Subject collection: Linguistics (2,773 titles, 1967–2015)

In sentences containing reported speech, thought, or perception, it is possible to distinguish different voices or views, associated with different discourse roles. They originate in two different clauses: one clause signals a reporting situation, and the other a reported situation.

This volume examines the methods used for combining these two types of clauses in a range of languages. In each of the contributions, the focus is on the forms and functions of verbs; topics dealt with include the meaning of tense, mood, and aspect (and their interaction) in the various types of reported speech, the speech act status of reported utterances, correlations between reporting verbs and verbs in reported clauses (and the conjunctions introducing them), and possible intra-systemic and cross-linguistic correlations of these properties.

The articles concentrate on the Slavic languages Russian, Bulgarian, Macedonian, Serbian, Croatian, and Slovene, the Romance languages Latin, Old and Modern French, and Spanish, the Germanic languages Swedish, German, Dutch, and English, the Indo-Iranian language Bengali, and Mandarin Chinese.

A language of Indic origin heavily infuenced by European idioms for many centuries now, Romani provides an interesting experimental field for students of language contact, linguistic minorities, standardization, and typology. Approaching the language via its ever-surfacing character as a language in contact, the volume gives expression to part of the wide range or research represented in today's field of Romani linguistics. Contributions focus on problems in typological change and structural borrowing, lexical borrowing and lexcial reconstruction, the Iranian influence on the language, interdialectal interference, language mixing, Romani influences on slang and argot, grammatical categories in discourse, standardization and literacy in a multilingual community, and plagiarism of data in older sources. The authors discuss dialects spoken in the Czech and Slovak Republics, Serbia, Macedonia, Germany, Poland, and Romania, as well as related varieties in Spain and the Middle East.

This volume presents a selection of the best papers from the 21st Annual University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee Linguistics Symposium. Researchers from linguistics, psychology, computer science, and philosophy, using many different methods and focusing on many different facts of language, addressed the question of the existence of linguistic rules. Are such rules best seen as convenient tools for the description of languages, or are rules actually invoked by individual language users? Perhaps the most serious challenge to date to the linguistic rule is the development of connectionist architecture. Indeed, these systems must be viewed as a serious challenge to the foundations of all of contemporary linguistics. Four broad themes emerged from the Milwaukee conference, corresponding to the four parts of the volume. Part I centers on arguments for the existence of symbolic rules in linguistic competence and performance. Part II contains arguments against symbolic rules, presenting connectionist models and other alternatives to the symbolic paradigm. Parts III and IV take up two issues that are central to a number of language researchers: Language acquisition and learnability, and modularity. These issues are addressed from within both rule-based and non-rule-based perspectives. Contributors: Farrell Ackerman, Michael Barlow, Catherine Best, David Corina, Roberta Corrigan, Kim Daugherty, Bruce Derwing, Jeff Elman, Alice Faber, John Goldsmith, Helen Goodluck, Neil Jacobs, Richard Janda, Brian Joseph, Michael Kac, Alan Kawamoto, Suzanne Kemmer, Susan Lima, Brian MacWhinney, Steven Pinker, Alan Prince, Gerald Sanders, Hinrich Schutze, Mark Seidenberg, Royal Skousen, Nicholas Sobin, Joseph Stemberger, Gregory Stone, Ann Thyme, Robert Van Valin.

All languages are characterized by the regular cooccurrence of certain words; for example, we say in English, tall building but high mountain. These recurrent combinations or collocations are peculiar to each individual language and cannot be predicted by a learner of that language. There are thousands of striking collocational differences between English and Russian, which are of vital importance to language learners and translators. The REDVC lists Russian verbal collocations and translates them into English. Whenever possible, corresponding English collocations are used in the translations. The REDVC lists grammatical collocations (verb + prep., verb + specific case(s)), lexical collocations (verb + adverb) and various types of miscellaneous verbal phrases, including important idioms and figurative expressions. The REDVC makes every effort to describe contemporary Russian, and a large number of illustrative examples were taken from the current Russian press. However, to provide an adequate description of the Russian used during the Soviet era, some obsolete political expressions are included as well. This dictionary is intended for English-speaking learners of Russian and Russian-speaking learners of English, both at intermediate and advanced level. It will also prove indispensable to translators of both languages.

The contributions in this volume are selected and revised papers from the 20th Linguistic Symposium on Romance Languages, held in Ottawa in 1990. They reflect the state of Romance linguistics carried out within a broadly defined generative framework.

Runic and Mediterranean Epigraphy examines the past 100 years of runic scholarship to show that previous investigations on the origin of the runes have been hampered by a series of ad hoc postulates, the greatest being that the runes cannot have come into existence before the birth of Christ. If one examines the runic, Greek, and Latin alphabets on the basis of letter shapes, graphic-phonological correspondences, direction of writing, the orthographic treatment of nasals, the use of ligatures, interpuncts, and double letters, without any regard to time, striking similiarities appear. These similarities occur between the runes on the one hand and the archaic, pre-classical Greek and Latin writing systems, but not the Latin and Greek writing systems after the birth of Christ. While comparison yields a definite relationship between the runes and the archaic Greek and Latin writing systems, the runes seem to have more in common with the Greek than with the Latin. Runic and Mediterranean Epigraphy demonstrates that the question, 'Where did the runes come from?' has not yet been answered.

Although in Czechoslovakia sociolinguistics is not institutionalized, some results and approaches of Czech linguistics appear to be sociolinguistic, and that from the viewpoint of other linguistic and scientific traditions in general. The socio-component' of Czech linguistics took shape as early as between the two world wars in the activity of the Prague Linguistic School, and is influenced in a positive way also by a contemporary philosophico-ideological climate. The contents of the present volume include contributions of prominent Czech linguists, especially research workers from academic and university institutions. The papers concentrate on four general subjects: 1) methodological problems, 2) the theory of standard language and language culture, 3) presentation of the linguistic situation in Czechoslovakia, 4) communication in small social groups. All papers are written in English. The volume is primarily intended for those concerned with general linguistics, sociolinguistics, Slavonic studies and Czech studies.

Die vorliegende Bibliographie ist das erste Ergebnis eines von der Deutschen Forschungsgemeinschaft von 1974 bis 1978 geförderten Forschungsprojekts. Sie gibt einen Uberblick über Stand und Entwicklung der Sprachlehr- und Sprachlernforschung in der UdSSR für den Bereich des gesteuerten Fremdsprachenerwerbs. Bei den besprochenen Arbeiten handelt es sich in der Regel um Publikationen, die in der UdSSR in russischer Sprache erschienen sind. Die Arbeit ist — nicht nur für den Westen — der erste Versuch einer solchen Darstellung.

The phenomenon of absolutist, prescriptive correctness is persistent and pervasive in the linguistic through of educated and intelligent citizens of the United States. This volume is not only and attempt to gain some understanding of the source, nature, and operation of the prescriptive attitude, but also to examine it in the light of what Einar Haugen (1972) has called the ‘ecology of language’, that is, the relationship between language attitudes and other social and cultural behavior.