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Eugene Casad’s posthumous monograph is an in-depth study of the TIME IS SPACE metaphor in Cora – an Uto-Aztecan language spoken in the state of Nayarit Mexico – within the framework of Ronald Langacker’s Cognitive Grammar. The author provides an introduction to Cora speakers and their history and traces the evolution of Cora locative expressions comparing them with cognate or corresponding expressions in other Uto-Aztecan languages e.g. Huichol to reconstruct the development of Cora temporal meanings. Based on a meticulous analysis of synchronic and diachronic data Casad postulates distinct Cora models of time grammatical aspect and event structure among which the topographically based model of time is especially prominent. This important book can be regarded as the opus magnum of the author. It should be of interest to scholars working in conceptual metaphor theory grammaticalization and the history and typology of Uto-Aztecan languages.

In recent years researchers have acknowledged that the study of third language acquisition cannot simply be viewed as an extension of the study of bilingualism and the present volume’s authors agree that a point of departure that embraces the unique properties that differentiate L2 acquisition from L3/Ln acquisition is essential. From linguistic sociological psychological educational and cognitive viewpoints it has become increasingly apparent that the study of L3/Ln acquisition can provide new evidence to help resolve ongoing debates in these areas of study. This volume uniquely provides a wide-ranging overview of current trends in the study of adult additive multilingualism from formal psycholinguistic and sociolinguistic perspectives adding new insights into adult multilingual epistemology. This collection includes critical reviews of L3/Ln morphosyntax phonology and the lexicon as well as individual studies with unique language pairings including Romance Germanic Slavic and Asian languages.

There is a perceived tension between empirical and theoretical approaches to the study of language. Many recent works in the discipline emphasise that linguistics is an ‘empirical science’. This volume argues for a nuanced view highlighting that theory and practice necessarily and as a matter of fact complement each other in linguistic research. Its contributions – ranging from experimental studies in psychology via linguistic fieldwork and cross-linguistic comparisons to the application of formal and logical approaches to language – exemplify the mutual relationship between empirical and theoretical work. The volume illustrates how selected topics are addressed by different contributions and methodological stances. Topics include the cognitive grounding of language social cognition and the construction of meaning in interaction and closely related pragmatics from a typological perspective and beyond. Anyone interested in these topics and more generally in meta-theoretical considerations will find great value in this volume.

Curial e Güelfa és una novel·la anònima del segle XV escrita en llengua catalana desconeguda fins al segle XIX i publicada por primera vegada el 1901. Es tracta d’una obra singular a cavall entre l’Edat Mitjana i el Renaixement en què es conjuminen magistralment els components cavalleresc i sentimental i la influència de l’Humanisme. Encara que el protagonista realitza les seues gestes per Itàlia Alemanya Hongria França Anglaterra Grècia Terra Santa Egipte i Tunis el seu ambient és bàsicament italià. El seu anonimat i la seva llengua han desorientat els lingüistes i els historiadors de la literatura que s’hi han acostat. La novel·la ara accessible en anglès espanyol francès portugués i italià — en traduccions promogudes per IVITRA basades en l’edició filològica del prof. Antoni Ferrando (2007) — atrau cada vegada més l’atenció dels estudiosos no sols per la seva redacció exquisida i la seva ben traçada estructura sinó pel seu ric rerefons cultural europeu. El present volum d’estudis intenta respondre a gran part d’aquests interrogants amb quaranta aportacions molt rellevants tant en l’aspecte lingüístic com en el cultural.

Curial e Güelfa is a 15th century anonymous romance written in Catalan unknown until the 19th century and first published in 1901. It is a singular work halfway between the Middle Ages and the Renaissance in which the features of chivalry and sentimentalism and a touch of Humanism are brilliantly combined. Although the main character performs his heroic deeds in Italy Germany Hungary France England Greece the Holy Land Egypt and Tunisia the atmosphere is essentially Italian. Its anonymity and its language have always disconcerted the linguists and literary historians who have approached it. The novel now available in English Spanish French Portuguese and Italian — in translations sponsored by IVITRA based upon Prof. Antoni Ferrando’s philological edition (2007) — and in German is increasingly attracting the attention of scholars not only because of its delighting style and its wonderfully traced structure but also because of its rich cultural European background. This volume of studies tries to solve most of these questions with forty outstanding contributions all of them very important both from a linguistic and a cultural point of view.

As a meaningful manifestation of how institutionalized the discipline has become the new Handbook of Translation Studies is most welcome. It joins the other signs of maturation such as Summer Schools the development of academic curricula historical surveys journals book series textbooks terminologies bibliographies and encyclopedias.

The HTS aims at disseminating knowledge about translation and interpreting and providing easy access to a large range of topics traditions and methods to a relatively broad audience: not only students who often adamantly prefer such user-friendliness researchers and lecturers in Translation Studies Translation & Interpreting professionals; but also scholars and experts from other disciplines (among which linguistics sociology history psychology). In addition the HTS addresses any of those with a professional or personal interest in the problems of translation interpreting localization editing etc. such as communication specialists journalists literary critics editors public servants business managers (intercultural) organization specialists media specialists marketing professionals.

The usability accessibility and flexibility of the HTS depend on the commitment of people who agree that Translation Studies does matter. All users are therefore invited to share their feedback. Any questions remarks and suggestions for improvement can be sent to the editorial team at [email protected].

Next to the book edition (in printed and electronic PDF format) HTS is also available as an online resource connected with the Translation Studies Bibliography. For access to the Handbook of Translation Studies Online please visit http://www.benjamins.com/online/hts/

The study of how words are represented and processed in the mind has served as a meeting ground for research in psychology linguistics and neuroscience. Right now this domain of study is in the midst of astonishing developments. At the core of these developments are the methodological and analytic advancements that have enabled researchers to address new phenomena and to ask new questions. These new methodologies have also raised fundamental questions concerning the nature of words in the mind the nature of language processing and the ways in which data can be understood.

This book provides a timely resource written by international leaders in methodological innovation. It offers fundamental insights into how innovative methodological approaches advance lexical research. It also offers the technical knowledge that is essential to that advancement but which is rarely found in journal reports. This is a methodologically oriented volume designed to be informative thought provoking innovative and perhaps also revolutionary. The contributions in this volume that originally appeared in The Mental Lexicon 5:3 (2010) and 6:1 (2011) are supplemented with several new chapters as well as with a new and timely introductory chapter titled "Embracing Complexity".

This volume presents a selection of French varieties representing the great diversity of this language along geographical social and stylistic dimensions. Twelve illustrations from regions as far removed as Western Canada and Central Africa represent widely divergent social contexts of language use. Each chapter is based on original surveys conducted within the framework of the Phonology of Contemporary French project described in the Introduction. These surveys constitute an invaluable source of new data for researchers as many of the varieties included are otherwise undocumented in any systematic way. The chapters follow a similar format: presentation of the survey(s) and the sociolinguistic dimensions of the variety studied; description of the phonological inventory of the system(s) principal allophonic realizations phonotactic constraints behavior of schwa behavior of liaison consonants and other notable characteristics. The book opens with an informative introduction and closes with a chapter providing a synthesis of the major findings by continent.

This edited volume proposes key contributions addressing the connections between two important themes: dialogue and representation. These connections were approached or interpreted in three possible ways: 1. Dialogue as representation 2. Normative perspectives on dialogue/representation issues and 3. Representations of dialogue. The first interpretation -- Dialogue as representation -- consists of exploring dialogue as an activity where many things beings or voices can be made present whether we think in terms of ideologies cultures situations collectives roles etc. The second interpretation – Normative perspectives on dialogue/representation issues – leads scholars to explore questions of normativity which are often associated with the notion of dialogue when conceived as a morally stronger form of conversation. Finally the third interpretation – Representations of dialogue – invites us to address methodological questions related to the representation of this type of conversation. Echoing Bakhtin contributors were invited to explore the polyphonic heteroglot or dialogic character of any text discourse or interaction.

Evaluation is a part of everyday life. Competences knowledge and skills are assessed in ordinary as well as in institutional settings like hospitals clinics and schools. This volume investigates how evaluations are being carried out interactionally. More specifically it explores how people evaluate each others’ cognitive competences as they deal with each others’ understandings knowings feelings doings hearings and learnings face-to-face. <br xmlns="http://pub2web.metastore.ingenta.com/ns/"/>The contributions focus on different evaluation activities in a variety of institutional settings in Denmark Finland Sweden Holland and the United States of America. <br/>All the contributions approach the theme by use of Ethnomethodology (EM) and/or Conversation Analysis (CA). Thus the analytic interests concern how participants organize activities of evaluating cognitive competences by means of recognizable interactional methods. This approach differs from other approaches and research interests within cognitive science as it concentrates on how people in interaction orient towards cognitive competence irrespective of scientific theories.

Professional Communication across Languages and Cultures aims at developing an integrative linguistic perspective on talk at work. Professional communication allows multi- and interdisciplinary explorations on how workplace relationships and mechanisms are influenced by the use of certain linguistic patterns. The book approaches the topic of professional communication from multiple levels providing critical valuable insights into the dynamics of creating and maintaining professional relationships at work.

After outlining the theoretical and analytical frameworks the eleven chapters uncover and develop integrative themes that emerge within the three parts of the book: Dialogue and identity in professional settings Functions and strategies in professional communication and Specific issues in professional communication.

Scholars and students who are interested in research based on authentic data and case studies of efficient communication at work as well as those teaching courses on interpersonal communication discourse analysis pragmatics and sociolinguistics will find useful insights in this volume.

This volume brings together current research by international scholars on the varieties of English spoken in Ireland. The papers apply contemporary theoretical and methodological approaches and frameworks to a range of topics. A number of papers explore the distribution of linguistic features in Irish English including the evolution of linguistic structures in Irish English and linguistic change in progress employing broadly quantitative sociolinguistic approaches. Pragmatic features of Irish English are explored through corpus linguistics-based analysis. The construction of linguistic corpora using written and recorded material form the focus of other papers extending and analyzing the growing range of corpus material available to researchers of varieties of English including diaspora varieties. Issues of language and identity in contemporary Ireland are explored in several contributions using both qualitative and quantitative methods. The volume will be of interest to linguists generally and to scholars with an interest in varieties of English.

Starting in 1498 contact between Ibero-Romance and Asian languages has taken place along a vast stretch of the coastlines of continental and insular Asia producing a string of contact varieties which are among the least visible in the field of Creole Studies. This volume the first one dedicated to the Portuguese- and Spanish-lexified creoles of Asia brings together comparative studies on various issues across the Ibero-Asian creoles and beyond by specialists in these languages. This type of cross-linguistic analysis allows progress on many fronts including the reconstruction of past stages of the languages the explanation of observed similarities and differences the identification and consolidation of typological/taxonomic clusters or the assessment of the linguistic effects of different contact equations. The volume provides a timely window onto aspects of current research on the Ibero-Asian creoles including unsettled debates and ways in which their study can contribute to advance several areas of linguistic enquiry.

The volume brings together seventeen peer-reviewed revised papers originally presented at the 16th International Conference on English Historical Linguistics (ICEHL 16) held in August 2010 at the University of Pécs Hungary. This selection aims to show how theoretical and empirical approaches can be combined in the historical investigation of the English language what insights and exact information can be obtained about language change in the history of English with the help of tools like historical corpora or with inter- and transdisciplinary methods. The volume is arranged around five thematic headings. The first discusses dialects and regional variation from the viewpoint of contact linguistics and phonological morphological and lexical change. The second has syntactic variation and grammaticalization as its focus. Papers on grammatical changes in nominal and pronominal constructions are presented in part three. The integration of loanwords in Middle English is discussed in part four and the last investigates communicative intentions in historical discourse. <br xmlns="http://pub2web.metastore.ingenta.com/ns/"/>The volume should appeal to linguists interested in historical aspects of dialect and discourse studies historical pragmatics contact linguistics grammaticalization theory corpus linguistics and of course language change.

Dialogue interpreting which takes place in institutional settings such as legal proceedings healthcare contexts work meetings or media talk has attracted increasing attention in translation language and communication studies. Drawing on transcribed sequences of authentic talk this volume raises questions about aspects of interpreting that have been taken for granted challenging preconceived notions about differences between professional and non-professional interpreting and pointing in new directions for future research. Collecting contributions from major scholars in the field of dialogue interpreting and interaction studies the volume offers new insights into the relationship between interpreting and mediating. It addresses a wide readership including students and scholars in translation and interpreting studies mediation and negotiation studies linguistics sociology communication studies conversation analysis discourse analysis.

Exploring a largely uncharted territory of cultural history and linguistic ethnography Understanding Historical (Im)Politeness offers in-depth analyses and perceptive interpretations of the conveyance of social-relational meaning in times (long) past and across historical cultures.

A collection of essays from the pens of authoritative historical (pragma)-linguistics researchers the volume examines the forms and functions of historical (im)politeness varying from single utterances and act sequences to fully-fledged (im)polite speech encounters and genres with a focus on their period- and culture-bound appraisal. What is more the book sheds light on what is still very dimly seen: diachronic trends in ‘relational work’ and the cultural-societal factors behind patterns of sociopragmatic change.

The volume reviews theoretical concepts methods and analytical approaches to improve our present-day understanding of the historical understanding of relational practices of the distant as well as the more recent past. Since it includes newly established themes and positions and breaks new ground this collection furthers considerably the field of historical (im)politeness research.

This volume was originally published as a special issue of Journal of Historical Pragmatics 12:1/2 (2011).

How do readers make sense of a picture a photograph or a map in literary narratives in which visual signs play a critical role? How do authors accomplish their various objectives in constructing such complex texts? What strategies and techniques do they use to project fictional worlds and to provide their readers with the means for orienting themselves there? This book investigates the dynamics of the imaginary diagrams created by cartographers photographers and writers of narratives giving ample evidence of how mapping practices have inspired the imagination of a vast number of authors from Thomas More up to contemporary writers. A special focus is on the effects created by the projection of photographs into the narrative space and how our seemingly effortless interpretation of photographs and even maps masks complex cognitive processes. The theoretical horizon of this study encompasses the fields of cartography mental maps iconicity research and the spatial turn in cultural studies.

This volume brings together five papers offering cross-linguistic analyses of pragmatic markers involving modality supplemented by three book reviews on the same topic. The contrastive method based on monolingual or translation corpora does not only provide interesting insights about differences with respect to the semantics and the formal encoding of semantics between cognate elements in different languages but also appears to be a very useful tool to refine the semantic analysis of markers within a given language. The reader will also discover among the results of the original empirical research collected in this volume insights that contribute to typological and theoretical issues surrounding pragmatic markers such as the bottom-up identification of cross-linguistic pragmatic or discourse functions the establishment of semantic maps and the formulation of hypotheses about implicational hierarchies in the diachronic development of pragmatic markers on the basis of synchronic evidence especially in the framework of grammaticalization/pragmaticalization theory. This volume was orginally published as a special issue of Languages in Contrast 10:2 (2010).

Sentence Patterns in English and Hebrew offers an innovative perspective on sentential syntax in which sentence patterns are introduced as constructions within the general framework of Construction Grammar. Drawing on naturally occurring data collected from the Internet the study challenges the prevailing view of predication as the sole mechanism of sentence formation and introduces the idea of patterning as a complementary sometimes even alternative mechanism. Major sentence patterns of English and Hebrew are systematically presented targeting both their form and their function. A contrastive analysis of the sentence patterns in these two languages results in postulating a typological group in which cognitive motivations are shown to account for both similarities and differences within the typology.

Sentence Patterns in English and Hebrew will appeal to scholars of constructional approaches cognitive linguistics typology syntax as well as anyone interested in English and Hebrew.

Context is a core notion of linguistic theory. However while there are numerous attempts at explaining single aspects of the notion of context these attempts are rather diverse and do not easily converge to a unified theory of context. The present multi-faceted collection of papers reconsiders the notion of context and its challenges for linguistics from different theoretical and empirical angles. Part I offers insights into a wide range of current approaches to context including theoretical pragmatics neurolinguistics clinical pragmatics interactional linguistics and psycholinguistics. Part II presents new empirical findings on the role of context from case studies on idioms unarticulated constituents argument linking and numerically-quantified expressions. Bringing together different theoretical frameworks the volume provides thought-provoking discussions of how the notion of context can be understood modeled and implemented in linguistics. It is essential for researchers interested in theoretical and applied linguistics the semantics/pragmatics interface and experimental pragmatics.

Multiple interrogatives questions with multiple wh-phrases (e.g. Who bought what?) have long presented analytical challenges for linguistic theory. This monograph presents a new theoretical and experimental study of this construction. The theoretical findings concern the interaction between superiority effects subject-auxiliary inversion and the distribution of pair-list and single-pair readings cross-linguistically. The author examines multiple interrogatives under sluicing (i.e. clausal ellipsis) presenting new arguments for the deletion analysis of sluicing. The author also reports the results of several experimental studies on how children acquire the language-specific properties of multiple interrogatives in English Russian and Malayalam. The results suggest a correlation between the acquisition of multiple interrogatives and the acquisition of contrastive focus which has been independently motivated in the syntactic literature. The monograph will be of interest to linguists concerned with syntax semantics and language acquisition as well as readers who are interested in a comprehensive theory of language in general.

This volume extends the Task-Based Language Teaching: Issues Research and Practice books series by deliberately exploring the potential of task-based language teaching (TBLT) in a range of EFL contexts. It is specifically devoted to providing empirical accounts about how TBLT practice is being developed and researched in diverse educational contexts particularly where English is not the dominant language. By including contributions from settings as varied as Japan China Korea Venezuela Turkey Spain and France this collection of 13 studies provides strong indications that the research and implementation of TBLT in EFL settings is both on the rise and interestingly diverse not least because it must respond to the distinct contexts constraints and possibilities of foreign language learning. The book will be of interest to SLA researchers and students in applied linguistics and TESOL. It will also be of value to course designers and language teachers who come from a broad range of formal and informal educational settings encompassing a wide range of ages and types of language learners.

Metaphor is a fascinating phenomenon but it is also complex and multi-faceted varying in how it is manifested in different modes of expression languages cultures or time-scales. How then can we reliably identify metaphors in different contexts? How does the language or culture of speakers and hearers affect the way metaphors are produced or interpreted? Are the methods employed to explore metaphors in one context applicable in others? The sixteen chapters that make up this volume offer not only detailed studies of the situated use of metaphor in language gesture and visuals around the world – providing important insights into the different factors that produce variation – but also careful explication and discussion of the methodological issues that arise when researchers approach metaphor in diverse ‘real world’ contexts. The book constitutes an important contribution to applied metaphor studies and will prove an invaluable resource for the novice and experienced metaphor researcher alike.

Intended for philosophically minded psychologists and psychologically minded philosophers this book identifies the ways that psychology has hobbled itself by adhering too strictly to empiricism this being the doctrine that all knowledge is observation-based. In the first part of this two-part work we show that empiricism is false. In the second part we identify the psychology-relevant consequences of this fact. Five of these are of special importance: (i) Whereas some psychopathologies (e.g. obsessive-compulsive disorder) corrupt the activity mediated by one’s psychological architecture others (e.g. sociopathy) corrupt that architecture itself. <br xmlns="http://pub2web.metastore.ingenta.com/ns/"/> (ii) The basic tenets of psychoanalysis are coherent.<br/> (iii) All propositional attitudes are beliefs. <br/>(iv) Selves are minds that self-evaluate. <br/>And: <br/>(v) It is by giving our thoughts a perceptible form that we enable ourselves to evaluate them and it is by expressing ourselves in language and art that we give our thoughts a perceptible form. (Series A)

Departing from Schneider and Barron (2008) representing the emerging field of Variational Pragmatics this volume examines pragmatic variation focusing on methods utilized to collect and analyze data in a variety of first (L1) and second (L2) language contexts. The objectives are to: (1) examine variation in such areas of pragmatics as speech acts conventional expressions metapragmatics stance frames mitigation communicative action (im)politeness and implicature; and (2) critically review central methodological concerns relevant for research in pragmatic variation such as coding ethical issues qualitative and quantitative methods and individual variation. Theoretical frameworks vary from variationist and interactional sociolinguistics to variational pragmatics. This collection contains eleven chapters by leading scholars including two state-of-the art chapters on key methodological issues of pragmatic variation study. Given the theoretical perspectives methodological focus and analyses the book will be of interest to those who study pragmatics discourse analysis second language acquisition sociolinguistics corpus linguistics and language variation.

This volume contributes to the burgeoning field of interactional linguistic media studies. It focuses on how people appropriate media in their daily lives. Thus here it is not the talk in the medium itself but naturally occurring interactions in different media reception situations that are analysed. The idea that media function like a hypodermic needle injecting messages into the masses has long been questioned. Still the actual moment when people use media in their daily lives has largely been ignored in media studies. This book analyses the minutiae of the moment when people actively appropriate media for their own purposes in different fashions. The reception communities analysed include families watching television girls gossiping about a talent show teenagers playing video games a team of fire-men implementing a new medium in their workplace radio listeners´ phone ins and others. The languages studied comprise English German French Swedish and Finnish.

China’s opening up to the West its extraordinary economic rise and the subsequent internal and global issues are an object of huge interest and concern. Discourse and Socio-political Transformations in Contemporary China focuses on one aspect of the contemporary Chinese phenomenon one that is so obvious that it is generally ignored in the mainstream academic departments – that politics society and transformation are the product of myriad collective linguistic interchanges some stabilized some competing some agonistic some new and emerging.

As an outcome of dialogue between Chinese and Western scholars the present volume contains case studies that offer a survey of the discourse aspect of Chinese society in social stratification government service policy consultancy higher education foreign policy and TV. The conceptual reflections on discourse and critique in different cultures offer new considerations for discourse analysis including critical discourse analysis in the context of Chinese society today.

This volume was originally published as a special issue of Journal of Language and Politics 9:4 (2010).

Contrastive Linguistics like other linguistic disciplines is becoming more and more data-oriented relying increasingly on the statistical analysis of corpus data to reveal and investigate the similarities and dissimilarities between languages. The volume Corpus Studies in Contrastive Linguistics illustrates this current trend with a representative sample of contrastive linguistic case studies. These cover a range of linguistic phenomena (syntax modality and discourse) and pursue different types of research questions (grammaticalization pragmatic function stylistic function typological profile). Accordingly they use different types of corpora: contemporary and historical texts written and spoken discourse and various text types such as academic discourse and political discourse. Five different languages are represented (English French Dutch Spanish and Lithuanian) with English as a language of comparison in each contribution. The studies all show that quantitative analyses are not at odds with insightful qualitative interpretations or functional approaches to language but rather complement each other. This volume was orginally published as a special issue of International Journal of Corpus Linguistics 15:2 (2010).

Much theorizing in language change research is made without taking into account dialect data. Yet dialects seem to be superior data to build a theory of linguistic change on since dialects are relatively free of standardization and therefore more tolerant of variant competition in grammar. In addition as compared to most cross-linguistic and diachronic data dialect data are unusually high in resolution. This book shows that the study of dialect variation has indeed the potential perhaps even the duty to play a central role in the process of finding answers to fundamental questions of theoretical historical linguistics. It includes contributions which relate a clearly formulated theoretical question of historical linguistic interest with a well-defined solid empirical base. The volume discusses phenomena from different domains of grammar (phonology morphology and syntax) and a wide variety of languages and language varieties in the light of several current theoretical frameworks.

The present volume contains a selection of papers presented at the 23rd and 24th Comparative Germanic Syntax Workshop held at the University of Edinburgh and the Hogeschool-Universiteit Brussels. The contributions provide new perspectives on several topics of current interest for syntactic theory on the basis of comparative data from a wide range of Germanic languages. Among the theoretical and empirical issues explored are various ellipsis phenomena the internal structure of the DP the syntax-morphology interface the syntax-semantics interface Binding Theory various diachronic developments and ‘do-support’-type phenomena. This book is of interest to syntacticians with an interest in theoretical comparative and/or diachronic work as well as to morphologists and semanticists interested in the connections their fields have with syntax. It will also be of interest to graduate and advanced undergraduate students in linguistic disciplines.

This volume explores the lexical influence of English on European languages a topical theme with linguistic and cultural implications. It provides an extensive introductory background to a cross-national view of English-induced lexical borrowing posing crucial analytical questions such as what counts as an Anglicism. It also offers a typology of borrowings with examples from the languages represented: Armenian Danish French German Italian Norwegian Polish Serbian Spanish and Swedish. The articles in this volume address general and language-specific issues related to the analysis and collection of Anglicisms extending the scope to the largely unexplored area of phraseology and bringing new insights into corpus-based and corpus-driven methodologies. This volume fits into a well-established and constantly developing research field and will appeal to scholars interested in the spread of English as an international language contact and contrastive linguistics lexicology and lexicography and computer corpus lexicography.

This monograph is one of the first theoretical studies of optatives. Optative constructions express desire without an overt lexical item that means ‘desire’. The author specifically investigates optatives with the syntax of embedded clauses that contain prototypical particles such as ‘only’. He rejects the view that optativity arises compositionally from the standard semantics of embedded clauses and prototypical particles. The following system is proposed: Desirability is due to a generalized scalar exclamation operator EX. Furthermore clausal properties such as factivity/counterfactuality are encoded in a Mood head which co-determines morphological mood and complementizer choice. Finally the prototypical particles that optatives contain are truth-conditionally vacuous presupposition triggers. As a result these meaning components do not interact directly but their meanings converge with the consequence that they prototypically co-occur. This monograph is of interest for formal semanticists syntacticians pragmaticists and morphologists and especially relevant for research on mood and particle semantics.

This clear and accessible introduction to linguistic typology covers all linguistic domains from phonology and morphology over parts-of-speech the NP and the VP to simple and complex clauses pragmatics and language change. There is also a discussion on methodological issues in typology. This textbook is the first introduction that consistently applies the findings of the World Atlas of Language Structures systematically includes pidgin and creole languages and devotes a section to sign languages in each chapter. All chapters contain numerous illustrative examples and specific feature maps. Keywords and exercises help review the main topics of each chapter. Appendices provide macro data for all the languages cited in the book as well as a list of web sites of typological interest. An extensive glossary gives at-a-glance definitions of the terms used in the book. This introduction is designed for students of courses with a focus on language diversity and typology as well as typologically-oriented courses in morphology and syntax. The book will also serve as a guide for field linguists.

Consciousness in Interaction is an interdisciplinary collection with contributions from philosophers psychologists cognitive scientists and historians of philosophy. It revolves around the idea that consciousness emerges from and impacts on our skilled interactions with the natural and social context. Section one discusses how phenomenal consciousness and subjective selfhood are grounded on natural and social interactions and what role brain activity plays in these phenomena. Section two analyzes how interactions with external objects and other human beings shape our understanding of ourselves and how consciousness changes social interaction self-control and emotions. Section three provides historical depth to the volume by tracing the roots of the contemporary notion of consciousness in early modern philosophy. The book offers interdisciplinary insight on a variety of key topics in consciousness research: as such it is of particular interest for researchers from philosophy of mind phenomenology cognitive and social sciences and humanities.

Morphology and in particular word formation has always played an important role in Romance linguistics since it was introduced in Diez’s comparative Romance grammar. Recent years have witnessed a surge of interest in inflectional morphology and current research shows a strong interest in paradigmatic analyses. This volume brings together research exploring different areas of morphology from a variety of theoretical and methodological perspectives. On an empirical basis the theoretical assumption of the ‘Autonomy of Morphology’ is discussed critically. ‘Data-driven’ approaches carefully examine concrete morphological phenomena in Romance languages and dialects. Topics include syncretism and allomorphy in verbs pronouns and articles as well as the use of specific derivational suffixes in word formation. Together the articles in this volume provide insights into issues currently debated in Romance morphology appealing to scholars of morphology Romance linguistics and advanced students alike.

This is an interdisciplinary volume that focuses on the central topic of the representation of events namely cross-cultural differences in representing time and space as well as various aspects of the conceptualisation of space and time. It brings together research on space and time from a variety of angles both theoretical and methodological. Crossing boundaries between and among disciplines such as linguistics psychology philosophy or anthropology forms a creative platform in a bold attempt to reveal the complex interaction of language culture and cognition in the context of human communication and interaction.

The authors address the nature of spatial and temporal constructs from a number of perspectives such as cultural specificity in determining time intervals in an Amazonian culture distinct temporalities in a specific Mongolian hunter community Russian-specific conceptualisation of temporal relations Seri and Yucatec frames of spatial reference memory of events in space and time and metaphorical meaning stemming from perception and spatial artefacts to name but a few themes.

The topic of space and time in language and culture is also represented from a different albeit related point of view in the sister volume Space and Time in Languages and Cultures: Linguistic diversity (HCP 36) which focuses on the language-specific vis-à-vis universal aspects of linguistic representation of spatial and temporal reference.

The origins of sound change is one of the oldest and most challenging questions in the study of language. The goal of this volume is to examine current approaches to sound change from a variety of theoretical and methodological perspectives including articulatory variation and modeling speech perception mechanisms and neurobiological processes geographical and social variation and diachronic phonology. This diversity of perspectives contributes to a fruitful cross-fertilization across disciplines and represents an attempt to formulate converging ideas on the factors that lead to sound change. This book is addressed to scholars in historical linguistics linguistic typology and phonology as well as to researchers in speech production and perception cognition and modeling. Given the theoretical and methodological interest of the contributions as well as the novel instrumental techniques applied to the study of sound change this volume will interest professionals teaching language typology laboratory phonology sound change phonetics and phonological theory at the graduate level.

This monograph explores the tense aspect mood and evidentiality of Korean which has a rich verbal inflectional system and proposes novel treatments within the framework of compositional semantics. One of the major contributions is the demonstration that Korean has two types of deictic tense—simple deictic and spatial deictic tense. Spatial deictic tense refers to the notion of the speaker’s ‘perceptual field’ (or deictic range) as well as to temporality functioning to set up a condition for a systematic evidential distinction. The research in this volume shows that the basic paradigm of evidentiality of Korean derives from the standard TMA system combined with the notion of space. This volume also shows that perfect and past tense utilize different primitives. The intended readership of this volume extends beyond Koreanists to scholars interested specifically in tense mood aspect and evidentiality as well as in general theories of grammar and semantics-pragmatics.

This book investigates variation in the classroom speech of 7-year-old children who are learning Standard Jamaican English as a second language variety in rural Jamaica. For sociolinguists and second language/dialect researchers interested in the acquisition and use of sociolinguistic variables an important challenge is how to efficiently account for language learning mechanisms and use. To date this book is the first to offer an interdisciplinary look into phonological and phonetic variation observed in primary school in Jamaica that is from the perspective of classic variationist and quantitative sociolinguistics and a usage-based model. Both frameworks function as explanatory for the children’s learning of phono-stylistic variation which they encounter in their immediate linguistic environment i.e. most often through their teachers’ speech. This book is intended for sociolinguists interested in child language variation linguists working on formal aspects of the languages of the Caribbean applied linguists concerned with the teaching and learning of second language phonology and any researchers interested in applying variationist and quantitative methods to classroom second language learning.

Acclaimed when it first appeared as a seminal work – a groundbreaking book that was both informative and highly readable – Translators through History is being released in a new edition substantially revised and expanded by Judith Woodsworth. Translators have played a key role in intellectual exchange through the ages and across borders. This account of how they have contributed to the development of languages the emergence of literatures the dissemination of knowledge and the spread of values tells the story of world culture itself.

Content has been updated new elements introduced and recent directions in translation scholarship incorporated providing fresh insights and a more nuanced view of past events. The bibliography contains over 100 new titles and illustrations have been refreshed and enhanced.

An invaluable tool for students scholars and professionals in the field of translation the latest version of Translators through History remains a vital resource for researchers in other disciplines and a fascinating read for the wider public.

Switzerland is renowned for having a diverse linguistic and dialectal landscape in a comparatively small and confined space. Possibly this is one of the reasons why Swiss German dialects have been investigated thoroughly on various linguistic levels. Nevertheless natural speech intonation has until today not been examined systematically. The aim of this study is to analyze natural Swiss German fundamental frequency behavior according to linguistic paralinguistic and extralinguistic variables using statistical tests against the backdrop of detecting dialect-specific patterns as well as cross-dialectal differences. The intonation analyses were conducted with the mathematically-formulated Command-Response model. This is the first large-scale study that applies this framework on a large corpus of natural dialectal speech. It brings to light detailed underlying patterns of Swiss German dialectal fundamental frequency behavior and provides a holistic account of the truly multilayered features of natural speech intonation.

This is a new contribution to a theory of reiteration in natural languages with a special focus on creoles. Reiteration is meant to denote any situation where the same form occurs (at least) twice within the boundaries of some linguistic domain. By including two case studies bearing on Hebrew and Breton alongside five chapters on creole languages (Surinam creole Haitian Mauritian São Tomé and Pitchi) this volume brings counter-evidence to the claim that reiteration phenomena are particularly typical of creoles. And by exploring the syntax of reiteration alongside its morphology the authors are led to challenge the 'iconic' theory of 'reduplication' proposed in several other studies of similar phenomena. This volume will be relevant for creole studies but also for readers more generally interested in language universals and the architecture of grammars.

Main Clause Phenomena: New Horizons takes the study of Main Clause Phenomena (MCP) into the 21st century without neglecting the origins of the topic. It brings together work by both established and up-and-coming scholars who present analyses for a wide range of MCP from a variety of languages with a particular focus on particles and agreement markers complementizers and verb second and the licensing of MCP in different types of clauses. Besides enriching the empirical domain this volume also engages with the theoretical question of how best to capture the distribution of MCP and in particular to what extent they are embeddable and why. The diverse patterns and analyses presented challenge the idea that MCP constitute a homogeneous class. Main Clause Phenomena: New Horizons is of interest not just to scholars specializing in the study of MCP but to all linguists interested in the syntax and/or semantics of the clause.

Hans den Besten (1948-2010) made numerous contributions to Afrikaans linguistics over a period of nearly three decades. His writings helped shift the perspective on the roots of Afrikaans beyond Dutch to the structure and vocabulary of Khoekhoe to Portuguese Creole and to Malay varieties. This volume contains a selection of Den Besten’s most important papers – some of which originally appeared in less accessible journals – concerning the structure and history of Afrikaans. They cover a wide range of topics including grammatical structure vocabulary the historical development of Afrikaans as well its multiple roots. It is essential reading for any linguist interested in language contact and language change.

Le parole di una lingua non sono mai isolate ma si usano in combinazione e non con qualunque parola ma solo con alcune. Per parlare bene bisogna usare le combinazioni appropriate. In italiano si dice un tozzo di pane per indicare un pezzo di pane ma si dice anche un tozzo di carne? E una discussione si solleva? O si solleva un’obiezione? Una discussione si affronta ma un’obiezione? In italiano non si dice fare un appuntamento con qualcuno ma fissare o prendere un appuntamento. Ogni lingua preferisce combinazioni diverse e quindi è facile sbagliare quando si parla una lingua straniera. A volte però anche il parlante nativo sbaglia o non è sicuro.

Questo dizionario ricostruisce l’ambiente linguistico di circa 3.000 entrate per aiutare ogni parlante a comunicare in italiano. È destinato al parlante straniero che ha una conoscenza avanzata della lingua italiana ma anche al parlante nativo che è in cerca della parola giusta. Un dizionario che si distingue dai normali dizionari monolingui e bilingui perché indica sistematicamente le combinazioni lessicali (circa 90.000) molto spesso spiegandole e/o accompagnandole con esempi per chiarirne l’uso.

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Words are never used in isolation but in combination and not with any word but only with certain specific words. To use a language properly the appropriate combinations must be used. In Italian a piece of bread is a tozzo di pane but is that the case for meat? Is a tozzo di carne an appropriate combination? If you want to make an appointment with somebody you should not say (as in English) fare un appuntamento but fissare un appuntamento. An Italian affronta una discussione (enters or tackles a discussion) but is it possible for him to say affrontare un’obiezione (to enter or tackle an objection)? Yes it is as this dictionary shows. So every language has its own preferences in word combinations misleading a non-native learner into making mistakes influenced by his own language.

This dictionary reconstructs the frame to which 3000 Italian entries belong and aims to help non-Italian speakers with an advanced linguistic competence to find the appropriate word combinations for communicating in Italian. Moreover this dictionary can also be useful for native speakers who want to improve their lexical choices in writing and speaking Italian. The dictionary contrary to ordinary monolingual and bilingual dictionaries systematically lists word combinations (almost 90000) explaining and/or exemplifying them.

Also available: Dizionario Combinatorio Italiano a more extensive 2-volume hardcover edition with 6500 entries listing over 200000 word combinations.

We gesture while we talk and children use gestures prior to words to communicate during the first year. Later as words become the preferred form of communication children continue to gesture to reinforce or extend the spoken messages or even to replace them. This volume originally published as a Special Issue of Gesture 10:2/3 (2010) brings together studies from language acquisition and developmental psychology. It provides a review of common theoretical methodological and empirical themes and the contributions address topics such as gesture use in prelinguistic infants with a special and new focus on pointing the relationship between gestures and lexical development in typically developing and deaf children and even how gesture can help to learn mathematics. All in all it brings additional evidence on how gestures are related to language communication and mind development.

The writing and reading of so-called literary texts can be seen as processes which are genuinely communicational. They lead that is to say to the growth of communities within which individuals acknowledge not only each other’s similarities but differences as well. In this new book Roger D. Sell and his colleagues apply the communicational perspective to the past four centuries of literary activity in English. Paying detailed attention to texts – both canonical and non-canonical – by Amelia Lanyer Thomas Coryate John Boys Pope Coleridge Arnold Kipling William Plomer Auden Walter Macken Robert Kroetsch Rudy Wiebe and Lyn Hejinian the book shows how the communicational issues of addressivity commonality dialogicality and ethics have arisen in widely different historical contexts. At a metascholarly level it suggests that the communicational criticism of literary texts has significant cultural social and political roles to play in the post-postmodern era of rampant globalization.

Cleft constructions have long presented an analytical challenge for syntactic theory. This monograph argues that clefts and related constructions cannot be analysed in a straightforwardly compositional manner. Instead it proposes that the locality conditions on modification (for example by a restrictive relative clause) must be reformulated such that they account for the apparent compositionality of DP-internal modification whilst also permitting ‘discontinuous’ modification of the type which is independently needed for constructions such as relative clause extraposition. The empirical focus of the book is on clefts in English and Russian which have a similar interpretation but considerably divergent syntactic structures. The author argues that despite these syntactic differences both types of cleft are mapped to their semantic interpretations in the same manner. This monograph will be essential reading for those working on cleft constructions and copular sentences more generally and will be of interest to those working on the syntax-semantics interface.

This volume explores the roots of Europe's struggle with multilingualism. It argues that over the centuries the pursuit of linguistic homogeneity has become a central aspect of the mindset of Europeans. In its extreme form it became manifest in the principle of 'one language one state one people'. Consequently multilingualism came to be viewed as an undesirable aberration. The authors of this volume approach the relationship between standard languages and multilingualism from a historical cross-European perspective. They provide a comprehensive overview of the emergence of a standard language ideology and its intricate relationship with matters of ethnicity territorial unity and social mobility. They explain for different European language areas in what ways the emergence of standard languages had an impact on multilingual policies and practices. Its comparative approach makes this volume an important resource for linguists researchers from different philologies and social historians.

The present volume contains selected papers from the 14th International Morphology Meeting held in Budapest 13–16 May 2010 organized under the auspices of the Research Institute for Linguistics of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences. The selection of papers presented here addresses problems of language use in one or another sense covering issues of regularity irregularity and analogy as well as the role of frequency in morphological complexity morphological change and language acquisition. The languages discussed include Dutch German Greek Hungarian Lovari (Romani) and Russian. The contributors are Anna Anastassiadis-Symeonidis Mario Andreou Márton András Baló Dunstan Brown Gabriela Caballero Anna Maria Di Sciullo Wolfgang U. Dressler Roger Evans Alice C. Harris László Kálmán Katharina Korecky-Kröll Sabine Laaha Laura E. Lettner Maria Mitsiaki Péter Rácz Angela Ralli Péter Rebrus Alan K. Scott and Miklós Törkenczy.

The volume contributes to historical pragmatics an important chapter on what has so far not been paid adequate attention to i.e. historical metapragmatics. More particularly the collected papers apply a meta-communicative approach to historical texts by focusing on lexis that either directly or metaphorically identifies or characterizes entire forms of communication or single acts and act sequences or minor units. Within the context of their use such lexical expressions in fact provide a key for disclosing historical forms of communication; taken out of context they build the meta-communicative lexicon.<br xmlns="http://pub2web.metastore.ingenta.com/ns/"/>The articles follow three principal distinctions in that they investigate the meta-communicative profile of genres meta-communicative lexical sets and meta-communicative ethics and ideologies. They cover a broad spectrum of text types that span the entire history of the English language from Anglo-Saxon chronicles to computer-mediated communication.