1887
Volume 25, Issue 1
  • ISSN 0155-0640
  • E-ISSN: 1833-7139
USD
Buy:$35.00 + Taxes

Abstract

This paper reports on case studies of three non-native English speaker teachers who teach English as a Second Language (ESL) to adults in Australia. It sets out to show that while there are differences in the teachers’ backgrounds, there are also similarities which derive from their non-native status, and from the fact that they are high-level bilinguals of English and at least one other language. The paper begins by reviewing the debate in English language teaching (ELT) internationally about the place of native and non-native speakers in ELT and goes on to outline the research which has been carried out to date in comparing native and non-native teachers in other countries. The paper then argues for the importance of examining these issues in the Australian context. The experience and insights of the three teachers are examined through the analysis of interviews and classroom transcripts, and are linked to the growing literature which suggests that teachers’ practices are heavily informed by their knowledge, beliefs and experience. I argue that the distinctive but shared resources of non-native teachers merit looking at their contribution in a new light.

Loading

Article metrics loading...

/content/journals/10.1075/aral.25.1.05ell
2002-01-01
2024-12-11
Loading full text...

Full text loading...

References

  1. Amin, N.
    (1997) Race and the identity of the nonnative ESL teacher. TESOL Quarterly, 31(3), 580–583. doi: 10.2307/3587841
    https://doi.org/10.2307/3587841 [Google Scholar]
  2. Andrews, S.
    (1994) The grammatical knowledge/awareness of native-speaker EFL teachers: what the trainers say. In M. Bygate , A. Tonkyn & E. Williams (Eds) Grammar and the language teacher. Hemel Hempstead, UK: Prentice Hall International.
    [Google Scholar]
  3. (1997) Metalinguistic awareness and teacher explanation. Language Awareness, 6 (2 & 3), 147 – 161. doi: 10.1080/09658416.1997.9959924
    https://doi.org/10.1080/09658416.1997.9959924 [Google Scholar]
  4. Arva, V. & Medgyes, P.
    (2000) Native and non-native teachers in the classroom. System, 28 (3), 355 – 372. doi: 10.1016/S0346‑251X(00)00017‑8
    https://doi.org/10.1016/S0346-251X(00)00017-8 [Google Scholar]
  5. Auerbach, E. R.
    (1993) Re-examining English only in the ESL classroom. TESOL Quarterly, 27 (1), 9 – 32. doi: 10.2307/3586949
    https://doi.org/10.2307/3586949 [Google Scholar]
  6. (1995) The politics of power in the ESL classroom: issues of power in pedagogical choices. In J. W. Tollefson (Ed) Power and inequality in language education. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
    [Google Scholar]
  7. Bailey, K. M. , Berthgold, B. et al.
    (1996) The language learner’s autobiography: examining the “apprenticeship of observation”. In D. Freeman & J. C. Richards (Eds) Teacher learning in language teaching. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
    [Google Scholar]
  8. Birch, G.
    (1992) Language learning case study approach to second language teacher education. In J. Flowerdew , M. Brock & S. Hsia (Eds) Perspectives on second language teacher education. Hong Kong: City University of Hong Kong.
    [Google Scholar]
  9. Borg, S.
    (1998) Teachers’ pedagogical systems and grammar teaching: a qualitative study. TESOL Quarterly, 32 (1), 9 – 38. doi: 10.2307/3587900
    https://doi.org/10.2307/3587900 [Google Scholar]
  10. (1999a) The use of grammatical terminology in the second language classroom: a qualitative study of teachers’ practices and cognitions. Applied Linguistics, 20(1), 95 – 126. doi: 10.1093/applin/20.1.95
    https://doi.org/10.1093/applin/20.1.95 [Google Scholar]
  11. (1999b) Teachers’ theories in grammar teaching. ELT Journal, 53 (3), 157 – 167. doi: 10.1093/elt/53.3.157
    https://doi.org/10.1093/elt/53.3.157 [Google Scholar]
  12. Braine, G.
    (Ed) (1999) Non-native educators in English language teaching (Introduction). Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum.
    [Google Scholar]
  13. Burns, A.
    (1996) Starting all over again: from teaching adults to teaching beginners. In D. Freeman & J.C. Richards (Eds) Teacher learning in language teaching. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
    [Google Scholar]
  14. Byram, M.
    (1995) Intercultural competence and mobility in multinational contexts. Clevedon: Multilingual Matters.
    [Google Scholar]
  15. Campbell, J.
    (1985) Towards active voice: Report of the Committee of Review of the Adult Migrant Education Program. Canberra: AGPS, Department of Immigration and Ethnic Affairs.
    [Google Scholar]
  16. Canagarajah, A. S.
    (1999) Interrogating the "native speaker fallacy": non-linguistic roots, non-pedagogical results. In G. Braine (Ed) Non-native educators in English language teaching (pp.77–92). Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum.
    [Google Scholar]
  17. Cho, H. Y.
    (1990) An examination of the relationship between teachers’ beliefs in ESL education and their teaching and assessment practices in their classrooms. M.Ed. (Hons) Thesis. University of Wollongong.
    [Google Scholar]
  18. Clark, C.M. & Peterson, P.L.
    (1986) Teachers’ thought processes. In M. C. Wittrock (Ed) Handbook of research on teachingLondon: Simon and Schuster Macmillan.
    [Google Scholar]
  19. Crozet, C. & Liddicoat, A.J.
    (1999) The challenge of intercultural language teaching. In J. Lo Bianco , A. J. Liddicoat & C. Crozet (Eds) Striving for the third place: intercultural competence through language education (pp.103–112). Melbourne: Language Australia.
    [Google Scholar]
  20. Crystal, D.
    (1996) Playing with linguistic problems: from Orwell to Plato and back again. Georgetown University Round Table on Languages and Linguistics. Washington DC: Georgetown University Press.
    [Google Scholar]
  21. Davies, A.
    (1991) The native speaker in applied linguistics. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press.
    [Google Scholar]
  22. Dell’oso, A.
    (1991) It’s more than just learning a language … it’s connecting with people, with politics, with history and with myself. ATESOL Newsletter, 17 (1), 1 – 5
    [Google Scholar]
  23. Ericsson, K.A. & Simon, H.A.
    (1980) Verbal reports as data. Psychological Review, 87, 215 – 251. doi: 10.1037/0033‑295X.87.3.215
    https://doi.org/10.1037/0033-295X.87.3.215 [Google Scholar]
  24. Flowerdew, J.
    (1998) Language learning experience in L2 teacher education. TESOL Quarterly, 32 (3), 529 – 535. doi: 10.2307/3588123
    https://doi.org/10.2307/3588123 [Google Scholar]
  25. Freeman, D.
    (1994) Educational linguistics and the knowledge base of language teaching. Georgetown University Round Table on Languages and Linguistics. Washington DC: Georgetown University Press.
    [Google Scholar]
  26. Freeman, D. & J.C. Richards , J.C.
    (1993) Conceptions of teaching and the education of second language teachers. TESOL Quarterly, 27 (2), 193–216 doi: 10.2307/3587143
    https://doi.org/10.2307/3587143 [Google Scholar]
  27. Freeman, D. & Richards, J.C.
    (1996) Prologue: a look at uncritical stories. Teacher learning in language teaching. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
    [Google Scholar]
  28. Gibbons, J.
    (1994) Depth or breadth? Some Issues in LOTE Teaching. Australian Review of Applied Linguistics, 17 (1), 1 – 22.
    [Google Scholar]
  29. Gower, R. & Walters, S.
    (1993) Teaching practice handbook. Oxford, Heinemann.
    [Google Scholar]
  30. Grosjean, F.
    (1985) The bilingual as a competent but specific speaker-hearer. Journal of Multilingual and Multicultural Development, 6, 467 – 477. doi: 10.1080/01434632.1985.9994221
    https://doi.org/10.1080/01434632.1985.9994221 [Google Scholar]
  31. Hamers, J. F. & Blanc, M. H. A.
    (1989, 1st ed). Bilinguality and bilingualism. Cambridge,: Cambridge University Press.
    [Google Scholar]
  32. (2000, 2nd ed) Bilinguality and bilingualism. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. doi: 10.1017/CBO9780511605796
    https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511605796 [Google Scholar]
  33. Hammond, J. & Derewianka, B.
    (1999) ESL and literacy education: revisiting the relationship. Prospect, 14 (2), 24 – 39.
    [Google Scholar]
  34. Hawkins, E.
    (1984) Awareness of language: an introduction. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
    [Google Scholar]
  35. Hogan, S.
    (1994) TESOL teacher competencies document. Sydney, ATESOL NSW: 17.
    [Google Scholar]
  36. Howatt, A.P.R.
    (1984) A history of English language teaching, Oxford: Oxford University Press.
    [Google Scholar]
  37. Ianco-Worrall, A.D.
    (1972) Bilingualism and cognitive development. Child Development, 43, 390 – 400. doi: 10.2307/1127524
    https://doi.org/10.2307/1127524 [Google Scholar]
  38. James, C.
    (1999) Language awareness: implications for the language curriculum. Language, Culture and Curriculum, 12 (1), 94 – 115. doi: 10.1080/07908319908666571
    https://doi.org/10.1080/07908319908666571 [Google Scholar]
  39. Jessner, U.
    (1999) Metalinguistic awareness in multilinguals: cognitive aspects of third language learning. Language Awareness, 8 (3 & 4), 201 – 209. doi: 10.1080/09658419908667129
    https://doi.org/10.1080/09658419908667129 [Google Scholar]
  40. Kachru, B. B.
    (1995) World Englishes, approaches, issues and resources. In H. D. Brown & S. Gonzo (Eds) Readings on second language acquisition (pp.229–260). New Jersey, Prentice-Hall.
    [Google Scholar]
  41. Kamhi-Stein, L. D.
    (1999) Preparing non-native professionals in TESOL: implications for teacher education programs. In G. Braine (Ed) Non-native educators in English language teaching (pp.145–158). Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum.
    [Google Scholar]
  42. Kramsch, C.
    (1997) The privelege of the non-native speaker. Publication of the Modern Language Association of America, 112, 359 – 369.
    [Google Scholar]
  43. Leech, G.
    (1994) Students’ grammar - teachers’ grammar - learners’ grammar. In M. Bygate , & A. Tonkyn (Eds) Grammar and the language teacher (pp.17—30). Hemel Hempstead: Prentice-Hall.
    [Google Scholar]
  44. Leech, G. & Svartvik, J.
    (1994, 2nd ed). A communicative grammar of EnglishHarlow, Essex: Longman.
    [Google Scholar]
  45. Leung, C. & Teasdale, A.
    (1998) ESL teacher competence: professionalism in a social market. Prospect, 13 (1), 4 – 23.
    [Google Scholar]
  46. Liddicoat, A. J.
    (1997) Everyday speech as culture: implications for language teaching. Australian Review of Applied Linguistics Series S (14), 55 – 70.
    [Google Scholar]
  47. Liu, J.
    (1999) From their own perspectives: the impact of non-native ESL professionals on their students. In G. Briane (Ed) Non-native educators in English language teaching. Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum.
    [Google Scholar]
  48. Lortie, D.
    (1975) Schoolteacher: a sociological study. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
    [Google Scholar]
  49. Lowe, T.
    (1987) An experiment in role reversal: teachers as language learners. ELT Journal, 41 (2), 89 – 96. doi: 10.1093/elt/41.2.89
    https://doi.org/10.1093/elt/41.2.89 [Google Scholar]
  50. Martin, S.
    (1998) New life, new language: the history of the Adult Migrant English Program. Sydney: National Centre for English Language Teaching and Research, Macquarie University.
    [Google Scholar]
  51. Medgyes, P.
    (1992) Native or non-native: who’s worth more?ELT Journal, 46 (4), 340 – 349. doi: 10.1093/elt/46.4.340
    https://doi.org/10.1093/elt/46.4.340 [Google Scholar]
  52. (1994) The non-native teacher. London: Macmillan.
    [Google Scholar]
  53. (1999) Language training: a neglected area in teacher education. In G. Braine (Ed) Non-native educators in English language teaching. Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum.
    [Google Scholar]
  54. Nisbett, R.E. & Wilson, T.D.
    (1977) Telling more than we can know: verbal reports on mental processes. Psychological Review, 84, 231 – 259. doi: 10.1037/0033‑295X.84.3.231
    https://doi.org/10.1037/0033-295X.84.3.231 [Google Scholar]
  55. Oda, M.
    (1999) English only or English plus? The languages of EFL organizations. In G. Braine (Ed) Non-native educators in English language teaching (pp.105–121). Mahwah: Lawrence Erlbaum.
    [Google Scholar]
  56. O’Grady, C. & Wajs, M.
    (1989) A bilingual approach to teaching English to adult migrants. Sydney: Curriculum Support Unit, NSW Adult Migrant Education Service.
    [Google Scholar]
  57. O’Malley , Michael, J. , Chamot, A.U. , Stewner-Manzanares, G. , Russo, R.P. & Kupper, L.
    (1985) Learning strategy applications with students of English as a second language. TESOL Quarterly, 19, 557 – 584.
    [Google Scholar]
  58. O’Neill, R.
    (1991) The plausible myth of learner-centredness: or the importance of doing ordinary things well. English Language Teaching Journal, 45 (4).
    [Google Scholar]
  59. Oxford, R.
    (1990) Language learning strategies: what every teacher should know. New York,: Newbury House.
    [Google Scholar]
  60. Ozolins, U.
    (1993) The politics of language in Australia. Melbourne: Cambridge University Press.
    [Google Scholar]
  61. Paikeday, T. M.
    (1985) The native speaker is dead!Ontario: Paikeday Publishing.
    [Google Scholar]
  62. Peacock, M.
    (2001) Pre-service ESL teachers’ beliefs about second language learning. System, 29 (2), 177 – 195. doi: 10.1016/S0346‑251X(01)00010‑0
    https://doi.org/10.1016/S0346-251X(01)00010-0 [Google Scholar]
  63. Phillipson, R.
    (1992) Linguistic imperialism. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
    [Google Scholar]
  64. Rampton, M. B. H.
    (1990) Displacing the native speaker. ELT Journal, 44 (2), 97 – 101. doi: 10.1093/elt/44.2.97
    https://doi.org/10.1093/elt/44.2.97 [Google Scholar]
  65. Richards, J. C.
    (1998) Beyond training: perspectives on language teacher education. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
    [Google Scholar]
  66. Romaine, S.
    (1989) Bilingualism. Oxford: Basil Blackwell.
    [Google Scholar]
  67. Rubin, J. & Thompson, I.
    (1982) How to be a more successful language learner. Boston: Heinle and Heinle.
    [Google Scholar]
  68. Schon, D. A.
    (1983) The reflective practitioner: how professionals think in action. London: Temple Smith.
    [Google Scholar]
  69. Shavelson, R. J. & Stern, P.
    (1981) Research on teachers’ pedagogical thoughts, judgments, decisions and behaviour. Review of Educational Research, 51 (4), 455 – 498. doi: 10.3102/00346543051004455
    https://doi.org/10.3102/00346543051004455 [Google Scholar]
  70. Shulman, L.S.
    (1987) Knowledge and teaching: foundations of the new reform. Harvard Education Review, 57 (1), 1 – 22. doi: 10.17763/haer.57.1.j463w79r56455411
    https://doi.org/10.17763/haer.57.1.j463w79r56455411 [Google Scholar]
  71. Skutnabb-Kangas, T.
    (1996) Educational language choice—multilingual diversity or monolingual reductionism?In M. Hellinger & U. Ammon (Eds) Contrastive sociolinguistics (pp.175–204). Berlin: Mouton de Gruyer. doi: 10.1515/9783110811551.175
    https://doi.org/10.1515/9783110811551.175 [Google Scholar]
  72. Smolicz, J. J.
    (1994) Australia’s language policies and minority rights: a core value perspective. In R. Phillipson & T. Skutnabb-Kangas (Eds) Linguistic human rights: overcoming linguistic discrimination. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter.
    [Google Scholar]
  73. Swan, M. & Smith, B.
    (Eds) (1987) Learner English—a teacher’s guide to interference and other problems. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
    [Google Scholar]
  74. Takada, T.
    (2000) Sociopolitical concerns: the social status of L1 Japanese EFL teachers. TESOL Matters, 10 (3), on-line.
    [Google Scholar]
  75. Tang, C.
    (1997) On the power and status of nonnative ESL teachers. TESOL Quarterly, 31 (3), 577 – 580. doi: 10.2307/3587840
    https://doi.org/10.2307/3587840 [Google Scholar]
  76. Taniguchi, Y. & Taniguchi, O. M.
    (1997) Monolingual or multilingual? teacher’s (sic) language in EFL classroom. ACTA-ATESOL (NSW) National Conference and 10th Summer School, Sydney.
    [Google Scholar]
  77. Thornbury, S.
    (1997) About language. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
    [Google Scholar]
  78. Tollefson, J. W.
    (1991) Planning language, planning inequality. Harlow, Essex,: Longman.
    [Google Scholar]
  79. UCLES
    UCLES (1993/1994) Certificate in the Teaching of English as a Foreign Language to Adults: guidelines and regulations for centres, course tutors and assessors. Cambridge,: University of Cambridge Local Examinations Syndicate: 18.
    [Google Scholar]
  80. UCLES
    UCLES (1996) CELTA: syllabus and assessment guidelines for course tutors. Cambridge: University of Cambridge Local Examinations Syndicate: 21.
    [Google Scholar]
  81. Wallace, M.
    1991Training foreign language teachers: a reflective approach. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
    [Google Scholar]
  82. Waters, A. , Sunderland, J. et al.
    (1990) Getting the best out of ‘the language learning experience’. ELT Journal, 44 (4), 305 – 315. doi: 10.1093/elt/44.4.305
    https://doi.org/10.1093/elt/44.4.305 [Google Scholar]
  83. Wenden, A. & Rubin, J.
    (Eds) (1987) Learner strategies in language learning. Hemel Hempstead, UK: Simon and Schuster.
    [Google Scholar]
  84. Widdowson, H. G.
    (1992) ELT and EL teachers: matters arising. ELT Journal, 46 (4), 333 – 339. doi: 10.1093/elt/46.4.333
    https://doi.org/10.1093/elt/46.4.333 [Google Scholar]
  85. (1994) The ownership of English. TESOL Quarterly, 28 (2), 377 – 389. doi: 10.2307/3587438
    https://doi.org/10.2307/3587438 [Google Scholar]
  86. Woods, D.
    (1996) Teacher cognition in language teaching. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
    [Google Scholar]
  87. Wright, T. & Bolitho, R.
    (1993) Language awareness: a missing link in language teacher education?ELT Journal, 47 (4), 292 – 304. doi: 10.1093/elt/47.4.292
    https://doi.org/10.1093/elt/47.4.292 [Google Scholar]
/content/journals/10.1075/aral.25.1.05ell
Loading
  • Article Type: Research Article
This is a required field
Please enter a valid email address
Approval was successful
Invalid data
An Error Occurred
Approval was partially successful, following selected items could not be processed due to error