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Subject collection: Philosophy (254 titles, 1969–2015)
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Subject collection: Philosophy (254 titles, 1969–2015)
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Scrutinizing Argumentation in Practice
Editor(s): Frans H. van Eemeren and Bart GarssenMore LessScrutinizing Argumentation in Practice contains a selection of papers reflecting upon the use of argumentation in real life contexts. The first five sections are devoted to argumentation in a specific institutional context: scientific controversies, argumentation in politics, argumentation in a legal context, argumentation in education, argumentation in an interpersonal context. The last section deals with strategic maneuvering as a vital concept in studying argumentation in practice.
The contributors are: Francesco Arcidiacono, Michael J. Baker, Sarah Bigi, Marina Bletsas, Stephanie Breux, William O. Dailey, Marianne Doury, Claudio Duran, Frans H. van Eemeren, Lindsay M. Ellis, Jeanne Fahnestock, Eveline T. Feteris, Bart Garssen, Anca Gâţă, Salma I. Ghanem, Sara Greco, Edward A. Hinck, Robert S. Hinck, Shelly S. Hinck, Henrike Jansen, Takayuki Kato, Susan L. Kline, Pascale Mansier, Bert Meuffels, Celine Miserez-Caperos, D’Arcy Oaks, Sachinidou Paraskevi, Anne-Nelly Perret-Clermont, H. José Plug, Takeshi Suzuki, and David Zarefsky.
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Vom Paläolithikum zur Postmoderne – Die Genese unseres Epochen-Systems
Author(s): Andreas KampMit dem vorliegenden Buch setzen wir unsere Studie zur Genese der heutigen Epochen-Systematik fort. Aufgrund der ebenso vielfältigen wie profunden Transformationen, die während des 18. und 19. Jahrhunderts stattfanden, konzentriert es sich, die Analyse der jüngeren Entwicklungen für den dritten Band reservierend, ganz auf diesen Zeitraum.
Unter Fokussierung auf die führenden europäischen Volkssprachen (Englisch, Französisch, Deutsch, Italienisch, Spanisch, Portugiesisch) thematisieren wir jeweils zum einen die für die Anfänge bzw. Ausgestaltungen des konzeptionellen Wandels relevanten Literaten, zum anderen seine durch die ungemein reichhaltige Lexikographie dokumentierte Verbreitung. Detailliert berücksichtigt wird hierbei auch die signifikante, schon recht früh einsetzende Globalisierungstendenz, die sich in der kräftigen Resonanz des ursprünglich rein europäischen Konzepts in der autochthonen literarischen wie lexikographischen Produktion des anglo-, hispano- und lusophonen Amerika manifestierte.
Der Adressatenkreis des Buches umfaßt Lehrende und Studierende der Geschichtswissenschaft im allgemeinen, der Historie zahlreicher weiterer Disziplinen wie etwa Geschichte der Philosophie, der Künste, des Rechts oder der Geologie, ferner der klassischen Philologie und ihrer modernen Pendants wie Anglistik, Romanistik oder Germanistik sowie, nicht zuletzt, der Lexikographie.
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The volume at hand is a continuation of our studies on the genesis of today’s system of epochs. Owing to the equally profound and multifarious transformations taking place in the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries, it focuses exclusively on this period, with an analysis of the most recent developments to follow in a third volume.
In concentrating on the preeminent European vernaculars (English, French, German, Italian, Spanish, Portuguese), we will lay special emphasis, for one, on the authors who were most influential concerning the beginnings and specific contents of conceptual changes. On the other hand, we will focus on the exceptional abundance of lexicographical sources to show how and when these transformations spread. Furthermore, the significant tendency to globalization, which can already be seen fairly early on, is given ample recognition in this context. Indeed, the autochthonous literary and lexicographical productions of Anglophone, Hispanophone and Lusophone America are manifestations of the vivid reverberations of a concept that was originally purely European.
This publication addresses teachers and students of historical scholarship in general as well as of the subject-specific history of various disciplines such as history of philosophy, law or geology, art history, classical philology and their modern counterparts such as English, Romance or German Studies, and, last but not least, the history of lexicography.
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Argumentation in Political Deliberation
Editor(s): Marcin Lewiński and Dima MohammedMore LessThe goal of this volume is to further the examination of the role, shape, and quality of argumentation in political deliberation. The chapters collected in the volume employ the concepts and methods developed within argumentation theory to investigate the specifics of political discourse across various deliberative arenas: from debates in the European Parliament, consensus conferences and public hearings in France, discussions in Dutch online forums, to exchanges of comments in online versions of British newspapers. In this way, the studies reveal the inner workings of argumentative interactions that constitute deliberative discourse – and thus importantly contribute to the study of public deliberation. This should be of interest to the students of argumentation, deliberation, and political discourse. In addition, the volume problematizes and theorizes some vital issues related to the study of situated argumentation, thus advancing the study of argumentation in context.
Originally published in Journal of Argumentation in Context, Vol. 2:1 (2013).
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Realism and Individualism
Author(s): Mateusz W. Oleksy and Wieslaw OleksyRealism and Individualism. Charles S. Peirce and the Threat of Modern Nominalism discusses the main problems, tenets, assumptions, and arguments involved in Charles S. Peirce's early and late realist stances and subjects to critical scrutiny the still dominant view that Pragmatic Realism merely extends or refines new arguments in support of Scholastic Realism without questioning its basic assumptions. The book presents a critical overview of Peirce’s views on modern nominalism and offers a novel approach to the social-anthropological underpinnings of his realism, especially Pragmatic Realism vis à vis the individualist tendencies in modern thought.
The book is of interest to scholars and students of philosophy, especially students of American pragmatism, anthropology, linguistic pragmatics, as well as to anyone interested in Charles S. Peirce, Duns Scotus, Ockham, and generally to semioticians, social scientists, and sociologists.
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Certainty-uncertainty – and the Attitudinal Space in Between
Editor(s): Sibilla Cantarini, Werner Abraham and Elisabeth LeissMore LessThe selected papers of this volume cover five main topics, namely ‘Certainty: The conceptual differential’; ‘(Un)Certainty as attitudinality’; ‘Dialogical exchange and speech acts’; ‘Onomasiology’; and ‘Applications in exegesis and religious discourse’. By examining the general theme of the communication of certainty and uncertainty from different scientific fields, theoretical approaches and perspectives, this compendium of state-of-the-art research papers provides both an interdisciplinary comparison of the latest investigations, methods and findings, and new advances and theoretical insights with a common focus on human communication.
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True Emotions
Author(s): Mikko SalmelaTrue Emotions discusses several key problems in emotion research. The question about the true nature of emotions focuses on the role of cognition in human emotions at different levels of analysis: functional role, types of processes and representations, and neural implementation. Truth to the self, or authenticity, has two meanings, psychological and normative, where the latter is analyzed as coherence between the evaluative content of an emotion and the subject’s internally justified beliefs and values. Truth to the world is argued to be a matter of correct evaluative representation of the emotional object on the one hand, and the existence of the object, or the actuality or accurate probability of the represented situation on the other hand. Finally, authenticity and truth are applied to analyses of the authenticity of occupational emotions and the constitution of sentimental values, respectively. Recommended reading for philosophers, psychologists, sociologists, and gender researchers.
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Creative Confluence
Author(s): Johan F. HoornCreative Confluence is a highly original work, building bridges between physics, biology, technology, economy, organizations, neuropsychology, literature, arts, and cultural history. It is an attempt to explain the process of creativity as a universal principle of nature, cutting through the composition of atoms as well as human design of novel combinations. Creative Confluence is yet another impressive book and a sequel to Epistemics of the Virtual, indicating that perception and imagination operate in close contact. In a clear and light tone, the work holds that rational problem-solving strategies are most relevant in deterministic problem spaces whereas creativity is pertinent in more probabilistic situations. Theories of creativity and innovation are explored by means of computer simulations. Conditionals that favor creativity such as diversity, tolerance, and openness are discussed, forwarding a compelling vision of creative leadership.
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Let's talk politics
Editor(s): Hilde Van Belle, Kris Rutten, Paul Gillaerts, Dorien Van De Mieroop and Baldwin Van GorpMore LessIn this volume on political argumentation, the study of argument takes place within a rhetorical framework. As such, it is a contribution to the study of argumentation-in-context with an explicit rhetorical approach. Rather than focusing on the poor quality of political participation and political understanding by citizens, this volume explores how the study of rhetoric, both as an academic discipline and as a political practice, stands in a unique position to critically engage with a ‘contextualized’ understanding of politics and civic engagement. Many contributions in this volume confront classical rhetorical concepts and theories with current political developments such as globalization and multiculturalism and the emergence of new democracies. Others focus explicitly on deliberative rhetoric in the political realm, or undertake a critical analysis of political texts and public events in order to explore what this can imply for the development of a ‘critical’ citizenship.
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Universals in Second Scholasticism
Author(s): Daniel HeiderThis study aims to present a comparative analysis of philosophical theories of universals espoused by the foremost representatives of the three main schools of early modern scholastic thought. The book introduces the doctrines of Francisco Suárez, S.J. (1548–1617), the Thomist John of St. Thomas, O.P. (1589–1644), and the Scotists Bartolomeo Mastri da Meldola, O.F.M. Conv. (1602–1673) and Bonaventura Belluto, O.F.M. Conv. (1600–1676). The author examines in detail their mutual doctrinal delineation as well as the conceptualist tenet of the Jesuit Pedro Hurtado de Mendoza (1578–1641), whose thought constitutes an important systematic point of comparison especially with Suárez’s doctrine. The book offers the first comparative elaboration of the issue of universals, in both its metaphysical and its epistemological aspects, in the era of second scholasticism.
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Alignment in Communication
Editor(s): Ipke Wachsmuth, Jan de Ruiter, Petra Jaecks and Stefan KoppMore LessAlignment in Communication is a novel direction in communication research, which focuses on interactive adaptation processes assumed to be more or less automatic in humans. It offers an alternative to established theories of human communication and also has important implications for human-machine interaction. A collection of articles by international researchers in linguistics, psychology, artificial intelligence, and social robotics, this book provides evidence on why such alignment occurs and the role it plays in communication. Complemented by a discussion of methodologies and explanatory frameworks from dialogue theory, it presents cornerstones of an emerging new theory of communication. The ultimate purpose is to extend our knowledge about human communication, as well as creating a foundation for natural multimodal dialogue in human-machine interaction. Its cross-disciplinary nature makes the book a useful reference for cognitive scientists, linguists, psychologists, and language philosophers, as well as engineers developing conversational agents and social robots.
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Argumentation in Political Interviews
Author(s): Corina AndoneIn Argumentation in Political Interviews Corina Andone uses the pragma-dialectical concept of strategic maneuvering to gain a better understanding of political interviews as argumentative practices. She analyzes and evaluates the way in which politicians react in political interviews to the accusation that the position they currently hold is inconsistent with a position they advanced before. The politicians’ responses to such charges are examined for their strategic function by concentrating on a number of concrete cases and explaining how the arguers try to enhance their chances of winning the discussion. In addition, the soundness criteria are formulated for judging properly when the politicians’ responses are indeed reasonable.This book is important to argumentation theorists, discourse analysts, communication scholars and all other researchers and students interested in the way in which language is used for the purpose of persuasion in a political context.
Corina Andone is Assistant Professor of Speech Communication, Argumentation Theory and Rhetoric at the Faculty of Humanities of the University of Amsterdam in the Netherlands.
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Roots and Collapse of Empathy
Author(s): Stein BråtenSpanning from care-giving infants and civilian rescuers risking their life to the collapse of empathy in agents of torture and extinction, this unique book deals with and illustrates the altruistic best and atrocious worst of human nature. It begins with infant roots of empathy, then turns to the neurosocial support of empathic participation, and to the nature and nurture of good and ill. It raises questions about how abuse may invite vicious circles of re-enactment, and as to how ordinary people may come to commit torture and mass murders, such as the Auschwitz doctors and the sole terrorist attacking Norway on July 22, 2011.
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Communication in Humans and Other Animals
Author(s): Gisela Håkansson and Jennie WestanderCommunication is a basic behaviour, found across animal species. Human language is often thought of as a unique system, which separates humans from other animals. This textbook serves as a guide to different types of communication, and suggests that each is unique in its own way: human verbal and nonverbal communication, communication in nonhuman primates, in dogs and in birds. Research questions and findings from different perspectives are summarized and integrated to show students similarities and differences in the rich diversity of communicative behaviours.
A core topic is how young individuals proceed from not being able to communicate to reaching a state of competent communicators, and the role of adults in this developmental process. Evolutionary aspects are also taken into consideration, and ideas about the evolution of human language are examined. The cross-disciplinary nature of the book makes it useful for courses in linguistics, biology, sociology and psychology, but it is also valuable reading for anyone interested in understanding communicative behaviour.
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Über Beweise und Beweisarten bei Wilhelm Ockham
Author(s): Heinz-Helmut MöllmannDie Arbeit versucht über drei, eigens gekennzeichnete und für Wilhelm Ockham (1285–1347) ausgewiesene Beweisarten (Induktion, Überredungsbeweis, Widerlegungsbeweis), die in einer Fülle von Beispielen dokumentiert werden, die Begründung seiner z. T. berüchtigten oder unverstandenen Thesen in ihrer Gesamtheit darzulegen. Sie zeigt, dass alle bekannten Stichworte und Schlüsselwörter bzw. Maximen wie notitia intuitiva, Omnipotenzprinzip, Ökonomieprinzip, daneben technische Begriffe wie consequentia, ratio, Kontradiktion, suppositio und ontologische, darunter forma, substantia, accidens, species, qualitas, quantitas, materia, mit diesen Argumentationsweisen in Zusammenhang stehen, genauer: von ihnen abhängen. Es ergibt sich, dass Ockham jeweils sehr spezielle und inhaltlich äußerst begrenzte Beweisziele verfolgt, deren Gesamtgeflecht in einer großen Struktur besteht, für die ein normaler logischer Beweismodus nicht mehr gelten kann. Die reale Geltung von Sätzen und Begriffen ist für Ockham unbestritten, doch bestreitet er, dass eine solche Annahme aus dem Verhältnis der Begriffe und danach der Aussagen abgeleitet werden könne. Er widerlegt die scholastischen Thesen, die das besagten.
There are three kinds of demonstration (induction, persuasion, and disproof) to be found in the writings of William Ockham (1285-1347) which are the base of his theses (opiniones) so often attacked or misunderstood in ancient and modern times. Famous key words such as intuitive cognition, the principles of omnipotence and economy, side by side with technical terms as consequentia, ratio, contradictio, suppositio, and ontological ones like forma, substantia, accidens, species, qualitas, quantitas, materia, and equally Ockham’s counter-arguments against Aristotelian and scholastic maxims essentially depend on these types of ratiocination. Ockham’s many proofs are especially ingenious and they generally have wide and unexpected consequences for reasoning. But the common pattern of deduction has been abandoned. While he acknowledges the validity of propositions and notions in the physical world Ockham denies that it can be proved as a statement for its own. Sometimes he even refutes it as a corollary of philosophical misconceptions.
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Organic Creativity and the Physics Within
Author(s): Mea M.M. LowcreEditor(s): Johan F. HoornMore LessA group of international top scientists from a diversity of disciplines sat together for five days with artists, designers, and entrepreneurs to develop a trans-disciplinary theory of creativity. Organic Creativity and the Physics Within assumes that creativity is a quality of nature visible in physics as well as in psychology, its basis being combinatorics, coincidence, complementarity, and fractal emergence. The authors prompt a mechanism cutting through particle physics, perception, psychology, and culminating into playfulness. Organic Creativity and the Physics Within connects us to the universality of nature's creativeness.
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Categorical versus Dimensional Models of Affect
Editor(s): Peter Zachar and Ralph D. EllisMore LessOne of the most important theoretical and empirical issues in the scholarly study of emotion is whether there is a correct list of “basic” types of affect or whether all affective states are better modeled as a combination of locations on shared underlying dimensions. Many thinkers have written on this topic, yet the views of two scientists in particular are dominant. The first is Jaak Panksepp, the father of Affective Neuroscience. Panksepp conceptualizes affect as a set of distinct categories. The leading proponent of the dimensional approach in scientific psychology is James Russell. According to Russell all affect can be decomposed into two underlying dimensions, pleasure versus displeasure and low arousal versus high arousal.
In this volume Panksepp and Russell each articulate their positions on eleven fundamental questions about the nature of affect followed by a discussion of these target papers by noted emotion theorists and researchers. Russell and Panksepp respond both to each other and to the commentators. The discussion leads to some stark contrasts, with formidable arguments on both sides, and some interesting convergences between the two streams of work.
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Epistemics of the Virtual
Author(s): Johan F. HoornProposing a new theory of fiction, this work reviews the confusion about perceived realism, metaphor, virtual worlds and the seemingly obvious distinction between what is true and what is false. The rise of new media, new technology, and creative products and services requires a new examination of what ‘real’ friends are, to what extent scientific novelty is ‘true’, and whether online content is merely ‘figurative’. In this transdisciplinary theory the author evaluates cognitive theories, philosophical discussion, and topics in biology and physics, and places these in the frameworks of computer science and literary theory. The interest of the reader is continuously challenged on matters of truth, fiction, and the shakiness of our belief systems.
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Exploring Argumentative Contexts
Editor(s): Frans H. van Eemeren and Bart GarssenMore LessIn Exploring Argumentative Contexts Frans H. van Eemeren and Bart Garssen bring together a broad variety of essays examining argumentation as it occurs in seven communicative domains: the political context, the historical context, the legal context, the academic context, the medical context, the media context, and the financial context. These essays are written by an international group of argumentation scholars, consisting of Corina Andone, Sarah Bigi, Robert T. Craig, Justin Eckstein, Frans H. van Eemeren, Norman Fairclough, Eveline Feteris, Gerd Fritz, Bart Garssen, Kara Gilbert, Thomas Gloning, G. Thomas Goodnight, Dale A. Herbeck, Darrin Hicks, Thomas Hollihan, Jos Hornikx, Isabela Ieţcu-Fairclough, Gábor Kutrovátz, Maurizio Manzin, Davide Mazzi, Dima Mohammed, Rudi Palmieri, Angela G. Ray, Patricia Riley, Robert C. Rowland, Peter Schulz, Karen Tracy, and Gergana Zlatkova.
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Controversies Within the Scientific Revolution
Editor(s): Marcelo Dascal and Victor D. BoantzaMore LessFrom the beginning of the Scientific Revolution around the late sixteenth century to its final crystallization in the early eighteenth century, hardly an observational result, an experimental technique, a theory, a mathematical proof, a methodological principle, or the award of recognition and reputation remained unquestioned for long. The essays collected in this book examine the rich texture of debates that comprised the Scientific Revolution from which the modern conception of science emerged. Were controversies marginal episodes, restricted to certain fields, or were they the rule in the majority of scientific domains? To what extent did scientific controversies share a typical pattern, which distinguished them from debates in other fields? Answers to these historical and philosophical questions are sought through a close attention to specific controversies within and across the changing scientific disciplines as well as across the borders of the natural and the human sciences, philosophy, theology, and technology.
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Controversy Spaces
Editor(s): Oscar NudlerMore LessThe notion of controversy space is the key element of the new model of scientific and philosophical change introduced in this book. Devised as an alternative to classical models, the model of Controversy Spaces is a heuristic tool for the reconstruction of processes of conceptual change in the history of science and philosophy. The first chapter of this volume outlines in its initial section the historical trajectory of the dialectical, adversarial approach to the progress of knowledge, from its ancient flourishing and its almost complete oblivion in modernity up to its contemporary revival. Then the main features that characterize the structure and dynamics of controversy spaces are identified and examined. In the rest of the book the reader will find a detailed, fascinating series of case studies that apply the CS model in a variety of scientific areas, ranging from physics to linguistics, as well as the philosophy of mind and the philosophy of historiography.
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Sprache und Metaphysik
Author(s): Tamar TsopurashviliDie vorliegende Studie zielt darauf ab, die Metaphysik Meister Eckharts auf systematische Weise darzustellen und das gemeinsame Fundament zu ermitteln, das anzeigt, dass seine spekulativen lateinischen wie auch seine von bildhaften Ausdrucksweisen geprägten deutschen Schriften inhaltlich miteinander vereinbar sind. Das Innovative dieser Studie manifestiert sich darin, dass dieser Versuch der Systematisierung anhand des mittelalterlichen Sprachmodells mit seinen Prädikationsstruktur aufweisenden Sätzen, die zugleich die Grundthesen der Eckhart’schen Metaphysik bilden, vorgenommen wird. Die Prädikation ist gemäß der Inhärenz- oder der Identitätstheorie zu verstehen, dies bei variierendem Satzsinn. Das zeitigt wichtige Folgen für Eckharts Gottesverständnis und seine spezifische Haltung gegenüber der negativen Theologie. Schließlich wird ermittelt, welche Auswirkung die Prädikation auf die Grundsätze seiner Metaphysik besitzt, einer Metaphysik, die, wie exemplarisch gezeigt wird, auch für seine deutschen Schriften konstitutiv ist.This study aims to present Meister Eckhart’s metaphysics in a systematic way and to identify the common basis that makes apparent that his speculative Latin works and his German works, which are full of pictorial expressions, are compatible with each other. The innovative approach of this study lies in its attempt of systematization on the basis of the medieval theories of language. This approach identifies different ways of understanding Meister Eckhart’s key predicative propositions, which are the main theses of his metaphysics. Predication can be understood according to the theories of inherence, or identity, resulting in different meanings of the same sentence. This has great impact on Meister Eckhart’s concept of God and his attitude toward negative theology. The book shows in great detail how predication is at the root of understanding the main theses of Meister Eckhart’s metaphysics, which – as is exemplarily demonstrated – is also constitutive for his German works.
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The Primacy of Movement
Author(s): Maxine Sheets-JohnstoneThis expanded second edition carries forward the initial insights into the biological and existential significances of animation by taking contemporary research findings in cognitive science and philosophy and in neuroscience into critical and constructive account. It first takes affectivity as its focal point, elucidating it within both an enactive and qualitative affective-kinetic dynamic. It follows through with a thoroughgoing interdisciplinary inquiry into movement from three perspectives: mind, brain, and the conceptually reciprocal realities of receptivity and responsivity as set forth in phenomenology and evolutionary biology, respectively. It ends with a substantive afterword on kinesthesia, pointing up the incontrovertible significance of the faculty to cognition and affectivity. Series A
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The Art of Dialectic between Dialogue and Rhetoric
Author(s): Marta SpranziThis book reconstructs the tradition of dialectic from Aristotle's Topics, its founding text, up to its "renaissance" in 16th century Italy, and focuses on the role of dialectic in the production of knowledge. Aristotle defines dialectic as a structured exchange of questions and answers and thus links it to dialogue and disputation, while Cicero develops a mildly skeptical version of dialectic, identifies it with reasoning in utramque partem and connects it closely to rhetoric. These two interpretations constitute the backbone of the living tradition of dialectic and are variously developed in the Renaissance against the Medieval background. The book scrutinizes three separate contexts in which these developments occur:
Rudolph Agricola's attempt to develop a new dialectic in close connection with rhetoric, Agostino Nifo's thoroughly Aristotelian approach and its use of the newly translated commentaries of Alexander of Aphrodisias and Averroes, and Carlo Sigonio's literary theory of the dialogue form, which is centered around Aristotle's Topics.
Today, Aristotelian dialectic enjoys a new life within argumentation theory: the final chapter of the book briefly revisits these contemporary developments and draws some general epistemological conclusions linking the tradition of dialectic to a fallibilist view of knowledge.
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Keeping in touch with Pragma-Dialectics
Editor(s): Eveline T. Feteris, Bart Garssen and Francisca Snoeck HenkemansMore LessKeeping in touch with Pragma-Dialectics is written to honor Frans van Eemeren and his work in the field of argumentation theory on the occasion of his retirement. The volume contains 17 contributions from teams of authors consisting of a combination of a pragma-dialectician and one or two researchers with a different background in the field of argumentation. In this volume, comparisons between the pragma-dialectical approach and other approaches are made, aspects of strategic maneuvering such as the use of presentational techniques, adaptation to the audience and the selection of topics are dealt with and the influence of specific institutional contexts such as politics, medicine and internet forums on strategic maneuvering are discussed.
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Theory of Language
Author(s): Karl BühlerKarl Bühler (1879–1963) was one of the leading theoreticians of language of the twentieth century. Although primarily a psychologist, Bühler devoted much of his attention to the study of language and language theory. His masterwork Sprachtheorie (1934) quickly gained recognition in the fields of linguistics, semiotics, the philosophy of language and the psychology of language. This new edition of the English translation of Bühler’s theory begins with a survey on ‘Bühler’s legacy’ for modern linguistics (Werner Abraham), followed by the Theory of Language, and finally with a special ‘Postscript: Twenty-five Years Later …’ (Achim Eschbach). Bühler’s theory is divided into four parts. Part I discusses the four axioms or principles of language research, the most famous of which is the first, the organon model, the base of Bühler's instrumental view of language. Part II treats the role of indexicality in language and discusses deixis as one determinant of speech. Part III examines the symbolic field, dealing with context, onomatopoeia and the function of case. Part IV deals with the elements of language and their organization (syllabification, the definition of the word, metaphor, anaphora, etc).The text is accompanied by an Introduction (Achim Eschbach); Translator's preface (Donald Fraser Goodwin); Glossary of terms; and a Bibliography of cited works.
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Suarezismus
Author(s): Sven K. KnebelGeistesgeschichtlich ist die große Vergangenheit des lateinischen Aristotelismus immer noch unbewältigt. Die vorliegende Teiledition eines Cursus philosophicus von 1653/55 [Ms. BU Salamanca 1351-52] dokumentiert den regen Schulbetrieb zu Lockes Zeit. Etwas ‚metaphysische‘ zu betrachten, das hieß im Suarezismus, es gerade unter Bezug auf unser Denken zu betrachten: quoad nostros conceptus (Arriaga). In diesem erkenntnistheoretischen Sinn ‚metaphysische‘ Abhandlungen sind hier zusammengestellt. Hauptfrage: Hat das Urteil schon diesseits des Wahrheitsbezugs einen eigenen Gegenstandsbezug? Die Psychologie des Urteils erscheint systematisch verknüpft mit der Ontologie des Irrealen (ens rationis ratiocinantis). Der Autor González de Santalla, sonst immer nur der Märtyrer der Gesinnungsethik, wird als Scholastiker vorgestellt. Die intellektuelle Biographie dieses Jesuiten konzentriert sich auf seine philosophiepolitische Aktivität: Ab 1687 war er der Chef jenes globalen Bildungskonzerns, der damals über sechshundert Schulen und Hochschulen unterhielt. Hundert Jahre später war diese Institution, die Societas Jesu, vom Erdboden verschwunden.
Interessenten: Philosophen, Mediävisten, Romanisten, Theologen, Kulturhistoriker
In order to trace Psychologism, particularly the 18th-century‚ perception theory of judgment‘ (G. Nuchelmans), a case is made for a fair appreciation of the Aristotelian school philosophy during Locke’s life time. From a hitherto unknown Jesuit Cursus Philosophicus of 1653/55, a substantial portion of its disputations on Logic, Psychology and Metaphysics is edited. A remarkable refutation of Suárez’s classical account of the beings of reason reveals the systematic connection between any theory of judgment and the ideas on how to make sense of the chimaeras. This time, González de Santalla, otherwise famous for his firm stand against ethical Probabilism, is presented as an epistemologist. His intellectual biography focuses on the schoolman and on a future Jesuit General‘s (1687-1703) educational policy, who tried to keep the standards of school philosophy.
Readers: Scholars interested in mediaeval and modern philosophy, in the history of higher education, and hispanists.
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Philosophical Perspectives for Pragmatics
Editor(s): Marina Sbisà, Jan-Ola Östman and Jef VerschuerenMore LessThe ten volumes of Handbook of Pragmatics Highlights focus on the most salient topics in the field of pragmatics, thus dividing its wide interdisciplinary spectrum in a transparent and manageable way. While the other volumes select specific cognitive, grammatical, social, cultural, variational, interactional, or discursive angles, this 10th volume focuses on the interface between pragmatics and philosophy and reviews the philosophical background from which pragmatics has taken inspiration and with which it is constantly confronted. It provides the reader with information about authors relevant to the development of pragmatics, trends or areas in philosophy that are relevant for the definition of the main concepts in pragmatics or the characterization of its cultural context, the neighbouring field of semantics (with particular respect to truth-conditional semantics and some main branches of formal semantics), and recent philosophical debates that involve pragmatic notions such as indexicality and context. While most of the references are to the analytic philosophical field, also perspectives in so-called continental philosophy are taken into account. The introductory chapter outlines some unifying routes of reflection as regards meaning, speech as action, and self and mind, and suggests some connections between doing pragmatics and doing philosophy.
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Vom Paläolithikum zur Postmoderne - Die Genese unseres Epochen-Systems
Author(s): Andreas KampDies ist der erste Teil einer zweibändigen Studie zur Genese unseres heutigen, vom Anspruch her den chronologischen Verlauf der gesamten Menschheitsgeschichte strukturierenden „Epochen“-Systems.
Der Band skizziert zunächst die geistesgeschichtlichen Prämissen. Von der rudimentären paläolithischen Zeiteinteilung führt er über die ältesten schriftlich dokumentierten Ordnungsversuche in den sumerischen bzw. ägyptischen „Königlisten“, griechische und römische Autoren, Petrarca, Bruni und Vasari bis zu Cellarius, der am Ende des 17. Jahrhunderts die Drei-Zeitalter-Distinktion „Antike-Mittelalter-Neuzeit“ zum zentralen chronologischen Gliederungsprinzip der Weltgeschichte erhob. Anschließend stehen die drei klassischen, von Pyrrhon, Polybios bzw. Ptolemaios entwickelten „Epoché“-Konzepte sowie deren Auftauchen und Rezeption im lateinischen Europa im Fokus. Sodann wird die erstaunlich spät, nämlich erst nach Mitte des 16. Jahrhunderts einsetzende Transformation der „Epoché“ zur fundamentalen historiographischen Ordnungskategorie thematisiert. Schließlich verfolgen wir anhand zahlreicher Autoren sowie der kontemporären Lexikographie ihren auf Latein wie in den relevanten europäischen „Volkssprachen“ (Englisch, Französisch, Deutsch, Spanisch, Portugiesisch, Italienisch) stattfindenden Divulgationsprozeß. Dabei erweist sich der Ausgang des 17. Jahrhunderts erneut als Wasserscheide.
Der erste Band endet deshalb an dieser Stelle, ein zweite (BSP 56, 2015) analysiert die weitere Entwicklung von 1700 bis 1900.
This is the first part of a two-volume study of the genesis of our modern-day system of epochs, which claims to structure the chronology of the entire history of mankind. The volume sets out by sketching the intellectual premises. It leads from the rudimentary Palaeolithic division of time via the oldest attempts at structuring to have been documented in written form, through to the Sumerian and Egyptian “King Lists”, to Greek and Roman authors, to Petrarch, Bruni, and Vasari, and finally to Cellarius, who in the late 17th century introduced the distinction between the three epochs of “Antiquity, the Middle Ages and the Modern Era” as the basic chronological principle of organising the history of the world. This is followed by a closer look at the three classical concepts of “Epoché” as defined by Pyrrhon, Polybios and Ptolemaios, respectively, as well as their surfacing and reception in Latin Europe. Not until the second half of the 16th century, which is an astonishingly late point in time, can the transformation of “Epoché” into a fundamental category of historiographic structuring be detected. Finally, by studying numerous writers as well as the contemporary lexicography, we will outline the process of divulgation that took place both in Latin as well as in the relevant European “vernaculars” (English, French, German, Spanish, Portuguese, Italian). In the process, the late 17th century again proves to be a kind of divide.
As a consequence, volume one ends here; a second volume (BSP 56, 2015) analyses the development up to 1900.
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Dialogue – The Mixed Game
Author(s): Edda WeigandThe ‘Mixed Game Model’ represents a holistic theory of dialogue which starts from human beings’ competence-in-performance and describes how language is integrated in a general theory of human action and behaviour. Human beings are able to adapt to changing conditions and to pursue their interests by the integrated use of various communicative means, mainly verbal, perceptual and cognitive. The core unit is the dialogic action game or ‘the mixed game’ with human beings at the centre acting and reacting in cultural surroundings. The key to opening up the complex whole is human beings’ nature. The Mixed Game Model demonstrates how the different disciplines of the natural and social sciences and the humanities are mutually interconnected. After a detailed overview of the state of the art, the fundamentals of the theory are laid down. They include a typology of action games which ranges from minimal games to complex institutional games. The description is illustrated by analyses of authentic games.
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Mind Ascribed
Author(s): Bruno MölderThis book provides a thoroughly worked out and systematic presentation of an interpretivist position in the philosophy of mind, of the view that having mental properties is a matter of interpretation. Bruno Mölder elaborates and defends a particular version of interpretivism, the ascription theory, which explicates the possession of mental states with contents in terms of their canonical ascribability, and shows how it can withstand various philosophical challenges. Apart from a defence of the ascription theory from the objections commonly directed against interpretivism, the book provides a critical analysis of major alternative accounts of mental state possession as well as the interpretivist ideas originating from Donald Davidson and Daniel Dennett. The viability of the approach is demonstrated by showing how one can treat mental causation as well as the faculties closely connected with consciousness – perception and the awareness of one’s own mental states – in the interpretivist framework. (Series A)
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Controversies and the Metaphysics of Mind
Author(s): Yaron M. SenderowiczSince ancient times, metaphysical theories have been shaped by the dialectical relations between metaphysical positions. The present book offers a new account of the role of controversies in the evolution of ideas in current metaphysics of mind. Part One develops a pragmatic theory of metaphysical controversies that combines Kantian themes and themes from current argumentation theory. The theory developed in this book underscores the role of a unique type of dialectical arguments which establish metaphysical positions as controversial relevant alternatives in the evolution of chains of debates in metaphysics. In Part Two and Part Three, this theory is applied to chains of debates in present day metaphysics of mind which address the problems of consciousness and personal identity. One of the contentions defended in this book is that the intellectual history of metaphysics is not a process in which positions are replaced by opposite positions, but rather, a history of their status as relevant alternatives. The book analyzes in detail and demonstrates how progress in contemporary metaphysics of mind consists in a dialectical process through which challenges to extant positions lead to innovative alternatives that are intrinsically relevant to advancing the understanding of the issues under discussion.
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Close Engagements with Artificial Companions
Editor(s): Yorick WilksMore LessWhat will it be like to admit Artificial Companions into our society? How will they change our relations with each other? How important will they be in the emotional and practical lives of their owners – since we know that people became emotionally dependent even on simple devices like the Tamagotchi? How much social life might they have in contacting each other? The contributors to this book discuss the possibility and desirability of some form of long-term computer Companions now being a certainty in the coming years. It is a good moment to consider, from a set of wide interdisciplinary perspectives, both how we shall construct them technically as well as their personal philosophical and social consequences. By Companions we mean conversationalists or confidants – not robots – but rather computer software agents whose function will be to get to know their owners over a long period. Those may well be elderly or lonely, and the contributions in the book focus not only on assistance via the internet (contacts, travel, doctors etc.) but also on providing company and Companionship, by offering aspects of real personalization.
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The Practice of Reason
Editor(s): Marcelo DascalMore LessGottfried Wilhelm Leibniz (1646-1716) dedicated much of his life to some of the most central debates of his time. For him, our chance of progress towards the happiness of mankind lies in the capacity to recognize the value of the different perspectives through which humans approach the world. Controversies supply the opportunity to exercise this capacity by approaching the opponent not as an adversary but as someone from whose point of view we can enrich our own viewpoint and improve our knowledge.
This approach inspired the creation of this series. The book – the first in the series devoted to Leibniz – presents his views through actual controversies in which he participated, in several domains. Leibniz’s original ‘theory of controversies’ thus appears not only as what the thinker thinks about how one should use reason in a controversy, but also how he puts in practice the kind of rationality he preaches.
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Gedanken als Wirkursachen
Author(s): Michael RenemannFrancisco Suárez (1548–1617) sieht es als Problem an, dass nach dem traditionellen Modell der Kunstproduktion der Gedanke immer nur als Vorkonzeption und damit auf sehr vermittelte Weise in das Kunstwerk eingeht. Entsprechend wäre auch die Analyse von geistigen Hervorbringungen immer ein Prozess, bei dem die Gedanken als etwas hinter dem Gesagten Liegendes rekonstruiert werden müssten. Suárez verwirft dieses auf Nachahmung beruhende Modell und verwendet die Unterscheidung zwischen dem Denkakt – verstanden als "Blick des Geistes" – und dem gedachten Inhalt, um ein ganz neues Modell zu entwickeln. Für ihn ist es die Aufmerksamkeit des Malers, die den Pinsel führt und die so dafür sorgt, dass eine anfangs noch leere formale Repräsentation sich anfüllt.
Während die Innovation von Suárez zunächst keinen Widerhall findet, könnte sie ein Fundament sein für viel spätere Weisen, die Kunst aufzufassen, z. B. für die formalistische Schule der Kunstgeschichte oder für einen Künstler wie Paul Klee, der sagt: "Kunst gibt nicht das Sichtbare wieder, sondern macht sichtbar."
Francisco Suárez (1548–1617) considers it to be problematic that, according to the traditional model of art production, thought only enters a piece of art obliquely, as preconception. Consequently, any analysis of mental creations would have to be a process whereby thoughts are reconstructed as something that lies behind that which is being said. Suárez rejects this imitation-based model and uses the distinction between act of thought – considered as "focus of the mind" – and the cognized content to develop a completely new model. For him, it is the artist's attention which guides the brush and which thus causes the initially empty representation to be filled.
While Suárez's innovation hardly received any immediate reaction, it can be considered as a foundation for later approaches to art, e.g. for the formalistic school of art history or for an artist like Paul Klee, who says: "Art does not reproduce what is visible, but rather produces visibility".
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Language as Dialogue
Author(s): Edda WeigandEditor(s): Sebastian FellerMore LessWith her theory of ‘Language as Dialogue’, Edda Weigand has opened up a new and promising perspective in linguistic research and its neighbouring disciplines. Her model of ‘competence-in-performance’ solved the problem of how to bridge the gap between competence and performance and thus substantially shaped the way in which people look at language today.
This book traces Weigand’s linguistic career from its beginning to today and comprises a selection of articles which take the reader on a vivid and fascinating journey through the most important stages of her theorizing. The initial stage when a model of communicative competence was developed is followed by a gradual transition period which finally resulted in the theory of the dialogic action game as a mixed game or the Mixed Game Model. The articles cover a wide range of linguistic topics including, among others, speech act theory, lexical semantics, utterance grammar, emotions, the media, rhetoric and institutional communication. Editorial introductions give further information on the origin and theoretical background of the articles included.
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Emotions, Ethics, and Authenticity
Editor(s): Mikko Salmela and Verena MayerMore LessThe relationship of emotions, ethics, and authenticity constitutes a nexus of philosophical and psychological problems with wide interdisciplinary relevance. What is the proper role of emotions in moral behavior and theory; are emotions reliable guides to our authentic personal values; and finally; what does it mean to be authentic in one's emotions, assuming that there is such thing as emotional authenticity in the first place? The various contributions of this book seek to answer these vexing but rarely discussed questions, offering a broad intellectual tour that ranges from philosophy to psychology, sociology, and gender studies.
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The Transparent Becoming of World
Author(s): Gordon G. GlobusThe Transparent Becoming of World undertakes a penetrating inquiry into the quotidian world we take for granted and the brain that silently hoists our bubbles of world-thrownness. After critiquing the traditional views of direct realism, indirect realism and idealism, the continual becoming of world is explained by a novel integration of process dynamics, as formulated by Whitehead, Heidegger and Bohm, with the burgeoning field of quantum neurophilosophy. A rich ontological duality newly opened by quantum brain theory is exploited: the “between-two” of dual quantum modes. Existence as world-thrownness is between-two in waking and dreaming alike. This highly original interdisciplinary book may be of interest to philosophers, psychologists, neuroscientists, consciousness researchers, indeed anyone attracted to the enigma of their own lived existence. (Series A)
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From Interaction to Symbol
Author(s): Piotr SadowskiAgainst the background of jargon-ridden and often obscure semiotic literature Sadowski’s book offers a reader-friendly yet rigorous account of human communication and its evolution from animal and primate behaviour. What is specifically human about the way we exchange information with other people, and to what extent are our facial expressions, body language, and even emotive elements of speech still indebted to our pre-human ancestors? Why can the chimpanzees, smart as they are, not interpret animal tracks in the ground; why did religions often ban representational art; why is photography perceptually more powerful than painting; how have human syntactic speech and combinatorial grammar enabled the “explosion” of culture; and why do otherwise rational humans often strongly believe in the objective existence of unempirical, virtual entities such as religious and philosophic concepts? These and many other fascinating questions are addressed in the book within the methodological framework of systems theory and evolutionary psychology.
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Pietro Pomponazzi entre traditions et innovations
Editor(s): Joel Biard and Thierry GontierMore LessCe volume se propose d’évaluer la place de Pomponazzi dans la philosophie de la Renaissance, à la fois son ancrage dans des traditions médiévales et sa force d’innovation. A côté de contributions sur le De immortalitate animae (1516), ses antécédents, les débats qu’il a suscités, le volume comprend aussi des interventions sur d’autres questions de philosophie de la nature, ou sur la liberté et le destin, ainsi qu’une contribution davantage centrée sur l’interprétation qui a été réservée à la pensée de Pomponazzi au début du XXe siècle. Les textes de Pomponazzi, et notamment le traité sur l’âme apparaissent ainsi comme des textes frontaliers. Leur étude permet d’évaluer le transfert de certaines thématiques philosophiques médiévales, et en particulier de la noétique aristotélicienne, alexandriste et averroïste, dans le contexte intellectuel de la Renaissance, au sein d’une réflexion générale sur le sens anthropologique et éthique de la finitude constitutive de la nature humaine. This book proposes to evaluate the importance and signification of Pietro Pomponazzi in the philosophy of the Renaissance. It considers both its rooting in Medieval traditions and its innovative force. Besides contributions on Pomponazzi’s De immortalitate animae (1516), its antecedens and the debates that arose, the volume contains contributions on other aspects of the philosophy of nature, or on liberty and fate, and one dedicated to the interpretation of Pomponazzi at the beginning of the twentieth century. So, the texts of Pomponazzi, and especially his treatise on the soul appear as frontier texts. Their study allows an evaluation of the transfer of some medieval thematics, especially of Aristotelian, Alexandrinian and Averroist noetics, in the intellectual context of Renaissance, inside a general reflection upon the anthropological and ethical meaning of the finitude, which is constitutive of human nature.
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Examining Argumentation in Context
Editor(s): Frans H. van EemerenMore LessExamining Argumentation in Context: Fifteen studies on strategic maneuvering contains a selection of papers on strategic maneuvering in argumentative discourse. Starting point of all of these contributions is that a satisfactory analysis and evaluation of strategic maneuvering is possible only if the argumentative discourse is first situated in the communicative and interactional context in which it occurs. While some of the contributions present general views with regard to strategic maneuvering, other contributions report on the results of empirical studies, examine strategic maneuvering in a particular legal or political context, or highlight the presentational design of strategic maneuvering. Examining Argumentation in Context therefore provides an insightful view of recent developments in the research on strategic maneuvering, which is currently prominent in the study of argumentation.
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Ioane Petrizi. Kommentar zur Elementatio theologica des Proklos
Editor(s): Lela Alexidze and Lutz BergemannMore LessIoane Petritsi, a twelfth-century Georgian philosopher, translated from Greek into Georgian The Elements of Theology of the Neoplatonist Proclus (fifth century) and wrote a Commentary on the entire text, with a preface and a postface. Petritsi tried to prove the priority of the Proclean One over all other ontological hypostases, its transcendence and its omnipresence, together with the thesis that all things depend on the One, including even matter. In his Commentary, Petritsi also referred to other works of Proclus besides The Elements of Theology, as well as to many other ancient Greek philosophers. Although Petritsi’s Commentary is an important milestone in the history of the medieval Christian philosophical interpretations of ancient Platonism, to date, this text written in Old Georgian has remained almost unknown for western scholarship. This is the first time that the complete text of Petritsi’s Commentary is being published in a western language. The present book provides a German translation of the complete text, with an introduction, notes, indices and bibliography. Der mittelalterliche georgische Philosoph Ioane Petrizi übersetzte im 12. Jahrhundert die Stoicheiosis theologike des Neuplatonikers Proclus (5. Jh.) ins Alt-Georgische und verfasste zu dem gesamten Text der Stoicheiosis einen umfangreichen Kommentar, den er zusätzlich mit einem Prolog und einem Epilog versah. Petrizi versucht in seinem Kommentar, die ontologische Vorrangigkeit des Proklischen Einen über alle anderen Hypostasen ebenso zu beweisen wie dessen Transzendenz bei gleichzeitiger Allanwesenheit im Seinskontinuum. Zudem vertritt er die These, dass alle Dinge vom Einen abhängen, sogar die Materie. Dabei berücksichtigt Petrizi neben der Stoicheiosis auch andere Werke Proclus’ ebenso wie zahlreiche weitere Texte antiker griechischer Philosophen. Damit wird Petrizis Kommentar zu einer bedeutenden Schrift für die Erforschung und das Verständnis der mittelalterlichen christlichen Philosophie und ihrer Aneignung des (spät-)antiken Platonismus. Trotz seiner Bedeutung ist Petrizis Text von der westlichen Forschung bisher kaum zur Kenntnis genommen worden. Die vorliegende Übersetzung ins Deutsche ist die erste komplette Übersetzung dieses Textes in eine westliche Sprache überhaupt. Neben der Übersetzung bietet diese Ausgabe eine Einleitung, Anmerkungen, Indices und eine Bibliografie.
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Mind that Abides
Editor(s): David SkrbinaMore LessPanpsychism is the view that all things, living and nonliving, possess some mind like quality. It stands in sharp contrast to the traditional notion of mind as the property of humans and (perhaps) a few select ‘higher animals’. Though surprising at first glance, panpsychism has a long and noble history in both Western and Eastern thought. Overlooked by analytical, materialist philosophy for most of the 20th century, it is now experiencing a renaissance of sorts in several areas of inquiry. A number of recent books – including Skrbina’s Panpsychism in the West (2005) and Strawson et al’s Consciousness and its Place in Nature (2006) – have established panpsychism as respectable and viable. Mind That Abides builds on these works. It takes panpsychism to be a plausible theory of mind and then moves forward to work out the philosophical, psychological and ethical implications. With 17 contributors from a variety of fields, this book promises to mark a wholesale change in our philosophical outlook. (Series A)
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Controversy and Confrontation
Editor(s): Frans H. van Eemeren and Bart GarssenMore LessThe essays that are collected in Controversy and Confrontation provide a closer insight into the relationship between controversy and confrontation that deepens our understanding of the functioning of argumentative discourse in managing differences of opinion. Their authors stem from two backgrounds. First, the controversy scholars Dascal, Marras, Euli, Regner, Ferreira, and Lessl discuss historical controversies in science, both from a theoretical and an empirical perspective; Saim concentrates on a historical controversy; Fritz provides a historical perspective on controversies by analyzing communication principles. Second the argumentation scholars Johnson, van Laar, van Eemeren, Garssen and Meuffels address theoretical or empirical aspects of argumentative confrontation; Aakhus and Vasilyeva examine argumentative discourse from the perspective of conversation analysis; Jackson analyzes argumentative confrontation in a recent debate between scientists and politicians. Last but not least, two contributors, Kutrovátz and Zemplén, make an attempt to bridge the study of historical controversy and the study of argumentation.
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Naturalness and Iconicity in Language
Editor(s): Klaas Willems and Ludovic De CuypereMore LessIconicity and naturalness remain controversial concepts in recent linguistic research. The present volume aims to scrutinize unresolved issues of iconicity and naturalness in language. The studies discuss topics such as naturalism in the philosophy of language and the epistemology of linguistics, linguistic iconicity in semiotics, iconic structures in Sign Languages, natural and unnatural sound patterns, the iconic nature of parts of speech, the relation between (un)markedness and naturalness, and lexical and syntactic iconicity. The research conducted is based on sound (meta)theoretical analyses and/or original empirical research. The data and innovative views presented are bound to spark discussion in an age-old debate that has lost nothing of its significance.
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Dialogue and Rhetoric
Editor(s): Edda WeigandMore LessThe volume deals with the relationship between dialogue and rhetoric. The actual state of the art in dialogue analysis is characterized by a tendency to overcome the distinction between competence and performance and to combine components from both sides of the dichotomy, in a way which includes rules as well as inferences. The same is true of rhetoric: the guidelines proposed here no longer state that rationality and persuasion are mutually exclusive but suggest that they interact in what might be called the ‘mixed game’. The concept of a dialogic rhetoric thus poses the question of how to integrate the different voices. Part I of the volume assembles several ‘rhetorical paradigms’ which are applied to real-life performance. Part II on ‘rhetoric in the mixed game’ contains a selection of papers which illustrate the interaction of various components. The Round Table discussion in Part III brings proponents of different paradigms face to face with each other and shows how they justify their own positions and present arguments against rival paradigms.
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Limiting the Iconic
Author(s): Ludovic De CuypereIconicity has become a popular notion in contemporary linguistic research. This book is the first to present a synthesis of the vast amount of scholarship on linguistic iconicity which has been produced in the previous decades, ranging from iconicity in phonology and morpho-syntax to the role of iconicity in language change. An extensive analysis is provided of some basic but nonetheless fundamental questions relating to iconicity in language, including: what is a linguistic sign and how are linguistic signs different from signs in general? What is an iconic sign and how may iconicity be involved in language? How does iconicity pertain to the relation between language and cognition? This book offers a new and comprehensive theoretical framework for iconicity in language. It is argued that the linguistic sign is fundamentally arbitrary, but that iconicity may be involved on a secondary level, adding extra meaning to an utterance.
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The Reflexive Nature of Consciousness
Author(s): Greg JanzenCombining phenomenological insights from Brentano and Sartre, but also drawing on recent work on consciousness by analytic philosophers, this book defends the view that conscious states are reflexive, and necessarily so, i.e., that they have a built-in, “implicit” awareness of their own occurrence, such that the subject of a conscious state has an immediate, non-objectual acquaintance with it. As part of this investigation, the book also explores the relationship between reflexivity and the phenomenal, or “what-it-is-like,” dimension of conscious experience, defending the innovative thesis that phenomenal character is constituted by the implicit self-awareness built into every conscious state. This account stands in marked contrast to most influential extant theories of phenomenal character, including qualia theories, according to which phenomenal character is a matter of having phenomenal sensations, and representationalism, according to which phenomenal character is constituted by representational content. (Series A)
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Fact and Value in Emotion
Editor(s): Louis C. Charland and Peter ZacharMore LessThere is a large amount of scientific work on emotion in psychology, neuroscience, biology, physiology, and psychiatry, which assumes that it is possible to study emotions and other affective states, objectively. Emotion science of this sort is concerned primarily with 'facts' and not 'values', with 'description' not 'prescription'. The assumption behind this vision of emotion science is that it is possible to distinguish factual from evaluative aspects of affectivity and emotion, and study one without the other. But what really is the basis for distinguishing fact and value in emotion and affectivity? And can the distinction withstand careful scientific and philosophical scrutiny? The essays in this collection all suggest that the problems behind this vision of emotion science may be more complex than is commonly supposed.
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Traditions of Controversy
Editor(s): Marcelo Dascal and Han-liang ChangMore LessControversies may be particularly prominent in one or another culture. Yet, there is hardly any culture where they do not exist. This book assumes that the practice of controversy, along with its theorization, constitutes – in each of the cultures and disciplines where it develops – a tradition. Whether there are enough shared elements in these traditions to consider them as, fundamentally, universal or not is something that can only be determined on the basis of a rich sample of controversies and theorizations thereof belonging to different traditions. This is what this volume provides to the reader. By presenting side by side controversies from the East and from the West, from the ancient past up to the present, from different domains of scholarship and action, the reader is in a position not only to admire the widespread nature, role, and richness of the phenomenon, but also to begin to evaluate its variety as well as universality. While the editors have purposefully avoided comparative studies of traditions of controversy, in order to focus on each tradition so to speak from its practitioners’ point of view, some of the chapters take a bird’s eye view and exemplify how such studies can be systematically conducted. In a world that is globalizing itself at a fast pace, the awareness of the multiplicity of traditions of controversy is fundamental for ensuring both that the integration of the various perspectives is harmonious and that each one of them is granted its place in a plural universe.
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Eriugenas negative Ontologie
Author(s): Sebastian Florian WeinerRecently, there has been an upsurge of interest in the work Periphyseon of the early medieval philosopher John Scot Eriugena. Previous research has classified the book either as a piece of Neoplatonic philosophy or as part of the Latin dialectic tradition, which has led to one-sided interpretations. The present publication focuses instead on the philosophical claims defended in the Periphyseon itself, examines its originality and discusses the soundness of its argumentation. As a result, a hitherto unnoticed basic thought of the work has been uncovered, namely the concept of a negative ontology, according to which all substance is completely incomprehensible. This notion constitutes the greatest innovation of Eriugena’s thought. In keeping with his negative ontology, Eriugena downgrades the fourfold division of nature that he had presented at the beginning of his work. A critical survey of the current readings of Eriugena as a Neoplatonist and idealist completes this book.
In jüngerer Zeit rückt das Werk Periphyseon des frühmittelalterlichen Denkers Johannes Scottus Eriugena zunehmend in den Fokus der philosophischen Forschung. Die bisherigen Untersuchungen ordnen das Werk entweder der neuplatonischen Denkrichtung oder der lateinischen Dialektiktradition zu, und richten dementsprechend ihre Interpretation daran aus. Die vorliegende Veröffentlichung hingegen betrachtet vorrangig die Darstellung und Argumentation im Periphyseon selbst, prüft detailliert den Innovationsgehalt und die Überzeugungskraft der Aussagen. Als Ergebnis zeigt sich ein bislang ungesehener Grundgedanke des Werks, der einer negativen Ontologie. Diese Ontologie verneint jegliche Bestimmbarkeit aller Substanz. Sie macht die eigentliche Innovation in Eriugenas Denken aus. Im Hinblick auf diese löst er die zu Anfang des Werks präsentierte Vierteilung der Gesamtnatur wieder auf. Eine kritische Auseinandersetzung mit der bisherigen Einordnung Eriugenas als Neuplatoniker und Idealist rundet das Buch ab.
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