1887
Australian Languages
  • ISSN 0155-0640
  • E-ISSN: 1833-7139

Abstract

This article analyses the status and future of bilingual education programs using Indigenous languages and English in remote Northern Territory schools. It explains why this educational approach is so contested at present, resulting in an unresolved situation which can best be regarded as an uneasy compromise on the ground and a stalemate at higher levels of political decision making. If the bilingual education approach was better understood by the current NT Government, there would a strong impetus now to refine and effectively implement a model of schooling that is appropriate for students in remote areas. Instead, current politicians debunk the bilingual approach, thereby robbing schools and literacy plans of any momentum and distracting attention away from the work that needs to be done. Meanwhile, student attendance rates have fallen away to worryingly low levels (Dickson, 2010). The current regime may well resolve the impasse, but in the absence of any meaningful, open negotiation the future looks uncertain. It is too soon to judge the cost of this uncertainty, but it may well result in further alienation and the emergence of non-government alternatives.

Loading

Article metrics loading...

/content/journals/10.1075/aral.34.3.01dev
2011-01-01
2024-12-08
Loading full text...

Full text loading...

References

  1. Australian Broadcasting Commission (ABC)
    Australian Broadcasting Commission (ABC) (2008) Bilingual schools won’t be successful: Snowdon. [ABC News]. RetrievedApril 30, 2011fromwww.abc.net.au/news/2008-12-11/bilingualschools-wont-be-successful-snowdon/236580.
    [Google Scholar]
  2. Australian Broadcasting Commission (ABC)
    Australian Broadcasting Commission (ABC) (2009) Chronology: The Bilingual Education Policy in the Northern Territory. RetrievedApril 26, 2011fromwww.abc.net.au/4corners/special_eds/20090914/language/chronology.htm
    [Google Scholar]
  3. Australian Broadcasting Commission (ABC)
    Australian Broadcasting Commission (ABC) (2010) NT Govt defends bilingual education policy. [ABC News]. RetrievedApril 26, 2011fromwww.ourlanguages.net.au/news/northernterritory/item/227-nt-govt-defends-bilingual-education-policy.html.
    [Google Scholar]
  4. Australian Associated Press (AAP)
    Australian Associated Press (AAP) (2008, November 17). Calma backs bilingual education in NT. Retrieved onApril 22, 2011fromnews.theage.com.au/national/calma-backs-bilingualeducation-in-nt-20081117-6990.html
    [Google Scholar]
  5. Baker, C.
    (2001) Foundations of bilingual education and bilingualism (3rd ed.). Clevedon: Multilingual Matters.
    [Google Scholar]
  6. Calma, T.
    (2009, June 26). They are our children, this is our community. Paper presented atAIATSIS Research Symposium on Bilingual Education. National Museum of Australia, Canberra. RetrievedApril 23, 2011fromwww.hreoc.gov.au/about/media/speeches/social_justice/2009/20090626_bilingual.html.
    [Google Scholar]
  7. Collier, V. & Thomas, W.
    (2002) The astounding effectiveness of dual language education for all. Retrieved onOctober 31, 2010fromnjrp.tamu.edu/2004/PDFs/Collier.pdf.
    [Google Scholar]
  8. Collins, B. & Lea, T.
    (1999) Learning Lessons: an independent review of Indigenous education in the Northern Territory. Darwin: NT Department of Education.
    [Google Scholar]
  9. Crossin, T.
    (2009, October 28). Matters of public interest: Bilingual Education. Speech to the Australian Senate. RetrievedApril 23, 2011fromwww.trishcrossin.com.au/news/1009/sp28-01.php
    [Google Scholar]
  10. Devlin, B.
    (1995) The evaluation of bilingual programs in the Northern Territory, 1973-1993. International Journal of the Sociology of Language, 113, 25–41. doi: 10.1515/ijsl.1995.113.23
    https://doi.org/10.1515/ijsl.1995.113.23 [Google Scholar]
  11. (1999) Bilingual education and the acquisition of English literacy. Ngonjook, 16, 103–106.
    [Google Scholar]
  12. (2009, June 26). Bilingual education in the Northern Territory and the continuing debate over its effectiveness and value. Paper presented toan AIATSIS Research Symposium, “Bilingual Education in the Northern Territory: Principles, policy and practice”, Visions Theatre, National Museum of Australia.
    [Google Scholar]
  13. (2010, October 29). Bilingual, bicultural and biliteracy education in the Northern Territory, Australia: 1980-2010. Education bilingue dans le Territoire du Nord:1980–2010. Invited presentation forthe international seminar, L’école plurilingue dans les communautés du Pacifique, onOctober 29, 2010.
    [Google Scholar]
  14. Dickson, G.
    (2010) No Warlpiri, No school? A preliminary look at attendance in Warlpiri schools since introducing the First Four Hours of English policy. Ngoonjook, 35, 97–113.
    [Google Scholar]
  15. Doyle, M.
    (Executive producer). (2009, September 14). Going Back to Lajamanu. [Television broadcast]. Sydney, Australia: ABC Four Corners.
    [Google Scholar]
  16. Egan, J.
    (1999) Nyampuju yimi warlalja yungulipa mardarni waja-waja-maninja wangurlu yijardurlu: It’s important not to lose our language. Ngoonjook, 16, 92–95.
    [Google Scholar]
  17. Faludi, S.
    (1991) Backlash: The undeclared war against American women. New York: Crown Publishers.
    [Google Scholar]
  18. Gale, K. , McClay, D. , Christie, M. & Harris, S.
    (1981) Academic achievement in the Milingimbi bilingual education program. TESOL Quarterly, 15(3), 297–314. doi: 10.2307/3586755
    https://doi.org/10.2307/3586755 [Google Scholar]
  19. Greene, J.
    (1998) A meta-analysis of the effectiveness of bilingual education. RetrievedMarch 14, 2007, fromourworld.compuserve.com/homepages/JWCRAWFORD/greene.htm
    [Google Scholar]
  20. Gutiérrez, K. , Asato, J. , Santos, M. & Gotanda, N.
    (2002) Backlash pedagogy: Language and culture and the politics of reform. The Review of Education, Pedagogy, and Cultural Studies, 24, 335–351. doi: 10.1080/10714410214744
    https://doi.org/10.1080/10714410214744 [Google Scholar]
  21. Hale, K.
    (1999) Remarks on Northern Territory bilingual education. Ngoonjook, 16, 42–50.
    [Google Scholar]
  22. Harris, S. & Devlin, B.
    (1999) The Northern Territory Bilingual Education program: Some historical reflections. Manuscript.
    [Google Scholar]
  23. Hill, S.
    (2008) Yolngu Matha and English Learning at Galiwin’ku, an Indigenous community in Northeast Arnhem land. Unpublished Ph.D. thesis, University of New England, New South Wales.
    [Google Scholar]
  24. Hoogenraad, R.
    (2001) Critical reflections on the history of bilingual education in Central Australia. In J. Simpson , D. Nash , M. Laughren , P. Austin & B. Alpher (Eds.), Forty years on: Ken Hale and Australian Languages (pp.123–150[C1]). Canberra: Pacific Linguistics.
    [Google Scholar]
  25. Langford, B.
    (2008, October 15). Scrymgour caned over CEO sacking. NT News. RetrievedApril 27, 2011fromwww.ntnews.com.au/article/2008/10/15/9565_ntnews.html.
    [Google Scholar]
  26. Marich, G.
    (2010, September 15). NT Govt defends bilingual education policy [ABC News]. RetrievedApril 26, 2011fromwww.ourlanguages.net.au/news/northern-territory/item/227-nt-govtdefends-bilingual-education-policy.html
    [Google Scholar]
  27. Markwick-Smith, V.
    (1985) Bilingual Accreditation ongoing report—Shepherdson College. Prepared for the Accreditation Panel, August 1985 Darwin: NT Department of Education.
    [Google Scholar]
  28. McCarty, T.
    (2008) The impact of high-stakes accountability policies on Native American learners: Evidence from research. RetrievedOctober 31, 2010fromwww.strongersmarter.qut.edu.au/docs/papers/Article_McCarty.pdf
    [Google Scholar]
  29. McKay, G.
    (2007, March 18-23). ESL and bilingual education in Australian Indigenous contexts: some issues for policy. Paper presented atOxford Round Table on ESL and Bilingual Education, Oxford University, UK.
    [Google Scholar]
  30. McMahon, K.
  31. Murtagh, E.
    (1979) The use of two languages of instruction with Aboriginal Australians. Unpublished Ph.D. thesis, Stanford University, USA.
    [Google Scholar]
  32. (1982) Creole and English used as languages of instruction in bilingual education with Aboriginal Australians: Some research findings. International Journal of the Sociology of Language, 36, 15–33.
    [Google Scholar]
  33. Nancarrow, K.
    (2010, July 27). Labor Senator criticises NT’s bilingual policy. ABC News. RetrievedApril 23, 2011fromwww.abc.net.au/news/stories/2010/07/27/2965642.htm.
    [Google Scholar]
  34. Northern Territory Department of Education (NTDE)
    Northern Territory Department of Education (NTDE) (1986) Handbook for Aboriginal bilingual education in the Northern Territory. Darwin: NTDE.
    [Google Scholar]
  35. Northern Territory Department of Education and Training (NT DET)
    Northern Territory Department of Education and Training (NT DET) (2008a, October 27). Data for bilingual schools in the Northern Territory. Document tabled in the Legislative Assembly by Marion Scrymgour on November 26.
    [Google Scholar]
  36. Northern Territory Department of Education and Training (NT DET)
    Northern Territory Department of Education and Training (NT DET) (2008b, November 3). Compulsory teaching in English for the first four hours of each school day. Draft policy document. Unpublished manuscript.
    [Google Scholar]
  37. Northern Territory Department of Education and Training (NT DET)
    Northern Territory Department of Education and Training (NT DET) (2008c) Policy: Compulsory teaching in English for the first four hours of each school day. [Policy document]. RetrievedApril 23, 2011fromwww.det.nt.gov.au/about-us/policies/documents/schools/compulsory-teaching-in-englishfor-the-first-four-hours-of-each-school-day.
    [Google Scholar]
  38. Northern Territory Department of Education and Training (NT DET)
    Northern Territory Department of Education and Training (NT DET) (2008d) Guideline: Compulsory teaching in English for the first four hours of each school day. DET file: 2008/2492. RetrievedApril 29, 2011fromwww.det.nt.gov.au/about-us/policies/documents/schools/compulsory-teaching-in-englishfor-the-first-four-hours-of-each-school-day.
    [Google Scholar]
  39. Northern Territory Department of Employment, EducationTraining (NT DEET)
    Northern Territory Department of Employment, EducationTraining (NT DEET) (2005) Indigenous languages and culture in Northern Territory schools. Report 2004-2005. Darwin: Author.
  40. Northern Territory Department of Employment, EducationTraining (NT DEET)
    Northern Territory Department of Employment, EducationTraining (NT DEET) (2006) Indigenous Education Strategic Plan 2006-2009. Darwin: Northern Territory Government. RetrievedJune 22, 2009, fromwww.det.nt.gov.au/education/indigenous_education/strategic_directions/strategic_plan/index.shtml.
    [Google Scholar]
  41. Northern Territory Department of Education and Training (NT DEET)
    Northern Territory Department of Education and Training (NT DEET) (2008) Bilingual education program. RetrievedJanuary 2, 2008fromwww.deet.nt.gov.au/education/programs_initiatives/bep/index.shtml.
    [Google Scholar]
  42. Northern Territory Government (NTG)
    Northern Territory Government (NTG) (2007, July 30). Local community and school partnership agreement between Yambirrpa Schools Council and Northern Territory of Australia represented by the Department of Employment, Education and Training (version 2) [Manuscript].
    [Google Scholar]
  43. Northern Territory Government (NTG)
    Northern Territory Government (NTG) (2008) Education restructure includes greater emphasis on English. Media release. RetrievedFebruary 26, 2009, fromnewsroom.nt.gov.au/index.cfm?fuseaction=printRelease&ID=4599.
  44. Purdie, N. & Buckley, S.
    (2010) School attendance and retention of Indigenous Australian students. Issues Paper No 1produced for the Closing the Gap Clearinghouse. RetrievedApril 30, 2011fromwww.aihw.gov.au/closingthegap/documents/issues_papers/ihw/33/index.cfm.
    [Google Scholar]
  45. Resource Network for Linguistic Diversity (RNLD)
    Resource Network for Linguistic Diversity (RNLD) (2010, June 2). Letter to the Hon. Julia Gillard. RetrievedSeptember 23, 2011fromwww.rnld.org/advocacy.
    [Google Scholar]
  46. Richards, A.
    (1984) Accreditation ongoing report—St Therese’s School. Prepared for the Accreditation Panel, May 1981. Darwin: NT Department of Education.
  47. Richards, A. & Thornton, C.
    (1981) Report of the bilingual education program at Yirrkala Community School. Prepared for the Accreditation Panel, May 1981 Darwin: NT Department of Education.
    [Google Scholar]
  48. Rowse, T.
    (2010, August 18). Contesting the Coombs legacy in Indigenous policy. Public lecture presented atCharles Darwin University, Australia.
    [Google Scholar]
  49. Scrymgour, M.
    (2008) Full text transcript–11/27/2008. InLegislative Assembly of the Northern Territory, 11th Assembly. Parliamentary Record No. 3 (starting 25 November 2008). Darwin. RetrievedJune 8, 2009fromnotes.nt.gov.au/lant/hansard/hansard11.nsf/WebFullTextTranscript/272B6E0853A364646925752F0021BB65?opendocument.
    [Google Scholar]
  50. (2011, April 20). Lockdown and labelling has failed the women and children. National Times. Retrieved onApril 21, 2011fromwww.smh.com.au/opinion/politics/lockdownand-labelling-has-failed-the-women-and-children-20110419-1dnbh.html.
    [Google Scholar]
  51. Silburn, S. , Nutton, G. , McKenzie, J. & Landrigan, M.
    (2011, August). Early year English language acquisition and instructional approaches for Aboriginal students with home languages other than English: A systematic review of the Australian and international literature. RetrievedSeptember 23, 2011fromccde.menzies.edu.au/resources.
    [Google Scholar]
  52. Simpson, J. , Caffery, J. & McConvell, P.
    (2009) Gaps in Australia’s Indigenous language policy: Dismantling bilingual education in the Northern Territoryz. AIATSIS Discussion Paper Number 24.
    [Google Scholar]
  53. (in press). Maintaining languages, maintaining identities: what bilingual education offers. In B. Baker , I. Mushin , M. Harvey and R. Gardner Eds. Indigenous language and social identity: papers in honour of Michael Walsh (Ch. 2). Canberra: Pacific Linguistics.
    [Google Scholar]
  54. Stuckey, P. & Richards, A.
    (1982) Report of the bilingual education program at St Therese’s school. Prepared for the Accreditation Panel, May 1981.
    [Google Scholar]
  55. Tong, F. , Lara-Alecio, R. , Irby, B. , Mathes P. & Kwok, O.
    (2008) Accelerating early academic oral English development in transitional bilingual and structured English immersion programs. American Educational Research Journal, 45(4), 1011–1044. doi: 10.3102/0002831208320790
    https://doi.org/10.3102/0002831208320790 [Google Scholar]
  56. Toohey, P.
    (2009, February 26). Voices of dissent. The Australian[C2]. Retrieved fromwww.theaustralian.com.au/news/voices-of-dissent/story-e6frg6po-1111118964289.
    [Google Scholar]
  57. Waller, L.
    (2011) Bilingual education and the language of news. Paper presented atthe AIATSIS Seminar Series, Canberra.
    [Google Scholar]
  58. Willig, A.
    (1985) A meta-analysis of selected studies on the effectiveness of bilingual education. Review of Educational Research, 55, 269–317. doi: 10.3102/00346543055003269
    https://doi.org/10.3102/00346543055003269 [Google Scholar]
/content/journals/10.1075/aral.34.3.01dev
Loading
  • Article Type: Research Article
This is a required field
Please enter a valid email address
Approval was successful
Invalid data
An Error Occurred
Approval was partially successful, following selected items could not be processed due to error