Variability in clusters and continuums

References

1. Ang See, Teresita
   (1990) The Chinese in the Philippines: Problems and perspectives (Vol.11). Manila: Kaisa Para Sa Kaunlaran.
   [Google Scholar]
2. Ang See, Teresita
   (1997) The Chinese in the Philippines: Problems and perspectives (Vol.21). Manila: Kaisa Para Sa Kaunlaran.
   [Google Scholar]
3. Bardel, Camilla, & Falk, Ylva
   (2021) L1, L2 and L3: Same or different?Second Language Research, 37(3), 459–464. 10.1177/0267658320941033
   https://doi.org/10.1177/0267658320941033 [Google Scholar]
4. Benor, Sarah Bunin
   (2010) Ethnolinguistic repertoire: Shifting the analytic focus in language and ethnicity. Journal of Sociolinguistics, 14(2), 159–183. 10.1111/j.1467‑9841.2010.00440.x
   https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9841.2010.00440.x [Google Scholar]
5. Cheng, Lauretta S. P., Burgess, Danielle, Vernooij, Natasha, Solís-Barroso, Cecilia, McDermott, Ashley, & Namboodiripad, Savithry
   (2021) The problematic concept of Native Speaker in psycholinguistics: Replacing vague and harmful terminology With inclusive and accurate measures. Frontiers in Psychology, 121, 715843. 10.3389/fpsyg.2021.715843
   https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2021.715843 [Google Scholar]
6. Chuaunsu, Rebecca
   (1989) A speech communication profile of three generations of Filipino-Chinese in Metro Manila: Their use of English, Pilipino and Chinese languages in different domains, role-relationships, speech situations and functions (Master’s Thesis). University of the Philippines, Manila.
   [Google Scholar]
7. Doeppers, Daniel
   (1986) Destination, selection and turnover among Chinese migrants to Philippine cities in the nineteenth century. Journal of Historical Geography, 12(4), 235–260. 10.1016/S0305‑7488(86)80176‑1
   https://doi.org/10.1016/S0305-7488(86)80176-1 [Google Scholar]
8. Eberhard, David M., Simons, Gary F., & Fennig, Charles D.
   (2020) Ethnologue: Languages of the World (23rd ed.). Dallas, Texas: SIL International.
   [Google Scholar]
9. Gonzales, Wilkinson Daniel Wong
   (2017a) Language contact in the Philippines: The history and ecology from a Chinese Filipino perspective: The history and ecology from a Chinese Filipino perspective. Language Ecology, 1(2), 185–212. 10.1075/le.1.2.04gon
   https://doi.org/10.1075/le.1.2.04gon [Google Scholar]
10. Gonzales, Wilkinson Daniel Wong
    (2017b) Philippine Englishes. Asian Englishes, 19(1), 79–95. 10.1080/13488678.2016.1274574
    https://doi.org/10.1080/13488678.2016.1274574 [Google Scholar]
11. Gonzales, Wilkinson Daniel Wong
    (2018) Philippine Hybrid Hokkien as a postcolonial mixed language: Evidence from nominal derivational affixation mixing (Master’s Thesis). National University of Singapore, Singapore.
    [Google Scholar]
12. Gonzales, Wilkinson Daniel Wong
    (2021) Filipino, Chinese, neither, or both? The Lannang identity and its relationship with language. Language & Communication, 771, 5–16. 10.1016/j.langcom.2020.11.002
    https://doi.org/10.1016/j.langcom.2020.11.002 [Google Scholar]
13. Gonzales, Wilkinson Daniel Wong
    (2022a) Hybridization. InAriane Macalinga Borlongan (Ed.), Philippine English: Development, Structure, and Sociology of English in the Philippines (pp. 170–183). London: Routledge. 10.4324/9780429427824‑17
    https://doi.org/10.4324/9780429427824-17 [Google Scholar]
14. Gonzales, Wilkinson Daniel Wong
    (2022b) Interactions of Sinitic Languages in the Philippines: Sinicization, Filipinization, and Sino-Philippine Language Creation. InZhengdao Ye (Ed.), The Palgrave Handbook of Chinese Language Studies (pp. 369–408). Singapore: Springer Nature Singapore. 10.1007/978‑981‑16‑0924‑4_31
    https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-16-0924-4_31 [Google Scholar]
15. Gonzales, Wilkinson Daniel Wong
    (2022c) The Lannang Corpus (LanCorp): A POS-tagged, sociolinguistic corpus containing recordings and transcriptions of Lannang speech collected from the metropolitan Manila Lannangs between 2016 and 2020. Deep Blue Data, Deep Blue Repositories. The University of Michigan Library. 10.7302/66g9‑e028
    https://doi.org/10.7302/66g9-e028 [Google Scholar]
16. Gonzales, Wilkinson Daniel Wong
    (2022d) “Truly a Language of Our Own” A Corpus-Based, Experimental, and Variationist Account of Lánnang‑uè in Manila (Ph.D. dissertation). University of Michigan, Ann Arbor.
17. Gonzales, Wilkinson Daniel Wong
    (in press). Advancing Sino-Philippine (socio)linguistics using the Lannang Corpus (LanCorp) – a multilingual, POS-tagged, and audio-textual databank. International Journal of Corpus Linguistics.
    [Google Scholar]
18. Gonzales, Wilkinson Daniel Wong
    (2023) Spread, stability, and sociolinguistic variation in multilingual practices: The case of Lánnang‑uè. International Journal of Multilingualism. 10.1080/14790718.2023.2199998
    https://doi.org/10.1080/14790718.2023.2199998 [Google Scholar]
19. Hau, Caroline
    (2014) The Chinese Question: Ethnicity, nation, and region in and beyond the Philippines. Singapore, Japan: NUS Press and Kyoto University Press.
    [Google Scholar]
20. Haugen, Einar
    (1971) The ecology of language. Linguist Report, 13(25), 19–26.
    [Google Scholar]
21. Lê, Sébastien, Josse, Julie, & Husson, François
    (2008) FactoMineR : An R Package for Multivariate Analysis. Journal of Statistical Software, 25(1). 10.18637/jss.v025.i01
    https://doi.org/10.18637/jss.v025.i01 [Google Scholar]
22. Philippine Statistics Authority
    Philippine Statistics Authority (2020) Total Population by Province, City, Municipality and Barangay [Dataset]. Retrieved fromhttps://psa.gov.ph/sites/default/files/attachments/ird/pressrelease/NCR.xlsx
    [Google Scholar]
23. Pek, Jolynn, and Trisha Van Zandt
    (2020) Frequentist and Bayesian approaches to data analysis: Evaluation and estimation. Psychology Learning & Teaching, 191, 21–35. 10.1177/1475725719874542
    https://doi.org/10.1177/1475725719874542 [Google Scholar]
24. Poa, Dory
    (2004) From Quadrilingual to Bilingual: On the Multilingual Teaching in the Chinese Schools in the Philippines). InBilingual Studies (Vol.21, pp. 96–107). Beijing: Minzu Chubanshe.
    [Google Scholar]
25. R Core Team
    R Core Team (2015) R: A language and environment for statistical computing. Retrieved fromR Foundation for Statistical Computing website: www.R-project.org
26. Reyes, Angela
    (2017) Inventing Postcolonial Elites: Race, Language, Mix, Excess. Journal of Linguistic Anthropology, 27(2), 210–231. 10.1111/jola.12156
    https://doi.org/10.1111/jola.12156 [Google Scholar]
27. Rothman, J., & Treffers-Daller, J.
    (2014) A Prolegomenon to the Construct of the Native Speaker: Heritage Speaker Bilinguals are Natives Too!Applied Linguistics, 35(1), 93–98. 10.1093/applin/amt049
    https://doi.org/10.1093/applin/amt049 [Google Scholar]
28. Tan, Michael Lim
    (2021) Social Boundaries and the Mental Health of the Lannang: Ethnic Chinese in the Philippines. InHarry Minas (Ed.), Mental Health in China and the Chinese Diaspora: Historical and Cultural Perspectives (pp. 197–209). Cham: Springer International Publishing. 10.1007/978‑3‑030‑65161‑9_14
    https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-65161-9_14 [Google Scholar]
29. Tan, Susan Villanueva
    (1993) The education of Chinese in the Philippines and Koreans in Japan. University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, SAR, People’s Republic of China. 10.5353/th_b3195041
    https://doi.org/10.5353/th_b3195041 [Google Scholar]
30. Thomason, Sarah
    (2007) Language contact and deliberate change. Journal of Language Contact, 1(1), 41–62. 10.1163/000000007792548387
    https://doi.org/10.1163/000000007792548387 [Google Scholar]
31. Tovar, Antonio, & Ottman, Jennifer
    (2015) Mythology and ideology of the Basque language (Tenth Edition). Reno: Center for Basque Studies, University of Nevada. 10.2307/j.ctv5qdjs5
    https://doi.org/10.2307/j.ctv5qdjs5 [Google Scholar]
32. Uytanlet, Juliet Lee
    (2014) The Hybrid Tsinoys: Challenges of hybridity and homogeneity as sociocultural constructs among the Chinese in the Philippines (Ph.D. dissertation). Ashbury Theological Seminary, Wilmore, KY.
33. Wan, Tsung-Lun Alan
    (2022) Islands, geopolitics and language ideologies: Sociolinguistic differentiation between Taiwanese and Kinmenese Hokkien. Language & Communication, 831, 36–48. 10.1016/j.langcom.2022.01.001
    https://doi.org/10.1016/j.langcom.2022.01.001 [Google Scholar]
34. Zulueta, Johanna
    (2007) I speak Chinese but… : Code-switching and identity construction among Chinese-Filipino youth. Caligrama, 3(2), 1–11. 10.11606/issn.1808‑0820.cali.2007.65395
    https://doi.org/10.11606/issn.1808-0820.cali.2007.65395 [Google Scholar]