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Almost four decades have passed since Formal Grammars first appeared in 1974. At that time it was still possible to rather comprehensively review for (psycho)linguists the relevant literature on the theory of formal languages and automata on their applications in linguistic theory and in the psychology of language. That is no longer feasible. In all three areas developments have been substantial if not breathtaking. Nowadays an interested linguist or psycholinguist opening any text on formal languages can no longer see the wood for the trees as it is by no means evident which formal mathematical tools are really required for natural language applications. An historical perspective can be helpful here. There are paths through the wood that have been beaten since decades; they can still provide useful orientation. The origins of these paths can be traced in the three volumes of Formal Grammars brought together in the present re-edition. In a newly added postscript the author has sketched what has become after all these years of formal grammars in linguistics and psycholinguistics or at least some of the core developments. This chapter may provide further motivation for the reader to make a trip back to some of the historical sources.

This volume presents a collection of specially commissioned papers devoted to analyzing the linguistics of Modern Hebrew from a number of perspectives. Various aspects of Modern Hebrew grammar are discussed including the structure of the lexicon grammatical features and inflectional morphology as well as the grammaticalization of semantic and pragmatic distinctions. The psycholinguistic issues addressed include the acquisition of morphological knowledge the pro-drop parameter and question formation as well as language use in hearing-impaired native speakers. The collection of these papers together in a single volume allows these phenomena to be considered not in isolation but in the context of the grammatical system of which the language is an expression. As a consequence more general issues connected to Modern Hebrew begin to emerge such as the role of the inflectional morphological system in the grammar and a rich set of facts and analyses relevant for many related issues are made available to the reader.

This innovative and interdisciplinary book on style shifting in Japanese brings together a wide range of perspectives and methodologies—including discourse analysis sociolinguistics cognitive linguistics and functional linguistics—to look at a variety of types of style shifting in both spoken and written Japanese discourse. Though diverse in approach the contributions all reflect the belief that language use is inextricably linked to both context and language structure in mutually constitutive relationships. Topics covered include shifting between "polite" and "plain" styles the emergence of a "semi-polite" style speakers' strategic use of gendered styles or regional dialects shifting between different deictic expressions and prosodic shifting. This careful and detailed examination advances our understanding of the complex phenomenon of style shifting not only in Japanese but also more generally and will be of interest to researchers and students in fields such as linguistics linguistic anthropology communication studies and second language acquisition and teaching.

Our species has been a maker and user of tools for over two million years but "cognitive technology" began with language. Cognition is thinking and thinking has been "distributed" for at least the two hundred millennia that we have been using speech to interact and collaborate allowing us to do collectively far more than any of us could have done individually. The invention of writing six millennia ago and print six centuries ago has distributed cognition still more widely and quickly among people as well as their texts. But in recent decades something radically new has been happening: Advanced cognitive technologies especially computers and the Worldwide Web are beginning to redistribute cognition in unprecedented ways not only among people and static texts but among people and dynamical machines. This not only makes possible new forms of human collaboration but new forms of cognition. This book examines the nature and prospects of distributed cognition providing a conceptual framework for understanding it and showcasing case studies of its development. This volume was originally published as a Special Issue of Pragmatics & Cognition (14:2 2006).

Iconicity and naturalness remain controversial concepts in recent linguistic research. The present volume aims to scrutinize unresolved issues of iconicity and naturalness in language. The studies discuss topics such as naturalism in the philosophy of language and the epistemology of linguistics linguistic iconicity in semiotics iconic structures in Sign Languages natural and unnatural sound patterns the iconic nature of parts of speech the relation between (un)markedness and naturalness and lexical and syntactic iconicity. The research conducted is based on sound (meta)theoretical analyses and/or original empirical research. The data and innovative views presented are bound to spark discussion in an age-old debate that has lost nothing of its significance.

The book is the first to apply David Brazil’s Discourse Intonation systems (prominence tone key and termination) to the study of a corpus of authentic naturally-occurring spoken discourses. The Hong Kong Corpus of Spoken English (prosodic) is made up of approximately one million words consisting of four sub-corpora of equal size namely academic conversation business and public. The participants are all adults and typically have either Cantonese or English as their first language. The four Discourse Intonation systems are described in terms of how the system works and how they are manifested in the corpus both across the sub-corpora and also across speakers in the corpus. The book is accompanied with a CD containing the prosodically transcribed corpus together with iConc which is the software designed and written specifically to interrogate the HKCSE (prosodic). The issues raised and discussed are all of importance in Conversation Analysis Corpus Linguistics Discourse Analysis Discourse Intonation Pragmatics and Intercultural Communication.

Variability is characteristic of any living language. This volume approaches the ‘life cycle’ of linguistic variability in English using data sources that range from electronic corpora to the internet. In the spirit of the 1968 Weinreich Labov and Herzog classic the fifteen contributions divide into three sections each highlighting different stages in the dynamics of English across time and space. They show first how increase in variability can be initiated by processes that give rise to new patterns of discourse which can ultimately crystallize into new grammatical elements. The next phase is the spread of linguistic features and patterns of discourse both new and well established through the social and regional varieties of English. The final phase in this ebb and flow of linguistic variability consists of processes promoting some variable features over others across registers and regional and social varieties thus resulting in reduced variation and increased linguistic homogeneity.

This is a collection of state-of-the-art papers in the field of syntactic reconstruction. It treats a range of topics which are representative of current debates in historical syntax. The novelty and merit of the present book is the editors believe that in contrast to most previous work on diachronic syntax it combines the perspectives of the traditional philological research on syntactic reconstruction with the insights of modern syntactic theory as it is emphasised in the Foreword by Giuseppe Longobardi. The volume includes articles by well-recognized researchers in historical linguistics with a focus on syntactic change. In the present volume syntactic reconstruction is discussed from a variety of angles including historical linguistics phenomena of language contact generative approaches as well as typological and variationist research. In the articles languages from a diverse range of families are discussed including Indo-European North and South Caucasian Sino-Tibetan and Turkic.

Displacement is a fundamental property of grammar. Typically when an occurrence moves it is pronounced in only one environment. This was previously viewed as a primitive/irreducible property of grammar. Recent work however suggests that it follows from principled interactions between the syntactic and phonological components of grammar. As such the phonetic character of movement chains can be seen as both a reflection of and probe into the syntax-phonology interface. This volume deals with repetition an atypical outcome of movement operations in which displaced elements are pronounced multiple times. Although cross-linguistically rare the phenomenon obtains robustly in Nupe a Benue-Congo language of Nigeria. Repetition raises a tension of the descriptive-explanatory variety. In order to achieve both measures of adequacy movement theory must be supplemented with an account of the conditions that drive and constrain multiple pronunciation. This book catalogs these conditions bringing to light a number of undocumented aspects of Nupe grammar.

Animated interactive characters and robots that are able to function in human social environments are being developed by a large number of research groups worldwide. Emotional expression as a key element of human social interaction and communication is often added in an attempt to make them appear more natural to us. How can such artefacts be given emotional displays that are believable and acceptable to humans? This is the central question of Animating Expressive Characters for Social Interaction.

The ability to express and recognize emotions is a fundamental aspect of social interaction. Not only is it a central research question it has been explored in animated films dance and other expressive arts for a much longer period. This book is unique in presenting a multi-disciplinary approach to animation in its broadest sense: from internal mechanisms to external displays not only from a graphical perspective but more generally examining how to give characters an “anima” so that they appear as life-like entities and social partners to humans. (Series B)

This book is the result of a joint project on lexical and semantic typology which gathered together field linguists semanticists cognitivists typologists and an NLP specialist. These cross-linguistic studies concern semantic shifts at large both synchronic and diachronic: the outcome of polysemy heterosemy or semantic change at the lexical level. The first part presents a comprehensive state of the art of a domain typologists have long been reluctant to deal with. Part two focuses on theoretical and methodological approaches: cognition construction grammar graph theory semantic maps and data bases. These studies deal with universals and variation across languages illustrated with numerous examples from different semantic domains and different languages. Part three is dedicated to detailed empirical studies of a large sample of languages in a limited set of semantic fields. It reveals possible universals of semantic association as well as areal and cultural tendencies.

Mental illness is an increasing concern of government health services across the globe. It is timely therefore that community education about mental illness is subject to discourse analysis. Shaping Minds explores how the psychoeducational message is presented to Chinese-speaking audiences in China Taiwan and Australia. The book uniquely examines community education materials in a language rarely examined by discourse analysts but which is nevertheless spoken by around a fifth of the world’s population and constitutes an important ‘minority’ language throughout the Western world. The book identifies the discursive features that characterise the Chinese-language texts and analyses them cross-culturally highlighting the impact of cultural traditions political systems and dominant conceptions of society. These insights into how Chinese-language community health pamphlets and handbooks are positioned to shape the minds of readers will engage both discourse analysts and mental health professionals providing services to Chinese-speaking communities across the globe.

Language Resources (LRs) are sets of language data and descriptions in machine readable form such as written and spoken language corpora terminological databases computational lexica and dictionaries and linguistic software tools. Over the past few decades mainly within research environments LRs have been specifically used to create optimise or evaluate natural language processing (NLP) and human language technologies (HLT) applications including translation-related technologies. Gradually the infrastructures and exploitation tools of LRs are being perceived as core resources in the language services industries and in localisation production settings. However some efforts ought yet to be made to raise further awareness about LRs in general and LRs for translation and localisation in particular to a wider audience in all corners of the world. Topics in Language Resources for Translation and Localisation sets out to establish the state of the art of this ever expanding field and underscores the usefulness that LRs can potentially have in the process of creating adapting managing standardising and leveraging content for more than one language and culture from various perspectives.

Robert Bran­dom’s Making it Explicit (1994) marks a Copernican turn in the philosophy of mind and language as this collection of critical essays together with Brandom’s enlightening answers convincingly shows. Though faithful to Witt­genstein’s prag­ma­tic turn in spirit Brandom gives a systematic account of human sapience as a whole – by grounding our relation to the world by words on our discursive practice assessing its nor­mative basis which is instituted by scorekeeping activities and sanctioning attitudes and thus trying to avoid mystifying mentalism as well as dogmatic naturalism in our account of the human spirit. The topics emphasized in this volume concern the place of Brandom’s inferentialist and normative semantics in 20^th century philosophy of language (Frege Carnap Quine) also in comparison to cognitive linguistics (Chomsky) instrumentalist pragmatism and functionalist understanding of the use of signs (Sellars) deflation of intentionality (Brentano) the logical analysis of predicative structures (Kant) the role of constructions for understanding the constitution of objectivity by de-re-ascriptions and the problem of anti-representationalism or how to treat malapropisms (Davidson).This volume was originally published as a Special Issue of Pragmatics & Cognition (13:1 2005)

Studies in French Applied Linguistics invites the reader to adopt a broad perspective on applied linguistics illustrating the fascinating multifaceted work researchers are conducted in so many various inter-connected subfields. The five chapters of the first part are dedicated to the first and second language acquisition of French in various settings: First language acquisition by normal children from a generative perspective and by children with Specific Language Impairment; second language acquisition in Canadian immersion settings from a neurolinguistic approach to phonology and natural language processing and CALL. The six chapters of the second part explore the contribution of French in various subfields of applied linguistics such as an anthropological approach to literacy issues in Guadeloupean Kréyòl literacy issues in new technologies phonological and lexical innovations in the banlieues French in North Africa language planning and policy in Quebec as well as the emerging field of forensic linguistics from an historical perspective.

This monograph provides a micro-analytic description of the structure and communicative use of syntactic pivot constructions in German. Using the methodology of Conversation Analysis this work shows that pivots emerge in interaction in response to local communicative needs.Exclusively found in spoken German pivots allow a speaker to extend an utterance beyond a possible completion point in a syntactically and prosodically unobtrusive way. Speakers utilize this basic property to promote context-specific actions: managing boundaries of speakership bridging sequential and topical junctures and dealing with different types of interactional trouble.<br xmlns="http://pub2web.metastore.ingenta.com/ns/"/>Through a close examination of syntactic pivots as an interactional resource this work shows that spoken linguistic structures can only be fully understood if we acknowledge the temporality of language and view grammar as usage-based and negotiable. This book thus contributes to a growing body of research at the intersection of grammar and interaction.

This interdisciplinary monograph explores the discursive manifestations of the conflict over how to remember and interpret the actions of the military during the last dictatorship in Uruguay (1973-1985). Through the exploration of the discursive ways in which this powerful group represents past events and participants we can trace the ideological struggle over how to reconstruct a traumatic past. By looking at memory as a social and discursive practice the analysis identifies particular semiotic practices and linguistic patterns deployed in the construction of memory. The discursive description of what is remembered how it is remembered and who remembers serves to explain how the institution’s construction of the past is transformed and maintained to respond to outside criticism and create an institutional identity as a lawful state apparatus. This book should interest discourse analysts historians sociologists and researchers in the field of transitional justice.

This volume contains a selection of reviewed and revised papers from the twenty-first Annual Symposium on Arabic Linguistics which was held on March 2–3 2007 at Brigham Young University in Provo Utah. The papers in this volume deal with a variety of topics in Arabic linguistics with a notable number of them emphasizing pragmatic aspects. The papers here included place a high value on the presentation of authentic data and explore different approaches in their analysis.

This new volume of work highlights the distinctiveness of child SLA through a collection of different types of empirical research specific to younger learners. Characteristics of children’s cognitive emotional and social development distinguish their experiences from those of adult L2 learners creating intriguing issues for SLA research and also raising important practical questions regarding effective pedagogical techniques for learners of different ages. While child SLA is often typically thought of as simple (and often enjoyable and universally effortless) in other words as “child’s play” the complex portraits of young second language learners which emerge in the 16 papers collected in this book invite the reader to reconsider the reality for many younger learners. Chapters by internationally renowned authors together with reports by emerging researchers describe second and foreign language learning by children ranging from pre-schoolers to young adolescents in home and school contexts with caregivers peers and teachers as interlocutors.

This volume provides a unique cross-disciplinary perspective on the external ecological and internal psycholinguistic factors that determine sign bilingualism its development and maintenance at the individual and societal levels. Multiple aspects concerning the dynamics of contact situations involving a signed and a spoken or a written language are covered in detail i.e. the development of the languages in bilingual deaf children cross-modal contact phenomena in the productions of child and adult signers sign bilingual education concepts and practices in diverse social contexts deaf educational discourse sign language planning and interpretation. This state-of-the-art collection is enhanced by a final chapter providing a critical appraisal of the major issues emerging from the individual studies in the light of current assumptions in the broader field of contact linguistics. Given the interdependence of research policy and practice the insights gathered in the studies presented are not only of scientific interest but also bear important implications concerning the perception understanding and promotion of bilingualism in deaf individuals whose language acquisition and use have been ignored for a long time at the socio-political and scientific levels.

This volume offers a synthetic approach to language variation and language ideologies in multilingual communities. Although the vast majority of the world’s speech communities are multilingual much of sociolinguistics ignores this internal diversity. This volume fills this gap investigating social and linguistic dimensions of variation and change in multilingual communities. Drawing on research in a wide range of countries (Canada USA South Africa Australia Papua New Guinea Solomon Islands Vanuatu) it explores: connections between the fields of creolistics language/dialect contact and language acquisition; how the study of variation and change particularly in cases of additive bilingualism is central to understanding social and linguistic issues in multilingual communities; how changing language ideologies and changing demographics influence language choice and/or language policy and the pivotal place of multilingualism in enacting social power and authority and a rich array of new empirical findings on the dynamics of multilingual speech communities.

Age effects have played a particularly prominent role in some theoretical perspectives on second language acquisition. This book takes an entirely new perspective on this issue by re-examining these theories in light of the existence of apparently similar non-native outcomes in adult heritage speakers who unlike adult second language learners acquired two or more languages in childhood. Despite having been exposed to their family language early in life many of these speakers never fully acquire or later lose aspects of their first language sometime in childhood. The book examines the structural characteristics of "incomplete" grammatical states and highlights how age of acquisition is related to the type of linguistic knowledge and behavior that emerges in L1 and L2 acquisition under different environmental circumstances. By underscoring age of acquisition as a unifying factor in the study of L2 acquisition and L1 attrition it is claimed that just as there are age effects in L2 acquisition there are also age effects or even perhaps a critical period in L1 attrition. The book covers adult L2 acquisition attrition in adults and in children and includes a comparison of adult heritage language speakers and second language learners.

After the many interdisciplinary perspectives on nonverbal communication offered by the author in his previous seven John Benjamins books which have generated a wide range of scholarly applications the present monograph is dominated by a very broad concept of translation. This treatment of translation includes theater and cinema (enriching our intellectual-sensorial experience of both 'reading act' and 'viewing act') and offers among other topics: sensorial-intellectual-emotional pre- and post-reading interactions with books; mute or audible 'oralization' of texts; the translator's linguistic and nonverbal-cultural fluency and implicit textual paralanguage and kinesics; translating functions of pictorial illustrations; the blind's text and film perception; the foreign reader's cultural background and circumstances; theater and cinema spectators' total sensory-intellectual experience of plays and films beyond staging or projection; the multiple interrelationships between cinema and theater performers spectators and their environments of special interest to all those involved in the theater; and the translator's challenging textual perception of sounds and movements. Over 800 literary quotations and two virtually exhaustive English inventories of sound- and movement-denoting words with many examples offer serious students of translation language or literature a rich reference and drill source.

This volume represents part of an unprecedented and still growing effort to advance coordinate and disseminate the scientific documentation of endangered languages. As the pace of language extinction increases linguists and native communities are accelerating their efforts to speak remember record analyze and archive as much as possible of our common human heritage that is linguistic diversity. The window of opportunity for documentation is narrower than the actual lifetime of a language and is now rapidly closing for many languages represented in this volume. The authors of these papers unveil newly collected data from previously poorly known and endangered languages. They organize highly complex linguistic facts­ - paradigms affixes vowel patterns­ - while pointing out the theoretically challenging aspects of these. Beyond this they reflect on the social and human dimensions discussing particular problems of nostalgia and modernity memory and forgetting and obsolescence and ethics while viewing language as not merely data on a page but as a living creation in the minds and mouths of its speakers.

Constructing the Self analyzes the narrative conception of self filling a serious gap in philosophy and grounding discussion in other disciplines. It answers the questions:

• What are the connections between our interpretations selfhood and conscious phenomenal experience?







• Why do we believe that our interpretations of our life-defining events are narrative in nature?







• From the myriad of thoughts actions and emotions which constitute our experiences how do we choose what is interpretively important the tiny subset that composes the self?







By synthesizing the different approaches to understanding the self from philosophy of mind developmental psychology psychopathology and cognitive science this monograph gives us deeper insight into what being minded being a person and having a self are as well as clarifies the difference and relation between conscious and unconscious mental states and normal and abnormal minds. The explication also affords new perspectives on human development and human emotion. (Series A)

This study offers a Construction Grammar approach to the historical development and modern usage of future constructions in English German Dutch Danish and Swedish. On the basis of corpus data constructions such as English be going to or German werden are analyzed as symbolic units that convey a range of temporal and modal meanings. A special focus lies on the main verbs that occur with these constructions. Statistical co-occurrence patterns between constructions and lexical items guide the semantic analyses in this study: It is argued that a construction that conventionally occurs with main verbs such as write or speak differs functionally from a construction that typically occurs with verbs such as rain or increase. The same approach is also applied historically: If a construction co-occurs with different main verbs at subsequent stages in time this is seen as a sign of semantic change.

This new volume on language contact and contact languages presents cutting-edge research by distinguished scholars in the field as well as by highly talented newcomers. It has two principal aims: to analyze language contact from different perspectives – notably those of language typology diachronic linguistics language acquisition and translation studies; and to describe explain and elaborate on universal constraints on language contact. The individual chapters offer systematic comparisons of a wealth of contact situations and the book as a whole makes a valuable contribution to deepening our understanding of contact-induced language change. With its broad approach this work will be welcomed by scholars of many different persuasions.

While complementing other volumes in the BTL series in its exploration of the state of the art of translator training this collection of essays is solely focused on audiovisual translation one of the most complex and dynamic areas of the translation discipline. The book offers an easily accessible yet comprehensive introduction to the fascinating subject of translating films video games and other audiovisual material. Offering a balance between theory and practice the main aim of this volume is to provide a wealth of teaching and learning ideas in areas such as subtitling dubbing and voice-over without forgetting the newer fields of subtitling for the deaf and audio description for the blind. The Didactics of Audiovisual Translation offers exercises and more on a companion website highlighting its fundamentally interactive approach and the activities proposed can be adapted to different learning environments and used with different language combinations: https://benjamins.com/sites/btl.77

Over the past decade interest in research on screen translation has increased sharply while at the same time fast moving technological breakthroughs are continually modifying and renewing both products and well-established methods of linguistic mediation. Thus as more scholars choose to devote their energies to investigating this multi-faceted field there is an ever-growing need to map out where the discipline stands and where it is going in terms of research.

This book sets out to establish the state of the art of this ever expanding field and at the same time to underscore the work of scholars following new paths of investigation both in terms of innovative linguistic mediations being examined and pioneering experimental design.

The volume includes descriptions of sophisticated electronic databases and corpora of audiovisual products for the big and small screen and the rationale behind them e.g. how they are created and programmed for querying; technical limitations; homogeneity in querying languages. Furthermore Between Text and Image also includes a number of cutting edge studies in audience perception of audiovisual products i.e. empirically based viewer centred studies which are still rare yet essential if we wish to gain a thorough understanding of the field.

Finally the volume does not fail to ignore examples of original research carried out from both a traditional linguistic viewpoint and from a more cultural perspective.

The papers collected in this volume were first presented at the 14th International Conference on English Historical Linguistics (Bergamo 2006). Alongside studies of syntax morphology and dialectology published in two sister volumes many innovative contributions focused on semantics pragmatics and register variation. A rich variety of state-of-the-art studies and plenary lectures by acknowledged world experts in the field bears witness to the quality of the scholarly interest in this field of research. In all the contributions well-established methods combine with new theoretical approaches in an attempt to shed more light on phenomena that have hitherto remained unexplored or have only just begun to be investigated. The accurate peer-reviewed selection ensures the methodological homogeneity of the papers.

The papers collected in this volume were first presented at the 14th International Conference on English Historical Linguistics (Bergamo 2006). Alongside studies of syntax morphology lexis and semantics published in two sister volumes many innovative contributions focused on geo-historical variation in English. A carefully peer-reviewed selection including two plenary lectures appears here in print for the first time bearing witness to the increasing scholarly interest in varieties of English other than so-called ‘standard’ English. In all the contributions well-established methods of historical dialectology combine with new theoretical approaches in an attempt to shed more light on phenomena that have hitherto remained unexplored or have only just begun to be investigated. Perceptual dialectology is also taken into consideration and state-of-the-art tools such as electronic corpora and atlases are employed consistently ensuring the methodological homogeneity of the contributions.

The papers selected for this volume were first presented at the 14th International Conference on English Historical Linguistics (Bergamo 2006). At that important event alongside studies of phonology lexis semantics and dialectology (presented in two companion volumes in this series) many innovative contributions focused on syntax and morphology. A carefully peer-reviewed selection including one of the plenary lectures appears here in print for the first time bearing witness to the quality of the scholarly interest in this field of research. In all the contributions well-established methods combine with new theoretical approaches in an attempt to shed more light on phenomena that have hitherto remained unexplored or have only just begun to be investigated. State-of-the-art tools such as electronic corpora and concordancing software are employed consistently ensuring a methodological homogeneity of the contributions.

This volume brings together scholars of diverse theoretical persuasions who all share an interest in capturing the role that nominal determination and reference assignment play in the complicated interplay between thought language and communication. The articles can be divided roughly into five main areas of concern: the conceptual level of determination; the emergence and function of articles; their semantic contribution to nominal interpretation; the morphology and syntax of determiners; and the interplay and contrasts between articles demonstratives and possessives. Thus linguistic and philosophical issues in the subject field of nominal determination are addressed at all interface levels between morphology syntax semantics and pragmatics. This volume shows that different theoretical frameworks may be brought fruitfully together in the effort to formulate new analyses of well-known problems but also to raise new questions and point to new areas which may prove interesting topics for future research both in functional and formal paradigms.

The Bologna Reform has been implemented in a large part of the European Union and it is time to take a short pause to reflect over some of the lessons learned up to now. The aim of this book is to share experiences and reflections on English for Specific Purposes pedagogy in Western European higher education. Taking as a starting point the development of the EU policies during the past couple of decades and their national implementations the chapters in this book provide various perspectives both theoretical and practical on the ways in which the reform has been implemented and its effects on the teaching of ESP. Experiences of developing programmes and courses incorporating Content and Language Integrated Learning and Autonomous and Lifelong Learning are described as well as Problem-Based Learning and Process-Genre Pedagogies. The book also includes chapters on the crucial but often neglected issue of teacher support in meeting the challenges of teaching content through the medium of English.

The Permanent International Committee of Linguists (Comité International Permanent des Linguistes CIPL) has organized the 18th Congress of Linguists in Seoul (July 21-26 2008) in close collaboration with the Linguistic Society of Korea. In this book one finds the invited talks which address hot topics in various subdisciplines presented by outstanding and internationally well known experts. In addition the state-of-the-art papers provide an overview of the most important research areas of contemporary linguistics.

This book brings together contributions from a diverse collection of scholars who explore different ways of combining corpus linguistics and discourse analysis studying discourse at the prosodic lexical and textual levels. Both spoken and written discourse are investigated in a variety of settings including academia the workplace news and entertainment. Not only does the volume offer a rich sample of English-language discourse from around the world­ including international learner and non-standard varieties of English ­but it also covers a range of topics and methods. This book will be of particular interest to researchers and students specializing in discourse studies English linguistics and corpus linguistics.

This book develops an approach to the causative alternation that assumes syntactic event decomposition and a configurational theta theory. It is couched within the framework of the Minimalist Program and especially within Distributed Morphology. Central to the work is the syntax and semantics of canonical external arguments of causative verbs as well as of oblique causers and causative PPs in the context of anticausative verbs in different languages such as Germanic Romance Balkan and Caucasian languages. The book also develops a new account of the origin and nature of the morphological marking which is often found on anticausatives across languages. The main claim is that this morphology is a reflex of a syntactic way to prohibit the assignment of the external theta role. Moreover the book develops an account about the origin of the implicit agent in generic middles which often bear the same morphology as marked anticausatives.

This volume explores various hitherto under-researched relationships between languages and their discourse-cultural settings. The first two sections analyze the complex interplay between lexico-grammatical organization and communicative contexts. Part I focuses on structural options in syntax deepening the analysis of information-packaging strategies. Part II turns to lexical studies covering such matters as human perception and emotion the psychological understanding of ‘home’ and ‘abroad’ the development of children’s emotional life and the relation between lexical choice and sexual orientation. The final chapters consider how new techniques of contrastive linguistics and pragmatics are contributing to the primary field of application for contrastive analysis language teaching and learning. The book will be of special interest to scholars and students of linguistics discourse analysis and cultural studies and to those entrusted with teaching European languages and cultures. The major languages covered are Akan Dutch English Finnish French German Italian Norwegian Spanish and Swedish.

This book examines argumental un-NPs and du/des-NPs in French: nominals with the indefinite article and with the so-called ‘partitive article’ respectively. The main aim is to account for the different interpretations of these indefinites and to determine how interpretation and structure are related. This study thus concerns the syntax-semantics interface with an emphasis on the composition of the left periphery and the inflectional domain of the indefinites mentioned. It is realized in the framework of generative grammar and in a cartographic approach. A crucial proposal put forward in this book is that indefinites of different semantic types are associated with different left peripheries. The analysis further suggests that the inflectional domain of these indefinites may comprise three discrete functional projections encoding the features [count] [quantity] and [number]. Interestingly these results seem to extend to a selection of bare nouns in Romance and Germanic languages.

This book investigates request strategies in Mandarin Chinese and Korean and is one of the first attempts to address cross-cultural strategies employed in the speech act of requests in two non-Western languages. The data drawn from role-plays and naturally recorded conversations complement each other in terms of exhaustiveness and authenticity.<br xmlns="http://pub2web.metastore.ingenta.com/ns/"/>This study explores the similarities and differences of the request patterns that emerged in the Chinese and Korean data and the intricate relation between request strategies and social factors (such as power and distance). The findings raise questions about the influence of methodology on data and the applicability of so called universals to East Asian languages. They also offer new insights into generally held ideas of directness and requesting behaviours in Chinese and Korean and the problems of cross-cultural and cross-linguistic communication. This research is suggestive for the disciplines of cross-cultural pragmatics cross-cultural communication contrastive linguistics applied linguistics and discourse analysis.

Iconicity has become a popular notion in contemporary linguistic research. This book is the first to present a synthesis of the vast amount of scholarship on linguistic iconicity which has been produced in the previous decades ranging from iconicity in phonology and morpho-syntax to the role of iconicity in language change. An extensive analysis is provided of some basic but nonetheless fundamental questions relating to iconicity in language including: what is a linguistic sign and how are linguistic signs different from signs in general? What is an iconic sign and how may iconicity be involved in language? How does iconicity pertain to the relation between language and cognition? This book offers a new and comprehensive theoretical framework for iconicity in language. It is argued that the linguistic sign is fundamentally arbitrary but that iconicity may be involved on a secondary level adding extra meaning to an utterance.

Long regarded as a peripheral issue phraseology is now taking centre stage in a wide range of fields. This recent explosion of interest undoubtedly has a great deal to do with the development of corpus linguistics research which has both demonstrated the key role of phraseological expressions in language and provided researchers with automated methods of extraction and analysis. The aim of this volume is to take stock of current research in phraseology from a variety of perspectives: theoretical descriptive contrastive cultural lexicographic and computational. It contains overview chapters by leading experts in the field and a series of case studies focusing on a wide range of multiword units: collocations similes idioms routine formulae and recurrent phrases. The volume is an invitation for experienced phraseologists to look at the field with different eyes and a useful introduction for the many researchers who are intrigued by phraseology but need help in finding their way in this rich but complex domain.

The papers collected in this volume (including a comprehensive introduction) investigate semantic and discourse-related aspects of subordination and coordination in particular the relationship between subordination/coordination at the sentence level and subordination/coordination – or hierarchical/non-hierarchical organization – at the discourse level. The contributions in part I are concerned with central theoretical questions; part II consists of corpus-based cross-linguistic studies of clause combining and discourse structure involving at least two of the languages English German Dutch French and Norwegian; part III contains papers addressing specific – predominantly semantic – topics relating to German English or French; and the papers in part IV approach the topic of subordination coordination and rhetorical relations from a diachronic (Old Indic and Early Germanic) perspective. The book aims to contribute to a better understanding of information packaging on the sentence and text level related within a particular language as well as cross-linguistically.

Integrational Linguistics (IL) developed by the German linguist Hans-Heinrich Lieb and others is an approach to linguistics that integrates linguistic descriptions construed as ‘declarative’ theories with a detailed theory of language that covers all classical areas of linguistics from phonology to sentence semantics and takes linguistic variation both synchronic and diachronic fully into account.<br xmlns="http://pub2web.metastore.ingenta.com/ns/"/>The aim of this book is to demonstrate how some controversial issues in language description are resolved in Integrational Linguistics. The four essays united here cover nearly all levels of language systems: phonetics and phonology (“The Case for Two-Level Phonology” by Hans-Heinrich Lieb on German obstruent tensing and French nasal alternation) morphology (“Form and Function of Verbal Ablaut in Contemporary Standard German” by Bernd Wiese) morphology and syntax (“Inflectional Units and Their Effects” by Sebastian Drude on the person system in Guaraní) and syntax and sentence semantics (“Topic Integration” by Andreas Nolda on ‘split topicalization’ in German).

The present volume deals with hitherto unexplored issues on the interaction of morphology and syntax. These selected and invited papers mainly concern Cushitic and Chadic languages the least-described members of the Afroasiatic family. Three papers in the volume explore one or more typological characteristics across an entire language family or branch while others focus on one or two languages within a family and the implications of their structures for the family the phylum or linguistic typology as a whole. The diversity of topics addressed within the present volume reflects the great diversity of language structures and functions within the Afroasiatic phylum.

The book introduces the concept of asymmetric events an important concept in language and cognition which for the first time in linguistic literature is identified in a more systematic way and analyzed in a number of different languages including typologically or genetically unrelated ones. Asymmetric events are two or more events of unequal status in an utterance and papers in the volume present ways in which a linguistic description of main events in a sentence is different (morphologically syntactically discursively) from a description of backgrounded events. The prototypical asymmetries involving perception cognition and language are identified in subordination nominalization and modification of various kinds but they extend to coordinate structures serial verbs spatial language and viewing arrangement as well as part - whole relations. The perspective is broadly cognitive and functional the authors use different though complementing methodologies some include corpus data and the asymmetries are shown to have a variety of stylistic and ideological implications.An in-depth analysis of manifold asymmetries in structure and function of diverse languages makes this volume of interest to linguists of different persuasion philosophers cognitive researchers discourse analysts and students of language and cognition.

This collection of papers is designed to establish variational pragmatics. This new field is situated at the interface of pragmatics and dialectology and aims at systematically investigating the effect of macro-social pragmatic variation on language in action. As such it challenges the widespread assumption in the area of pragmatics that language communities are homogeneous and also addresses the current research gap in sociolinguistics for variation on the pragmatic level. The introductory chapter establishes the rationale for studying variational pragmatics as a separate field of inquiry systematically sketches the broader theoretical framework and presents a framework for further analysis. The papers which follow are located within this framework. They present empirical variational pragmatic research focusing on regional varieties of pluricentric languages. Speech acts and other discourse phenomena are addressed and analysed in a number of regional varieties of Dutch English French German and Spanish. The seminal nature of this volume its empirical orientation and the extensive bibliography make this book of interest to both researchers and students in pragmatics and sociolinguistics.

At conferences and in the literature on community interpreting there is one burning issue that reappears constantly: the interpreter’s role. What are the norms by which the facilitators of communication shape their role? Is there indeed only one role for the community interpreter or are there several? Is community interpreting aimed at facilitating communication empowering individuals by giving them a voice or in wider terms at redressing the power balance in society? In this volume scholars and practitioners from different countries address these questions offering a representative sample of ongoing research into community interpreting in the Western world of interest to all who have a stake in this form of interpreting. The opening chapter establishes the wider contextual and theoretical framework for the debate. It is followed by a section dealing with codes and standards and then moves on to explore the interpreter’s role in various different settings: courts and police healthcare schools occupational settings and social services.

This monograph is a comprehensive study of the various ways in which genericity can be expressed in Dutch dialects of Dutch and languages related to Dutch. On the basis of empirical (corpus- and questionnaire-based) data a wide range of topics are discussed which have been addressed in the literature on the semantics and pragmatics of generics. The empirical data presented in this book shed new light on issues crucial to the study of genericity. A number of widely accepted ideas are shown to be problematic. For example arguments are presented against the well-known claim that progressive forms typically exclude characterizing interpretations. Furthermore the author shows that speakers do not agree in their judgements of the acceptability of bare plurals (as well as other noun phrase types) in generic contexts. Such data are a problem for the influential thesis that bare plurals refer to kinds unambiguously.

Did earlier speakers of English use the same speech acts that we use today? Did they use them in the same way? How did they signal speech act values and how did they negotiate them in case of uncertainty? These are some of the questions that are addressed in this volume in innovative case studies that cover a wide range of speech acts from Old English to Present-day English. All the studies offer careful discussions of methodological and theoretical issues as well as detailed descriptions of specific speech acts. The first part of the volume is devoted to directives and commissives i.e. speech acts such as requests commands and promises. The second part is devoted to expressives and assertives and deals with speech acts such as greetings compliments and apologies. The third part finally contains technical reports that deal primarily with the problem of extracting speech acts from historical corpora.