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This collection carries the functionalist Columbia School of linguistics forward with contributions on linguistic theory semiotics phonology grammar lexicon and anthropology. Columbia School linguistics views language as a symbolic tool whose structure is shaped both by its communicative function and by the characteristics of its users and considers contextual pragmatic physical and psychological factors in its analyses. This volume builds upon three previous Columbia School anthologies and further explores issues raised in them including fundamental theoretical and analytical questions. And it raises new issues that take Columbia School “beyond its origins.” The contributions illustrate both consistency since the school’s inception over thirty years ago and innovation spurred by groundbreaking analysis. The volume will be of interest to all functional linguists and historians of linguistics. Languages analyzed include Byelorussian English Japanese Serbo-Croatian Spanish and Swahili.

It has become well recognized that affective dimensions of language constitute an integral part of the linguistic system. Japanese provides a prime example of the significance of emotivity as it has grammaticalized a wide variety of expressions to communicate affective information. The collected articles demonstrate the rich diversity of emotive communication in Japanese and analyze various expressions with theoretical perspectives that are often independent from Western models. This volume reflects the influence of traditional Japanese scholars for whom examining affective-relational aspects of language has long been a central concern. The authors are also influenced by more recent scholars in Japanese pragmatics such as Susumu Kuno Akio Kamio and Senko K. Maynard. They also draw on anthropological notions such as the inside vs. outside dichotomy that have been used to describe Japanese society.

Although it has long been recognized that second language pronunciation is strongly influenced by the native language second language phonology has only become a recognized area of study during the last thirty years. While English has been the most frequent target language involved the learners' L1s have varied greatly. This is the first collection to gather together studies involving English learners whose L1 is Spanish or Brazilian Portuguese two closely-related languages with important phonological differences. The research covers vowel perception and production syllable simplification strategies word and compound stress and vowel reduction. While the papers confirm the important role of the native language they also shed light on the sometimes subtle and unexpected ways in which this variable interacts with universal markedness relationships to determine the formation of phonetic categories and their use in perception and production. These eleven carefully conducted empirical studies will provide insights for practitioners and stimulate further research.

Linguistic Informatics is a research field named by the Center of Excellence (COE) Program: Usage-Based Linguistic Informatics (UBLI) which aims to systematically integrate studies in computer science linguistics and language education. The first part of this volume contains three lectures on spoken language analysis and corpus linguistics delivered at the Second International Conference on Linguistic Informatics held on December 10 2005. The nine contributions in the second part come from the Collaboration Workshop on spoken language corpora between UBLI and C-ORAL-ROM a consortium researching the spoken Romance languages. In the third part four studies representative of Linguistic Informatics are presented. These studies deal with (1) Corpus-based analysis of linguistic usages (2) Typological study of different languages (3) Effective integration of e-learning and task-based face-to-face teaching and (4) Fosterage of language education researchers with expertise in the field of Linguistic Informatics.

Passives middles and other voice phenomena are issues at the core of modern linguistic research. This volume brings together different perspectives on voice different theoretical viewpoints different languages and different kinds of voice phenomena. The eleven articles each make a valuable contribution to the ongoing discussion offering new data new analyses and bringing new light to long-standing issues. In combination they present a multi-faceted and yet coherent picture of the topics at hand.

The study of colour attracts researchers from a wide range of disciplines from both the sciences and the arts. Along with its companion volume Progress in Colour Studies 1: Language and Culture this book offers a fascinating insight into current issues and research into colour. Most of the papers originated in a 2004 conference entitled ‘Progress in Colour Studies’ held in the University of Glasgow U.K. Some additional invited papers are included from investigators exploring new and exciting avenues of colour research. The contributions to both books represent reviews of state-of-the-art colour research in various disciplines and some new research findings are reported. This volume principally psychological in content focuses on the development of colour perception and colour language from infancy into adulthood across a diverse range of cultures including English Himba Chinese and Mexican and on the intriguing yet perplexing condition of synaesthesia thus bridging research from the physiology psychology and anthropology of colour.

This volume presents 16 original studies of variation in languages representing the three main European language families as well as in varieties of Greek and Hungarian. The studies concern variation in or across dialects or dialect groups in standard varieties or in emerging regional varieties of the standard. Several studies investigate a specific linguistic element or structure while others focus on areas of tension between variation and prescriptive standard norms on regional standard varieties and regiolects on problems of linguistic classification (from folk linguistic or dialect geographical perspectives) and the classification of speakers. Language acquisition plays a main role in three studies. The studies in this volume represent a range of methods including ethnographic and 'interpretative' approaches conversation analysis analyses of the internal and geographical distribution of dialect features the classification and quantitative analyses of socio-demographic speaker background data quantitative analyses of both diachronic and synchronic language data phonetic measurements as well as (quasi-)experimental perception studies. The volume thus offers a microcosmic reflection of the macrocosmos of world-wide research on variability in (originally) European languages at the beginning of the 21th century and the linguistic expression of cultural diversity.

This book proposes a notion of inverse that differs from two widespread positions found in descriptive and typological studies (one of them restrictive and structure-oriented the other broad and function-centered). This third stance put forward here takes both grammar and pragmatic functions into account but it also relates the opposition between direct and inverse verbs and clauses to an opposition between deictic values thereby achieving two advantageous goals: it meaningfully circumvents one of the usual analytic dilemmas namely whether a given construction is passive or inverse and it refines our understanding of the cross-linguistic typology of inversion. This framework is applied to the description of the morphosyntax of eleven Amerindian languages (Algonquian: Plains Cree Miami-Illinois Ojibwa; Kutenai; Sahaptian: Sahaptin Nez Perce; Kiowa-Tanoan: Arizona Tewa Picurís Southern Tiwa Kiowa; Mapudungun).

People have a natural propensity to understand language text as a succession of smallish chunks whether they are reading writing speaking or listening. Linguists have found that this propensity can shed light on the nature and structure of language and there are many studies which attempt to harness the potential of natural chunking.This book explores the role of chunking in the description of discourse especially spoken discourse. It appears that chunking offers a sound but flexible platform on which can be built a descriptive model which is more open and comprehensive than more familiar approaches to structural description. The model remains linear in that it avoids hierarchies and it concentrates on the combinatorial patterns of text.<br xmlns="http://pub2web.metastore.ingenta.com/ns/"/>The linear approach turns out to have many advantages bringing together under one descriptive method a wide variety of different styles of speech and writing. It is complementary to established grammars but it raises pertinent questions about many of their assumptions.

This selection of papers presented at the 20th Comparative Germanic Syntax Workshop brings together contributions that address issues in syntactic predication and studies in the nominal system as well as papers on data from the history of English and German. Showing a strong comparative commitment the contributions include studies on previously neglected data on case and predicative structures in Icelandic and other Germanic languages on the (non-)syntactic distinction of predicative vs. argument NP/DPs on quirky V2 in Afrikaans the pronominal system resumptive pronouns with relative clauses in Zurich German as well as historical papers on word-formation processes on auxiliary selection in relation to counter factuality and on the development of VO-OV orders in the history of English. This volume presents a wide range of studies that enrich both the theoretical understanding and the empirical foundation of comparative research on the Germanic languages.

In this volume second language (L2) acquisition researchers and creolists engage in a dialogue focusing on processes at work in L2 acquisition and creole genesis. The volume opens with an overview of the relationship between L2 acquisition and pidgins/creoles (Siegel). The first group of papers addresses current language contact at a societal or an individual level (Smith; Terrill and Dunn; Bruhn de Garavito and Atoche; Liceras et al.; Müller). The second section focuses on processes characterizing various stages of L2 acquisition and creole genesis: relexification and transfer from the L1 and their role in the initial state (Sprouse; Schwartz; Kouwenberg; Aboh; Ionin). Chapters in the third section discuss processes involved in developing grammars namely reanalysis and restructuring (Sánchez; Brousseau and Nikiema; Steele and Brousseau). The final section concentrates on fossilization and the end state (Cornips and Hulk; Montrul; Lardiere). Between them the chapters cover lexical morphological phonological semantic and syntactic properties of interlanguage grammars and creole grammars.

Metaphorical and metonymical compounds – novel and lexicalised ones alike – are remarkably abundant in language. Yet how can we be sure that when using an expression such as land fishing in order to speak about metal detecting the referent will be immediately understood even if the hearer had not been previously familiar with the compound? Accordingly this book sets out to explore whether the semantics of metaphorical and metonymical noun–noun combinations can be systematically analysed within a theoretical framework where systematicity pertains to regularities in both the cognitive processes and the products of these processes that is the compounds themselves. Backed up by recent psycholinguistic evidence the book convincingly demonstrates that such compounds are not semantically opaque as it has been formerly claimed: they can in fact be analysed and accounted for within a cognitive linguistic framework by the combined application of metaphor metonymy blending profile determinacy and schema theory; and represent the creative and associative word formation processes that we regularly apply in everyday language.

This volume contains a generous selection of articles on translation by Professor José Lambert (K.U. Leuven). It traces the intellectual itinerary of their author who started out as a French and Comparative Literature scholar some four decades ago trying to get a better grip on the problem of inter-literary contacts and who soon became a key figure in the emergent discipline of Translation Studies where he is widely known as an indefatigable promoter of descriptively oriented research. This collection shows how José Lambert has never stopped asking new questions about the crucial but often hidden role of language and translation in the world of today. It includes some of the author’s classic papers as well as a few lesser known ones that deserve wider circulation. The editors’ introduction and the bibliography complete this thought-provoking survey of the career of one of the most creative researchers in the field.

This book unifies the analysis of certain non-finite domains focusing on subject licensing agreement and Case and control. It proposes a minimalist analysis of English gerunds which allows only a null subject PRO (TP-defective gerunds) a lexical subject (gerunds as complements of perception verbs) or both types of subjects (clausal gerunds). It then analyzes Portuguese infinitives showing that the morphosyntactic properties of non-inflected and inflected infinitives correlate with distinct treatments of obligatory and non-obligatory control. It explores these and other phenomena to show that tense and event binding do not correlate with the contrast between control and raising/exceptional case marking (ECM) against null Case theories of control. A Probe-Goal approach to Case and agreement is adopted in combination with a movement analysis of control. The book then investigates diachronic morphosyntactic phenomena involving infinitives verb movement and cliticization in Portuguese exploring a cue-based theory of syntactic change grounded in language acquisition.

Translation Studies has been defined in terms of spatial metaphors stressing the need for disciplinary border crossings with the purpose of borrowing different approaches orientations and tools from diverse academic fields. Such territorial incursions have resulted in a more thorough exploration of the home province as this volume is designed to show. The interdisciplinary nature of the venture arises out of the multiplicity of terrains involved and the theoretically motivated definition of the object itself. Translation has been perceived as communication in context hence the study of translated texts as facts of target cultures means that they need to be investigated within particular situational and sociocultural environments an enterprise which necessarily requires the collaboration of various disciplines.This volume has grown out of a conference held at the University of Lisbon in November 2002 and collects a selection of papers that focus: on the crossdisciplinarity of Translation Studies offering new perspectives on the current space of translation; on the importation and redefinition of theories methodologies and concepts for the study of translation; and on the complex interplay of text and context in translation creating dynamic interfaces with Sociology Literary Theory Cultural Studies Discourse Analysis Cultural History among other disciplines.

The papers of this volume investigate how grammar codes the subjective viewpoint of human language users that is how grammar reflects human conceptualization. Some of the articles deal with spatial relations and locations. They discuss how basic attributes of human conceptualization are encoded in the grammatical expression of spatial relations. Other articles concern embodiment in language showing how conceptualization is mediated by one’s embodied experience of the world and ourselves. Finally some of the articles discuss coding of person focusing on the subjec­tivity of conceptualization and how it is reflected in grammar. <br xmlns="http://pub2web.metastore.ingenta.com/ns/"/> <br/>The articles show that conceptualization reflects the speaker’s construal of the situation and furthermore that it is intersubjective because it reflects the speaker’s understanding of the relations between the speech act participants. The papers deal with Finnish utilizing the rich resources of Finnish grammar to contribute to issues in contemporary linguistics and in particular to Cognitive Grammar.

Based on a corpus of private email from Jamaican university students this study explores the discourse functions of Jamaican Creole in computer-mediated communication. From this participant-centered perspective it contributes to the longstanding theoretical debates in creole studies about the creole continuum. The book will likewise be useful to students of computer-mediated communication the use and development of non-standardized languages language ecology and codeswitching. The central methodological issue in this study is codeswitching in written language a neglected area of study at the moment since most literature in codeswitching research is based on spoken data. The three analytical chapters present the data in a critical discussion of established and more recent theoretical approaches to codeswitching. <br xmlns="http://pub2web.metastore.ingenta.com/ns/"/>Fields that will benefit from this book include interactional sociolinguistics creole studies English as a world language computer-mediated discourse analysis and linguistic anthropology.

This volume brings the data that many in formal linguistics have dismissed as peripheral straight into the core of syntactic theory. By bringing together experts from syntax semantics pragmatics philosophy of language language acquisition aphasia and pidgin and creole studies the volume makes a multidisciplinary case for the existence of nonsententials which are analyzed in various chapters as root phrases and small clauses (Me; Me First!; Him worry?!; Class in session) and whose distinguishing property is the absence of Tense and with it any syntactic phenomena that rely on Tense including structural Nominative Case. Arguably the lack of Tense specification is also responsible for the dearth of indicative interpretations among nonsententials as well as for their heavy reliance on pragmatic context. So pervasive is nonsentential speech across all groups including normal adult speech that a case can be made that continuity of grammar lies in nonsentential rather than sentential speech.

The pervasive phenomenon of metadiscourse – commentary on the ongoing discourse – is beginning to take its rightful place among the major topics of discourse studies. This book makes simultaneous contributions to the theory of metadiscourse corpus-based methods of studying such phenomena and our knowledge of metadiscourse use in written English. After comprehensively reviewing previous research it introduces a more rigorous and empirical approach to metadiscourse studies. Ädel presents a new model of metadiscourse based on Jakobson’s functions of language and other conceptual tools including explicit features for defining metadiscourse a taxonomy of the functions it serves and maps of the boundaries between it and related phenomena. A large-scale study of writing by L1 and L2 university students is presented in which the L2 speakers’ overuse of metadiscourse strongly marks them as lacking in communicative competence. This work is of interest both to linguists and to educators concerned with writing in English.

This volume addresses the need for a more considered and systematic approach to teacher education and training in Computer-Assisted Language Learning (CALL) in all its forms: Technology Enhanced Language Learning Network-Based Language Learning Information and Communication Technologies for Language Learning and so on. The 20 chapters of the book are divided into five parts: (1) foundations of teacher education in CALL; (2) CALL degree programs; (3) CALL pre-service courses; (4) CALL in-service projects courses and workshops; (5) alternatives to formal CALL training. The chapters cover a broad range of levels environments countries and languages. Rather than simply offering inspired speculation the chapters provide practical information to readers reporting on what has actually been done in a wide variety of teacher education programs and courses around the world. In many cases the chapters describe how programs and courses have evolved and include either qualitative or quantitative research or both to inform the structure of CALL courses tasks and activities.

This is the second of two volumes emanating from the Linguistic Symposium on Romance Languages held at the University of Texas at Austin in February 2005. It features the keynote addresses delivered by Prof. Jacques Durand on the Phonology of Contemporary French Project and Prof. John Charles Smith on skeuomorphy and refunctionalization. It also includes eleven contributions by reputed scholars on topics ranging from phonetics phonology morphophonology dialectology sociolinguistics and language variation. Formal phonology papers favor the model of Optimality Theory while phonetic measurements serve as the basis for sociolinguistic and dialectometric studies. Many of these studies emphasize new comparative typological approaches to Romance data (including many non-standard varieties of French Italian and Spanish). This volume will be of interest to all Romance linguists.

The relationships between perception and imagery imagery and spatial processes memory and action: these are the main themes of this text. The interest in experimental psychology and cognitive neuroscience on imagery and spatial cognition has remarkably increased in the last decades. Different areas of research contribute to the clarification of the multiple cognitive processes subserving spatial perception and exploration and to the definition of the neurophysiological mechanisms underpinning these cognitive functions. The aim of this book is to provide the reader (post-graduate students as well as experts) with a complete overview of this field of research. It illustrates how brain behaviour and cognition interact in normal and pathological subjects in perceiving representing and exploring space.(Series B)

This monograph investigates the temporal properties of those predicates referring to individuals – the so-called individual-level (IL) predicates – in contrast to those known as stage-level (SL) predicates. Many of the traditional tenets attributed to the IL/SL dichotomy are not solidly founded this book claims as it examines current theoretical issues concerning the syntax/semantics inter­face such as the relation between semantic prop­erties of predicates and their syntactic structure. By using the contrast found in Spanish copular clauses (ser vs. estar) Individuals in Time shows that the conception of IL predicates as permanent and stative cannot be maintained. The existence of nonstative IL predicates is demonstrated through analyzing the correlation between the syntactic presence of certain projections (specifi­cally preposi­tional complements) and process-like aspect properties. This detailed examin­ation of IL predicates in the domains of inner aspect outer aspect and tense will be welcomed by scholars and students with an interest in event structure tense and aspect.

This book examines stem change in verb paradigms as in English go 'go.PRESENT' vs. went 'go.PAST' a phenomenon referred to as suppletion in current linguistic theory. The work is based on a broad sample of 193 languages and examines this long neglected phenomenon from a typological perspective. In addition to identifying types of suppletion which occur cross-linguistically the study brings to light areal patterns of the occurrence of suppletive forms in verb paradigms. Several hypotheses as regards the diachronic development of suppletive forms are presented as well. The author also seeks to explore the methodological issues of evaluating the frequency of linguistic features in large language samples by introducing a method of weighting languages according to their genetic relatedness. All figures obtained in this way are compared to the proportions yielded by more familiar counting methods and the results and implications of the different procedures are compared and discussed throughout.

This edition has been replaced by a new edition and is no longer available for purchase.

This exceptionally clear text focuses on internal changes in the English language. It outlines the history of English from pre-Old English times to the present. Not only does it present the traditional morphological descriptions of the various stages of the language it provides many example sentences texts and cartoons that are analyzed for the benefit of the student and which make this book ideal for class use. Some language-external topics are covered such as early printing and authorship debates. Tables and figures complement the material covered and exercises review the main points as well as ask further more challenging questions. Answers to the exercises are provided as is a time line listing some of the external events and some guidance on how to use the OED. Complementary web site information is provided throughout the book and a companion web site accompanies the book.

This book documents the results of a multi-year project that investigated the goals for writing improvement among 45 students and their instructors in intensive courses of English as a Second Language (ESL) then a year later in academic programs at two Canadian universities. The researchers present a detailed framework to describe these goals from the perspectives of the students as well as their instructors. The goals are analyzed for groups of students from particular backgrounds internationally for changes over time and in relation to the ESL and academic courses. The authors use activity theory goal theory various sociolinguistic concepts and multiple data sources (interviews observations stimulated recalls questionnaires and text analyses) to provide a contextually-grounded perspective on learning teaching writing second-language development and curriculum policy. The book will interest researchers educators and administrators of ESL university college and literacy programs around the world.

This volume includes a selection of papers that address a wide range of acquisition phenomena from different Romance languages and all share a common theoretical approach based on the Principles and Parameters theory. They favour discuss and sometimes challenge traditional explanations of first and second language acquisition in terms of maturation of general principles universal to all languages. They all depart from the view that language acquisition can be explained in terms of learning language specific rules constraints or structures. The different parts into which this volume is organized reflect different approaches that current research has offered which deal with issues of development of reflexive pronouns determiners clitics verbs auxiliaries inflection wh-movement ressumptive pronouns topic and focus mood the syntax/discourse interface and null arguments.

This introduction to neurolinguistics is intended for anybody who wants to acquire a grounding in the field. It was written for students of linguistics and communication disorders but students of psychology neuroscience and other disciplines will also find it valuable. The introductory section presents the theories models and frameworks underlying modern neurolinguistics. Then the neurolinguistic aspects of different components of language – phonology morphology lexical semantics and semantics-pragmatics in communication – are discussed. The third section examines reading and writing bilingualism the evolution of language and multimodality. The book also contains three resource chapters one on techniques for investigating the brain another on modeling brain functions and a third that introduces the basic concepts of neuroanatomy and neurophysiology. This text provides an up-to-date linguistic perspective with a special focus on semantics and pragmatics evolutionary perspectives neural network modeling and multimodality areas that have been less central in earlier introductory works.

Advice Online presents a comprehensive study of advice-giving in one particular American Internet advice column referred to as ‘Lucy Answers’. The discursive practice investigated is part of a professional and educational health program managed by an American university. The study provides insights into the linguistic realization of both asking for and giving advice in a written form and thus adds to the literature on advice columns as a specific text genre on advice in health care contexts and on Internet communication. The book offers a comprehensive literature review of advice in health encounters and other contexts and uses this knowledge as a basis for comparison. Advice Online demonstrates how qualitative and quantitative research methods can be successfully combined to arrive at a comprehensive analysis of a discursive practice. It provides essential information on advice-giving for researchers academics and students in the fields of (Internet) communication media studies pragmatics social psychology and counseling. Health educators who work for advice columns or use similar forms of communication will also benefit from the insights gained in this study.

This book discusses the historical record of the idea that language is associated with national identity demonstrating that different applications of this idea have consistently produced certain types of results. Nationalist movements aimed at ‘unification’ based upon languages which vary greatly at the spoken level e.g. German Italian Pan-Turkish and Arabic have been associated with aggression fascism and genocide while those based upon relatively homogeneous spoken languages e.g. Czech Norwegian and Ukrainian have resulted in national liberation and international stability. It is also shown that religion can be more important to national identity than language but only for religious groups which were understood in premodern times to be national rather than universal or doctrinal e.g. Jews Armenians Maronites Serbs Dutch and English; this is demonstrated with discussions of the Holocaust the Armenian Genocide the civil war in Lebanon and the breakup of Yugoslavia the United Netherlands and the United Kingdom.

What’s new in Translation Studies? In offering a critical assessment of recent developments in the young discipline this book sets out to provide an answer as seen from a European perspective today. Many “new” ideas actually go back well into the past and the German Romantic Age proves to be the starting-point. The main focus lies however on the last 20 years and beginning with the cultural turn of the 1980s the study traces what have turned out since then to be ground-breaking contributions (new paradigms) as against what was only a change in position on already established territory (shifting viewpoints). Topics of the 1990s include nonverbal communication gender-based Translation Studies stage translation new fields of interpreting studies and the effects of new technologies and globalization (including the increasingly dominant role of English). The author’s aim is to stimulate discussion and provoke further debate on the current profile and future perspectives of Translation Studies.

This study aims to give a systematic and comprehensive description of the constructions involved in three important types of alternation: the locative alternation which is by far the most researched of the three the image impression alternation and the material/product alternation. The author looks at the constructions as part of alternation but also looks beyond the alternations and analyzes and describes the constructions in their own right. They are analyzed as three-participant constructions with relational complements construing causation of the three main subtypes of relations namely intensive circumstantial and possessive relations. Particular attention is paid to the concept of holicity to the status of the prepositional phrase and to collocational properties which play a key role in the decision as to which alternate should be regarded as the unmarked one within its construction paradigm. The approach taken is inspired by systemic functional grammar and can broadly be characterized as cognitive-functional.

The total body of papers presented in this volume captures research across a variety of languages and language groups to show how particular elements of linguistic description draw on otherwise separate aspects (or fields) of linguistic investigation. As such this volume captures a diversity of research interest from the field of cognitive linguistics. These areas include: lexical semantics cognitive grammar metaphor prototypes pragmatics narrative and discourse computational and translation models; and are considered within the contexts of: language change child language acquisition language and culture grammatical features and word order and gesture. Despite possible differences in philosophical approach to the role of language in cognitive tasks these papers are similar in a fundamental way: they all share a commitment to the view that human categorization involves mental concepts that have fuzzy boundaries and are culturally and situation-based.

This monograph provides a micro-analytic description of instances of requests in everyday German conversation. Using the framework of CA the study systematically analyzes the grammatical and syntactical structure of the request-turn and its response and of the conversational exchanges before and within the request base sequence and the placement of the request sequence within the larger social interaction. Through an empirical analysis of individual cases of request sequences in German the monograph describes in detail: (a) how speakers employ grammar and syntax as resources to construct turns at talk and accomplish the social action of request; (b) how speakers use grammatical and syntactical forms of the language to coordinate the production of the social action of requests; (c) how speakers use grammar and syntax as interactional resources to manage affiliative and remedial work (i.e. face work) when performing delicate social actions such as requests; and (d) how the context of the request activity impacts the grammatical and syntactical constructions of speakers’ utterances. Additionally the monograph demonstrates that both the grammatical construction of turns and their placement within the talk are oriented to the sequential context of the interaction.

This volume presents the first collection of work on research synthesis in applied linguistics. It introduces readers­ ­to a cutting-edge approach for reviewing and summarizing exactly what accumulated research has to say about theoretical and practical subjects. John Norris and Lourdes Ortega first elucidate the value and practice of synthesis and they challenge all members of the research community to adopt a “synthetic ethic”. The book then features seven empirical syntheses each modeling rigorous synthetic practice in definitively reviewing the state of knowledge and research quality in important domains. Included are five meta-analyses on: Universal Grammar; Task-Based Interaction; Corrective Feedback; Instructed Pragmatics Development; and Reading Strategy Training. Also included are a qualitative meta-synthesis on Effective Teaching for English Language Learners and a historiographical synthesis of Proficiency Assessment practices. Rounding out the collection are commentaries by two renowned experts in language learning and teaching research: Nick Ellis and Craig Chaudron.

This book challenges two tacit presumptions in the field of intercultural communication research. Firstly misunderstandings can frequently be found in intercultural communication although one could not claim that intercultural communication is constituted by misunderstandings alone. This volume shows how new perspectives on linguistic analyses of intercultural communication go beyond the analysis of misunderstanding. Secondly intercultural communication is not solely constituted by the fact that individuals from different cultural groups interact. Each contribution of this volume analyses to what extent instances of discourse are institutionally and/or interculturally determined. These linguistic reflections involve different theoretical frameworks e.g. functional grammar systemic functional linguistics functional pragmatics rhetorical conversation analysis ethno-methodological conversation analysis linguistic an­thro­­pology and a critical discourse approach. As the contributions focus on the discourse of genetic counseling gate-keeping discourse international team co-operation international business communication workplace discourse internet communication and lamentation discourse the book exemplifies that the analysis of intercultural communication is organized in response to social needs and therefore may contribute to the social justification of linguistics.

Recent research in information and document design explores research by presenting reports of actual research studies in information and document design. It specifically reports on ten studies in the areas of marketing communication (part one) functional communication (part two) and online communication (part three). An introduction places the research into a broader context and explores the different research traditions in the field. This publication is intended for researchers who consider the different areas of study in information and document design and the different research traditions. The book is also interesting for professors and students in information and document design and related fields: it will serve as a guide in discussions during seminars on research on information and document design. Experienced practicing professionals in the field who want to keep abreast of current developments in the field and should be prepared for upcoming ones will benefit from this publication too.

This book focuses on the translation of English academic texts into German closely analysing the structural and discourse properties of original sentences and their possible translations. It consists of six chapters with more than a hundred carefully discussed examples and presents the author’s results of a series of research projects which have successively dealt with the typologically determined conditions for discourse-appropriate uses of word order case voice (perspective) and structural explicitness in simple and complex sentences or sequences of sentences. The theoretical and methodological assumptions of the book follow a basically generative approach in studying the interaction between semantic-pragmatic and phonological-syntactic properties of the linguistic forms as they are involved in the perception of written language. The linguistic and psycholinguistic models accessed are also introduced in detail to promote comprehension for the interested reader with an alternative theoretical background whether scholar student or translator.

This volume provides a state-of-the-art account of research into datives and other morphological cases. The contributors among them leading scholars in the field present fresh insights into traditional issues such as the dichotomy between lexical and structural case and open up fascinating new areas of research. A recurrent feature of the majority of contributions is their combined syntax-semantics perspective. Germanic varieties Serbian Albanian and other Balkan languages alongside Chinese Japanese Tagalog are discussed from various theoretical angles such as mainstream generativism lexical-functional grammar and functional typology. Despite the broad range of facts spanning the distance between acquisition data and dialectology the papers are connected by a renewed interest in form-function correspondencies. This volume will be welcomed by theoretical linguists and typologists with an interest in argument and event structure linguists studying the case systems of individual languages and researchers in search for up-to-date discussion of Germanic datives.

This book revisits the theoretical and psycholinguistic controversies centred around the intriguing nature of idioms and proposes a more systematic cognitive-linguistic model of their grammatical status and use. Whenever speakers vary idioms in actual discourse they open a linguistic window into idiomatic creativity – the complex cognitive processing and representation of these heterogeneous linguistic constructions. Idiomatic creativity therefore raises two challenging questions: What are the cognitive mechanisms that underlie and shape idiom-representation? How do these mechanisms define the scope and limits of systematic idiom-variation in actual discourse? The book approaches these problems by means of a comprehensive cognitive-linguistic architecture of meaning and language and analyses them on the basis of corpus-data from the British National Corpus (BNC). Therefore Idiomatic Creativity should be of great interest to cognitive linguists phraseologists corpus linguists advanced students of linguistics and all readers who are interested in the fascinating interplay of language and cognitive processing.This book has a companion website: www.idiomatic-creativity.ch.

The status of agreement is a core issue in current morphological and syntactic theory. The collection of papers in this volume focuses on important issues such as the nature of the relation between syntax and morphology in determining agreement relations; whether and which syntactic configurations are relevant for determining agreement; the relevance of verbal agreement for the purposes of EPP; the inquiry into the existence of connections between verbal and DP-internal agreement; on the morphological and syntactic distinction of person number and gender agreement; how and why AGREE and Spechead relations trigger different agreement effects; and the type of relation that exists between head-movement and morphological agreement. The data collected come from a wide variety of languages and the studies presented discuss innovative and thought-provoking ideas for dealing with agreement phenomena.

The focus of this collection is on important themes in L2 acquisition the nature of grammatical systems developed by language learners in L1 acquisition third language acquisition and bilingualism and language attrition. The chapters present an interesting mix of theoretical contributions overview studies and experimental designs exploring various research questions such as learnability and access to UG L1 influence the nature of initial and endstate grammars and variability. The linguistic domains investigated are also extremely diverse: morphosyntax phonology the lexicon argument realization language processing and interface phenomena. This book edited and written by McGill University alumni is intended as a tribute to Lydia White's contribution to the field of generative second language acquisition. The authors present current work on language acquisition which further investigates several themes developed by White's research. Through these state-of-the-art contributions the reader will be able to identify important new directions in which generative language acquisition is developing and expanding.

Textual Patterns introduces corpus resources tools and analytic frameworks of central relevance to language teachers and teacher educators. Specifically it shows how key word analysis combined with the systematic study of vocabulary and genre can form the basis for a corpus informed approach to language teaching. The first part of the book gives the reader a strong grounding in the way in which language teachers can use corpus analysis tools (wordlists concordances key words) to describe language patterns in general and text patterns in particular. The second section presents a series of case studies which show how a key word / corpus informed approach to language education can work in practice. The case studies include: General language education (i.e. students in national education systems and those following international examination programmes) foreign languages for academic purposes literature in language education business and professional communication and cultural studies in language education.

While ideology has been treated widely in CDA-literature the role played by the interaction of text and image in multiplying meaning and furthering ideological stances has not so far received a lot of attention. Mediating Ideology in Text and Image offers a number of approaches to such analysis offering students and academics valuable tools for identifying possible discrepancies between the world and the way it is represented through various mediational means. The authors’ common aim is one of assisting the audience in reading between the lines thus offering a variety of approaches that may contribute to a better understanding of how ideologies possibly work and how they may be denaturalised from text and image. The articles in part I look at rhetorical strategies used in meaning construction processes unfolding in various kinds of mass media. Part II focuses on the re-semiotization of meaning and looks at how analysing the combination of text and image may contribute to a better understanding of ideological processes brought about by multimodal resources. Foreword by Ruth Wodak.

Aristoteles’ De Anima ist einer der zentralen Texte der Philosophiegeschichte. Seine grundlegende Leistung liegt in der alle Lebewesen umfassenden ontologisch-ontischen Bestimmung der Seele und ihrer Vermögen einschließlich der Lehre vom Geist (nous) deren nähere Explikation seit der Antike Anlaß zu vielfältigen Diskussionen gab. Die vorliegende Studie ermittelt unter Rückgriff auf die traditionellen Schulen des Alexandrismus Neuplatonismus Averroismus und Thomismus diejenigen mannigfaltigen philosophischen und theologischen Konstellationen des 16. und 17. Jh.s die von innerkatholischen wie interkonfessionellen Auseinandersetzungen zwischen Katholiken Lutheranern und Calvinisten geprägt waren. Unter diesem Gesichtspunkt werden die entsprechenden Werke der Reformatoren Luther und Melanchthon der Renaissance-Aristoteliker Portio Toletus Zabarella und die Conimbrincenser sowie die hier erstmals berücksichtigten Schriften der lutherischen und calvinistischen Schulphilosophen des 17. Jh.s. interpretiert.





Aristotle’s On the soul is one of the most important books in the history of philosophy. Its fundamental achievement is based on the ontological-ontical definition of the soul and its virtues which embrace all living beings including the doctrine of the mind (nous) and whose further explication has been interpreted controversially since antiquity. With respect to the traditional schools of Alexandrism Neoplatonism Averroism and Thomism the present study studies the various philosophical and theological constellations of the 16th and 17th century which were determined by the intracatholical as well as by the interdenominational controversies between the Catholics Lutherans and Calvinists. From this point of view the works of Luther and Melanchthon of the Renaissance-Aristotelians Portio Toletus Zabarella and the Conimbricenses as well as the works of the Lutheran and Calvinistic Philosophers of the 17th century are interpreted these last ones being taken into consideration here for the first time.

Then follow interpretations of some of the main philosophical concepts of Aristotle’s De Anima in the 16th and 17th century namely the Protestant Aristotelianism of Luther (1483–1546) and Melanchthon (1497–1560) the ‘Second Scholastic’ of the Jesuits Toletus (1532–1596) and Emmanul de Goes the Natural Philosophy of Portio (1496–1554) and Zabarella (1533–1589) and at least the New Protestant Aristotelianism of Martini (1570-1649) Evenius (1585/9–1639) Scheibler (1589–1653) Leuschner (1589–1641) and Dannhauer (1603–1666) at the Lutheran Universities in Germany in the early 17th century.

Modeling of linguistic knowledge generally involves the compartmentalization of grammar into phonological morphological lexical syntactic semantic and pragmatic components. These components are not isolated but interacting components. It is the resulting interfaces between grammatical components that forms the main topic of this volume discussed from the perspective of bilingual L1 acquisition in early childhood and L2 in adulthood as well as L1/L2 in late childhood. The book contains ten contributions by members of the Research Center on Multilingualism at the University of Hamburg and by other international scholars all of them experts on multilingualism. Several pairs of languages are dealt with among them Spanish and German Mandarin and English French and German Italian and German Turkish and English Turkish and German Dutch and Turkish as well as Spoken German and German Sign language. Throughout the volume the central issue is that of representation at the interface of grammatical components.

The main focus of generative language development research in recent decades has been the logical problem of language acquisition - how learners go beyond the input to acquire complex linguistic knowledge. This collection deals with the complementary issue of the developmental problem of language acquisition: How do learners move from one developmental stage to another and how and why do grammars develop in a certain fashion? Building on considerable previous research the authors address both general and specific issues related to paths of development. These issues are tackled through considering studies of L1 and L2 children and L2 adults learning a range of languages including Dutch English French German Greek and Japanese.

This book endorses Coleridge's statement: "nothing can permanently please which does not contain in itself the reason why it is so". It conceives 'Kubla Khan' as of a hypnotic poem in which the "obtrusive rhythms" produce a hypnotic emotionally heightened response giving false security to the "Platonic Censor" so that our imagination is left free to explore higher levels of uncertainty. Critics intolerant of uncertainty tend to account for the poem's effect by extraneous background information. The book consists of three parts employing different research methods. Part One is speculative and discusses three aspects of a complex aesthetic event: the verbal structure of 'Kubla Khan' validity in interpretation and the influence of the critic's decision style on his critical decisions. The other two parts are empirical. Part Two explores reader response to gestalt qualities of rhyme patterns and hypnotic poems in perspective of decision style and professional training. Part Three submits four recordings of the poem by leading British actors to instrumental investigation.

This book presents a comprehensive account of quantifier scope in German. The author investigates scope behavior of ordinary quantifiers and negative adverbial interrogative relative and particle quantifiers. The areas which are dealt with include: relative scope in simple sentences absolute and relative scope in complex sentences noun-phrase internal scope and scope behavior of indefinite noun phrases. A theory of explicit and implicit quantification is proposed and a uniform process of scope determination is sketched which encompasses the scope of explicit as well as implicit quantifiers. Quantifier scope is a challenge to linguistic theory as it is a phenomenon which is determined by the interplay of diverse syntactic and semantic factors which interact in a weighted and cumulative way. The factors' interplay is part of the syntax/semantics-interface i.e. the constraints relating syntax and semantics which are considered to be relatively autonomous parallel levels connected by an interface of correspondence constraints.

This monograph proposes a minimalist phase-based approach to the derivation of coordinate structures utilizing the operations Copy and Match to account for both the symmetries and asymmetries of coordination. Data are drawn primarily from English German and Dutch. The basic assumptions are that all coordinate structures are symmetric to some degree (in contrast to parasitic gap and many verb phrase ellipsis constructions) and these symmetries especially with ellipsis allow syntactic derivations to utilize Copy and Match in interface with active memory for economizing with gaps and assuring clarity of interpretation. With derivations operating at the feature level troublesome properties of coordinate structures such as cross-categorial and non-constituent coordination violations of the Coordinate Structure Constraint as well as coordinate ellipsis (Gapping RNR Left-Edge Ellipsis) are accounted for without separate mechanisms or conditions applicable only to coordinate structures. The proposal provides support for central assumptions about the structure of West Germanic.