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This volume offers a synthetic approach to language variation and language ideologies in multilingual communities. Although the vast majority of the world’s speech communities are multilingual much of sociolinguistics ignores this internal diversity. This volume fills this gap investigating social and linguistic dimensions of variation and change in multilingual communities. Drawing on research in a wide range of countries (Canada USA South Africa Australia Papua New Guinea Solomon Islands Vanuatu) it explores: connections between the fields of creolistics language/dialect contact and language acquisition; how the study of variation and change particularly in cases of additive bilingualism is central to understanding social and linguistic issues in multilingual communities; how changing language ideologies and changing demographics influence language choice and/or language policy and the pivotal place of multilingualism in enacting social power and authority and a rich array of new empirical findings on the dynamics of multilingual speech communities.

Age effects have played a particularly prominent role in some theoretical perspectives on second language acquisition. This book takes an entirely new perspective on this issue by re-examining these theories in light of the existence of apparently similar non-native outcomes in adult heritage speakers who unlike adult second language learners acquired two or more languages in childhood. Despite having been exposed to their family language early in life many of these speakers never fully acquire or later lose aspects of their first language sometime in childhood. The book examines the structural characteristics of "incomplete" grammatical states and highlights how age of acquisition is related to the type of linguistic knowledge and behavior that emerges in L1 and L2 acquisition under different environmental circumstances. By underscoring age of acquisition as a unifying factor in the study of L2 acquisition and L1 attrition it is claimed that just as there are age effects in L2 acquisition there are also age effects or even perhaps a critical period in L1 attrition. The book covers adult L2 acquisition attrition in adults and in children and includes a comparison of adult heritage language speakers and second language learners.

After the many interdisciplinary perspectives on nonverbal communication offered by the author in his previous seven John Benjamins books which have generated a wide range of scholarly applications the present monograph is dominated by a very broad concept of translation. This treatment of translation includes theater and cinema (enriching our intellectual-sensorial experience of both 'reading act' and 'viewing act') and offers among other topics: sensorial-intellectual-emotional pre- and post-reading interactions with books; mute or audible 'oralization' of texts; the translator's linguistic and nonverbal-cultural fluency and implicit textual paralanguage and kinesics; translating functions of pictorial illustrations; the blind's text and film perception; the foreign reader's cultural background and circumstances; theater and cinema spectators' total sensory-intellectual experience of plays and films beyond staging or projection; the multiple interrelationships between cinema and theater performers spectators and their environments of special interest to all those involved in the theater; and the translator's challenging textual perception of sounds and movements. Over 800 literary quotations and two virtually exhaustive English inventories of sound- and movement-denoting words with many examples offer serious students of translation language or literature a rich reference and drill source.

This volume represents part of an unprecedented and still growing effort to advance coordinate and disseminate the scientific documentation of endangered languages. As the pace of language extinction increases linguists and native communities are accelerating their efforts to speak remember record analyze and archive as much as possible of our common human heritage that is linguistic diversity. The window of opportunity for documentation is narrower than the actual lifetime of a language and is now rapidly closing for many languages represented in this volume. The authors of these papers unveil newly collected data from previously poorly known and endangered languages. They organize highly complex linguistic facts­ - paradigms affixes vowel patterns­ - while pointing out the theoretically challenging aspects of these. Beyond this they reflect on the social and human dimensions discussing particular problems of nostalgia and modernity memory and forgetting and obsolescence and ethics while viewing language as not merely data on a page but as a living creation in the minds and mouths of its speakers.

Constructing the Self analyzes the narrative conception of self filling a serious gap in philosophy and grounding discussion in other disciplines. It answers the questions:

• What are the connections between our interpretations selfhood and conscious phenomenal experience?







• Why do we believe that our interpretations of our life-defining events are narrative in nature?







• From the myriad of thoughts actions and emotions which constitute our experiences how do we choose what is interpretively important the tiny subset that composes the self?







By synthesizing the different approaches to understanding the self from philosophy of mind developmental psychology psychopathology and cognitive science this monograph gives us deeper insight into what being minded being a person and having a self are as well as clarifies the difference and relation between conscious and unconscious mental states and normal and abnormal minds. The explication also affords new perspectives on human development and human emotion. (Series A)

This study offers a Construction Grammar approach to the historical development and modern usage of future constructions in English German Dutch Danish and Swedish. On the basis of corpus data constructions such as English be going to or German werden are analyzed as symbolic units that convey a range of temporal and modal meanings. A special focus lies on the main verbs that occur with these constructions. Statistical co-occurrence patterns between constructions and lexical items guide the semantic analyses in this study: It is argued that a construction that conventionally occurs with main verbs such as write or speak differs functionally from a construction that typically occurs with verbs such as rain or increase. The same approach is also applied historically: If a construction co-occurs with different main verbs at subsequent stages in time this is seen as a sign of semantic change.

This new volume on language contact and contact languages presents cutting-edge research by distinguished scholars in the field as well as by highly talented newcomers. It has two principal aims: to analyze language contact from different perspectives – notably those of language typology diachronic linguistics language acquisition and translation studies; and to describe explain and elaborate on universal constraints on language contact. The individual chapters offer systematic comparisons of a wealth of contact situations and the book as a whole makes a valuable contribution to deepening our understanding of contact-induced language change. With its broad approach this work will be welcomed by scholars of many different persuasions.

While complementing other volumes in the BTL series in its exploration of the state of the art of translator training this collection of essays is solely focused on audiovisual translation one of the most complex and dynamic areas of the translation discipline. The book offers an easily accessible yet comprehensive introduction to the fascinating subject of translating films video games and other audiovisual material. Offering a balance between theory and practice the main aim of this volume is to provide a wealth of teaching and learning ideas in areas such as subtitling dubbing and voice-over without forgetting the newer fields of subtitling for the deaf and audio description for the blind. The Didactics of Audiovisual Translation offers exercises and more on a companion website highlighting its fundamentally interactive approach and the activities proposed can be adapted to different learning environments and used with different language combinations: https://benjamins.com/sites/btl.77

Over the past decade interest in research on screen translation has increased sharply while at the same time fast moving technological breakthroughs are continually modifying and renewing both products and well-established methods of linguistic mediation. Thus as more scholars choose to devote their energies to investigating this multi-faceted field there is an ever-growing need to map out where the discipline stands and where it is going in terms of research.

This book sets out to establish the state of the art of this ever expanding field and at the same time to underscore the work of scholars following new paths of investigation both in terms of innovative linguistic mediations being examined and pioneering experimental design.

The volume includes descriptions of sophisticated electronic databases and corpora of audiovisual products for the big and small screen and the rationale behind them e.g. how they are created and programmed for querying; technical limitations; homogeneity in querying languages. Furthermore Between Text and Image also includes a number of cutting edge studies in audience perception of audiovisual products i.e. empirically based viewer centred studies which are still rare yet essential if we wish to gain a thorough understanding of the field.

Finally the volume does not fail to ignore examples of original research carried out from both a traditional linguistic viewpoint and from a more cultural perspective.

The papers collected in this volume were first presented at the 14th International Conference on English Historical Linguistics (Bergamo 2006). Alongside studies of syntax morphology and dialectology published in two sister volumes many innovative contributions focused on semantics pragmatics and register variation. A rich variety of state-of-the-art studies and plenary lectures by acknowledged world experts in the field bears witness to the quality of the scholarly interest in this field of research. In all the contributions well-established methods combine with new theoretical approaches in an attempt to shed more light on phenomena that have hitherto remained unexplored or have only just begun to be investigated. The accurate peer-reviewed selection ensures the methodological homogeneity of the papers.