogy.

At a more abstract level the role of analogy in scientific change is scrutinized resulting in a meta-analogy between myth and science.

This book is a collection of articles based on a lecture series about Kant's philosophy. The contributions present an excellent overview of Kant's work – the subjects range from metaphysical ethical aesthetical teleological historical and political aspects to questions of mind nature and education.<br xmlns="http://pub2web.metastore.ingenta.com/ns/"/>The common topic of all articles is the examination of Kant's current relevance in the context of modern philosophy and society. Each author gives various arguments why a close reading of Kant is still worthwhile and can make important contributions to present philosophical and social discussions.<br/>The lecture series from which the book developed was conceived as an introduction of Kant for students but some of the articles are very profound. Therefore while students and Kant-beginners may find the texts helpful as introductory reading philosophers and Kant-experts will also appreciate the book for opening up new perspectives on their specific field of interest.<br/>Dieser Sammelband basiert auf einer einführenden Ringvorlesung zur Philosophie Kants. Die Beiträge behandeln sowohl metaphysische ethische ästhetische teleologische und politische Aspekte als auch Fragen zu Natur Geist und Erziehung und bieten damit einen ausgezeichneten Überblick über Kants Werk.<br/>Der Schwerpunkt liegt in allen Artikeln auf der aktuellen Bedeutung Kants im Kontext der modernen Philosophie und Gesellschaft. Den Autoren gelingt es zu zeigen dass die Auseinandersetzung mit Kant nicht nur immer noch lohnenswert ist sondern auch wichtige Beiträge zu den philosophischen und gesellschaftlichen Diskussionen der Gegenwart – von bioethischen und neurophilosophischen Fragen bis hin zu Problemen von Krieg und Frieden – liefern kann.<br/>Die Texte sind nicht nur als Einstieg in die Kantlektüre für Studenten und Kant-Neulinge wertvoll auch Philosophen und Kant-Experten werden darin zahlreiche neue Gesichtspunkte für eine fruchtbare Auseinandersetzung mit Kant finden.

This volume brings together a number of wide-ranging transdisciplinary research articles on the interface between discourse studies and economics. It explores in what way economics can contribute to the analysis of discursive practices in various institutional settings as well as investigating what role discourse studies can play in economic research. The contributors are linguists communication scholars economists and other social scientists drawing on various traditions including Critical Discourse Analysis Cognitive Linguistics ethnography and the literature on the rhetoric of economics and on economic storytelling. All articles are essentially empirical focusing on the details of actual language use. The type of data analysed ranges from the minutes of university policy meetings and large-scale corpora of newspaper language over books of economic theory from both well-respected economists and monetary cranks to cartoons from The Economist.

This book illustrates the structuralist idea that language creates the reality we perceive. The data presented in this volume focus on the problematic issues of the passive construction and irregular (strong) verbs with examples taken primarily from English with separate subsections on German and Russian. The author presents a new and different analysis of these complex topics which proceeds from the levels of form to meaning rather than the traditional and generative methodologies that follow the opposite path from meaning to form. This book will be of interest to all linguists who have ever confronted the controversial question of the interaction between lexical exceptions and grammatical rules. The scope of this volume is rather broad and it compares and contrasts text grammar versus sentence grammar in an innovative way.

This comparative syntactic study claims that agreement is the most central functional category responsible for licensing predication in finite non-finite and small clauses alike. Intriguing syntactic phenomena like Icelandic infinitival predicates taking non-nominative (quirky) subjects; psych-impersonal and modal predicates in Italian Hungarian and Russian; meteorological predicates existential clauses post-verbal and null subjects in the so-called null-subject VSO languages can all be better analyzed through a concept of predication that is closely related to AGRP manifesting subject-verb agreement. The overt agreement marking in Hungarian and Portuguese infinitival clauses further strengthens this view. Obviation and control subjunctive clauses in the Balkan languages Welsh finite and non-finite infinitival clauses as well as case-marked secondary predicates in Icelandic Slovak Hungarian Russian and Finnish also lend support to an analysis where the [+pred] feature is checked in AGRP.

This monograph is the first study of the acquisition of Swahili as a first language. It focuses on the acquisition of inflectional affixes with a particular emphasis on subject agreement and tense. Other inflectional affixes are also investigated including object agreement and mood. The study surveys the adult dialect in question Nairobi Swahili discussing social phonological morphological and syntactic properties. Data analyses and copious examples are presented of the naturalistic speech of four Swahili speaking children. The data are tested against six influential theories of child language and the results show that processing and metrical theories of telegraphic speech fail to account for the observed patterns while grammatical theories of child language fair significantly better. The data and analyses presented in this book are indispensable for linguists and psychologists interested in the acquisition of inflectional material and other cross-linguistic properties of child language.

This collection of articles on stress and tone in various Athabaskan languages will interest theoretical linguists and historically oriented linguists alike. The volume brings to light new data on the phonetics and/or phonology of prosody (stress tone intonation) in various Athabaskan languages Chiricahua Apache Dene Soun'liné Jicarilla Apache Sekani Slave Tahltan Tanacross Western Apache and Witsuwit’en. As well some contributions describe how prosody is to be reconstructed for Proto-Athabaskan and how it evolved in some of the daughter languages.

This volume offers an original theoretical and methodological approach to the hotly debated issue of epistemic modality. The analysis is conducted in a rigorous typological frame developed after a careful consideration of a wealth of cross-linguistic data and focuses on Italian a language often disregarded in comparative analyses. The complexity of the Italian epistemic system provides relevant information that will undoubtedly foster a better understanding of the topic. A new definition of epistemic modality is proposed on a functional basis and the structure of the Italian epistemic system is closely described. The morpho-syntactic characteristics of Italian epistemic forms are regarded as the result of the dialectic between universal functional pressures and peculiar system resistances. Shaped by the system epistemic modality emerges as an intrinsically linguistic category which cannot be downsized to a mere conceptual notion as other approaches would propose.

Drawing on the methods of conversation analysis and ethnography this book sets out to examine the epistemological practices of Indo-Guyanese villagers as these are revealed in their talk and daily conduct. Based on over eighty-five hours of conversation recorded during twelve months of ethnographic fieldwork the book describes both the social distribution of knowledge and the villagers' methods for distinguishing between fact and fancy knowledge and belief through close analyses of particular encounters. The various chapters consider uncertainty and expertise in advice-giving the cultivation of ignorance in an attempt to avoid scandal and the organization of peer groups through the display of knowledge in the activity of reminiscing local history. An orienting chapter on questions and an appendix provide an introduction to conversation analysis. The book makes a contribution to linguistic anthropology conversation analysis and cross-cultural pragmatics. The conclusion discusses the implications of the analysis for current understanding of practice knowledge and social organization in anthropology and neighboring disciplines.

This book investigates the historical paths leading from pronouns to markers of verbal agreement and proposes a unified formal account of this grammaticalization process. In opposition to beliefs widely held in the literature it is argued that new agreement formatives can be coined in a multitude of syntactic environments. Still the individual paths toward agreement are shown to exhibit a set of underlying similarities which are attributed to universal principles that govern the reanalysis of pronominal clitics as exponents of verbal agreement across languages. It is claimed that syntactic principles impose only a set of necessary conditions on the reanalysis in question while its ultimate trigger is morphological in nature. More specifically it is argued that the acquisition of inflectional morphology is governed by blocking effects which operate during language acquisition and promote the grammaticalization of new markers if this change serves to replace ‘worn-out’ underspecified forms with new more specified candidates.

Politeness and Face in Caribbean Creoles is the first collection to focus on socio-pragmatic issues in the Caribbean context including the socio-cultural rules and principles underlying strategic language use. While the Caribbean has long been recognized as a rich and interesting site where cultural continuities meet with new "creolized" or innovative practices questions of politeness practices constructions of personhood or the notion of face have so far been neglected in linguistic research on Caribbean Creoles. Drawing on linguistic politeness theory and Goffman's concept of face eleven mostly fieldwork-based innovative contributions critically examine a range of topics such as ritual insults strategic use of "bad language" kiss-teeth the performance of homophobic threats greetings address forms advice-giving socialization and discourse parent-child discourse register choice and communicative repertoire in the Caribbean context.

This book combines theoretical and experimental aspects of the establishment of dependency. It provides an account of dependency relations by focusing on the representation and interpretation of referentially dependent elements particularly regular reflexives logophors and pronouns. First the establishment of dependency is discussed within a model of syntax–discourse correspondences that predicts an economy-based dependency hierarchy contingent on the level of representation at which the dependency is formed as well as the internal structure of the dependent element and its antecedent. Secondly the model’s predictions are substantiated by a series of experimental studies (conducted in English and Dutch) providing evidence from three sources of online sentence comprehension: reaction time studies Broca’s aphasia patient studies and event-related brain potential studies. The findings show that dependencies are established at distinct levels of linguistic encoding (i.e. syntax or discourse) determined by the presence or absence of coargumenthood and the representation of the dependency-forming elements.

Since the late 1950s the study of argumentation has developed from a marginal part of logic and rhetoric into a genuine interdisciplinary academic discipline. After having first been primarily concerned with creating an adequate philosophical perspective on argumentation argumentation theorists have gradually shifted their focus of attention to a more immediate concern with the ins and outs of argumentative praxis. What exactly are the characteristics of situated argumentative discourse in different argumentative ‘action types’? How is the discourse influenced by institutional and contextual constraints? In what way can prominent cases of argumentative discourse be fruitfully analysed? Argumentation in Practice aims to provide insight into some important facets of argumentative praxis and the different ways in which it can be approached. The first part of this volume ‘Conceptions of problems in argumentative practice’ introduces useful theoretical perspectives. The second part ‘Empirical studies of argumentative practice’ contains both empirical studies of a general kind and several types of specific case studies.

This book addresses the complexities of the translation process. Informed by theoretical and methodological advances in translation studies research on writing and the expertise paradigm it explores translation as a text reproduction task. With triangulation of data from Russian-Swedish translation – think-aloud-methodology and computer logging of the writing process - it makes a cross-sectional comparison of subjects with different amounts of translation experience highlighting crucial aspects of professional competence and expertise in translation. The book also elaborates a method for a combined product and process analysis applying it to the study of one type of explicitation: increased cohesive explicitness of the target text. The results have implications for translation theory and pedagogy. This volume will be of interest to translation scholars and translator trainers irrespective of language combination as well as to specialists in Russian and Swedish. It will also appeal to researchers on expertise in other domains.

This collective volume focuses on two closely connected issues whose common denominator is the embattled notion of the subject. The first concerns the controversies on the nature of the subject and related notions such as the concepts of ‘I’ and ‘self’. From both theoretical and historical viewpoints several of the contributors show how different and incompatible perspectives on the subject can help us understand today’s world its habits style power relations and attitudes. For this purpose use is made of insights in a broad range of disciplines such as sociology psychoanalysis pragmatics intellectual history and anthropology. This interdisciplinary approach helps to clarify the multifaceted character of the subject and the role it plays nowadays as well as over the centuries.<br xmlns="http://pub2web.metastore.ingenta.com/ns/"/>The second issue concerns the subject in inter-personal as well as in intra-personal controversies. The enquiry here focuses on the ways in which different aspects of the subject and subjective differences affect the conduct content and rationality of controversies with others as well as within oneself on a variety of topics. Among such aspects the contributors analyse the subject’s emotions cognitive states argumentative practices and individual and collective identity. The interaction between the two issues the controversies on the subject and the subject of controversies sheds new light on the debate on modernity and its alleged crisis.

Language is a symbolic system of meanings evoked by linguistic forms. The choice of forms in communication is non-arbitrary. Rather speakers pick those forms whose meanings best convey their discourse intention. The meaning of the Mandarin ba-construction argues Jing-Schmidt is discourse dramaticity a concept that includes high conceptual salience and subjectivity. The ba-construction and its "syntactic variations" are never interchangeable because contrast in their meanings determines difference in their functions. Quantitative analyses based on authentic data validate the postulation of discourse dramaticity. By taking discourse pragmatics seriously the dramaticity hypothesis enables a unitary explanation that transcends sentence grammar. The diachronic treatment reveals the syntactic change of the ba-construction as an adaptive process of pragmatization which raises the issue of linguistic evolution as a result of socio-cultural development.

This book will be of particular value to readers interested in the interaction between grammar and pragmatics and to teachers confronting the controversy of the ba-construction in foreign language pedagogy.

Observing naturally occurring talk-in-interaction in Japanese this book examines how Japanese speakers segment their talk into relevant interactional units and use particles such as ne and sa to accomplish local pragmatic work. The study provides a conversation analytic action-oriented account for the ubiquity of such particles in Japanese talk.

The study argues that such particles are important resources for Japanese speakers to negotiate and fine-tune particular conversational contingencies within the emerging sequential environment of the talk. Various examples show that prospective alignment and the negotiability of conversational next action are ever-present issues for Japanese conversationalists and are handled at the precise moment of their relevance through interlocutors’ deployment of ne and sa. This study thus adds to the literature on Japanese conversational interaction a novel understanding of particle use in its synthesis of functional linguistics and conversation analysis.

This book introduces a methodology for the construction of a comprehensive narrative description and narrative-based theory from the study of multiple populations. The book has two parallel foci. On the one hand it is a conceptual treatise focusing on the principles of the Multiple Case Narrative. On the other hand it also has a practical “how-to” focus with a step-by-step guide to conducting a Multiple Case Narrative. The book is accessible and comprehensive and addresses both those in the field as well as those with little background in the methodologies of narrative study and qualitative research.This book is also relevant to those who are interested in other qualitative varieties like single and collective narrative inquiry single and collective case study as well as ethnography because each of the procedures and techniques described here can be easily utilized for conducting other types of qualitative research.

This volume presents a state-of-the-art descriptive and explanatory analysis of the second language development of Romance tense-aspect systems. It contains new experimental data from adult French Catalan Portuguese learners and Italian children learners. Standing research questions are addressed and pedagogical implications for foreign language classrooms are proposed arguing that there are possible commonalities in the instructional sequences of tense-aspect development in Romance languages. The first chapter presents an overview of current theoretical approaches and a summary of empirical findings. The following four chapters introduce new empirical data from a variety of theoretical perspectives (e.g. the Aspect Hypothesis the UG/Minimalist framework). Chapter 5 proposes practical pedagogical approaches for the foreign language classroom based on empirical findings. The last chapter summarizes and discusses these findings in order to start elaborating a more comprehensive model of the development of tense-aspect marking in the Romance languages.