1887
Volume 36, Issue 1
  • ISSN 0155-0640
  • E-ISSN: 1833-7139

Abstract

Within the theoretical and methodological framework of Conversation Analysis, the present study explores the nature of the native speaker (NS) and nonnative speaker (NNS) identities in repair practices of English conversation. It has identified and analyzed in detail repair sequences in the data and has also conducted quantitative analyses in order to investigate the relationship between NS/NNS identities and repair practices. The results show that the categories of NS and NNS identities are social products that are invoked during and through the participants’ ongoing interaction. First of all, the participants did not invariably make their NS/NNS identities relevant to their repair work; specifically, more than half of the repair practices were irrelevant to these identities. Secondly, when the participants’ NS/NNS identities were made relevant to repair, both the NS and the NNS participants initiated repair in order to solve interactional problems that had resulted from the NNS participants’ insufficient linguistic abilities. The participants’ orientation to their NS/NNS identities was frequently triggered by the NNS participants’ repair-initiation while the NS participants invoked these linguistic identities only in a limited range of interactional environments. The findings of this study provide a further empirical basis for arguing the importance of an emic approach to NS-NNS interactions and the potential to learn new vocabulary through repair.

Loading

Article metrics loading...

/content/journals/10.1075/aral.36.1.02bae
2013-01-01
2024-09-16
Loading full text...

Full text loading...

References

  1. Antaki, C. , & Widdicombe, S.
    (Eds.) (1998) Identities in talk. London: Sage.
    [Google Scholar]
  2. Benwell, B. , & Stokoe, E.
    (2006) Discourse and identity. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press.
    [Google Scholar]
  3. Bitchener, J. W.
    (1999) The negotiation of meaning by advanced ESL learners: The effects of individual learner factors and task type. (Unpublished doctoral dissertation). The University of Auckland, New Zealand.
    [Google Scholar]
  4. Brown, A.
    (2003) Interview variation and the co-construction of speaking proficiency. Language Testing, 20(1), 1–25. doi: 10.1191/0265532203lt242oa
    https://doi.org/10.1191/0265532203lt242oa [Google Scholar]
  5. Carroll, D.
    (2000) Precision timing in novice-to-novice L2 conversations. Issues in Applied Linguistics, 11(1), 67–110.
    [Google Scholar]
  6. (2004) Restarts in novice turn beginnings: Disfluencies or interactional achievements?In R. Gardner & J. Wagner (Eds.), Second language conversations (pp. 201–220). London: Continuum.
    [Google Scholar]
  7. Clayman, S. E. , Heritage, J. , Elliott, M.N. , & McDonald, L.
    (2007) When does the watchdog bark? Conditions of aggressive questioning in presidential news conferences. American Sociological Review, 72(1), 23–41. doi: 10.1177/000312240707200102
    https://doi.org/10.1177/000312240707200102 [Google Scholar]
  8. Drew, P.
    (1991) Asymmetries of knowledge in conversational interactions. In I. Markova & K. Foppa (Eds.), Asymmetries in dialogue (pp. 29–48). Hemel Hamstead: Harvester/ Wheatsheaf.
    [Google Scholar]
  9. Egbert, M.
    (2004) Other-initiated repair and membership categorization: Some conversational events that trigger linguistic and regional membership categorization. Journal of Pragmatics, 36(8), 1467–1498. doi: 10.1016/j.pragma.2003.11.007
    https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pragma.2003.11.007 [Google Scholar]
  10. Egbert, M. , Niebecker, L. , & Rezzara, S.
    (2004) Inside first and second language speakers’ trouble in understanding. In R. Gardner & J. Wagner (Eds.), Second language conversations (pp. 178–200). London: Continuum.
    [Google Scholar]
  11. Færch, C. , Kasper, G.
    (1983) Plans and strategies in foreign language communication. In C. Færch & G. Kasper (Eds.), Strategies in interlanguage communication (pp. 20–60). London: Longman
    [Google Scholar]
  12. Firth, A.
    (1996) The discursive accomplishment of ‘normality’: On lingua franca English and conversation analysis. Journal of Pragmatics, 26(2), 237–259. doi: 10.1016/0378‑2166(96)00014‑8
    https://doi.org/10.1016/0378-2166(96)00014-8 [Google Scholar]
  13. Firth, A. , & Wagner, J.
    (1997) On discourse, communication, and (some) fundamental concepts in SLA research. The Modern Language Journal, 81(3), 285–300. doi: 10.1111/j.1540‑4781.1997.tb05480.x
    https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1540-4781.1997.tb05480.x [Google Scholar]
  14. Gardner, R. , & Wagner, J.
    (Eds.) (2004) Second language conversations. London: Continuum.
    [Google Scholar]
  15. Gass, S. M. , & Varonis, E.M.
    (1985) Task variation and nonnative/nonnative negotiation of meaning. In S. M. Gass & C. G. Madden (Eds.), Input in second language acquisition (pp. 149–161). Rowley, MA: Newbury House.
    [Google Scholar]
  16. He, A.W.
    (2004) CA for SLA: Arguments from the Chinese language classroom. Modern Language Journal, 88(4), 568–582. doi: 10.1111/j.0026‑7902.2004.t01‑19‑.x
    https://doi.org/10.1111/j.0026-7902.2004.t01-19-.x [Google Scholar]
  17. Heritage, J.
    (1984) A change of state token and aspects of its sequential placement. In J. Atkinson & J. Heritage (Eds.), Structures in social action: Studies in conversation analysis (pp. 299–345). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
    [Google Scholar]
  18. (1999) CA at century’s end: Practices of talk-in-interaction, their distributions and their outcomes. Research on Language and Social Interaction, 32(1–2), 69–76. doi: 10.1080/08351813.1999.9683609
    https://doi.org/10.1080/08351813.1999.9683609 [Google Scholar]
  19. Heritage, J. , Boyd, E.A. , & Kleinman, L.
    (2001) Subverting criteria: The role of precedent in decisions to finance surgery. Sociology of Health and Illness, 23(5), 701–728. doi: 10.1111/1467‑9566.00272
    https://doi.org/10.1111/1467-9566.00272 [Google Scholar]
  20. Heritage, J. , & Maynard, D.W.
    (2006) Introduction: Analyzing Interaction between doctors and patients in primary care encounters. In J. Heritage & D. W. Maynard (Eds.), Communication in medical care: Interactional between primary care physicians and patients (pp. 1–21). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. doi: 10.1017/CBO9780511607172.003
    https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511607172.003 [Google Scholar]
  21. Hosoda, Y.
    (2000) Other-repair in Japanese conversation between nonnative and native speakers. Issues in Applied Linguistics, 11(1), 39–63.
    [Google Scholar]
  22. (2006) Repair and relevance of differential language expertise in second language conversations. Applied Linguistics, 27(1), 25–50. doi: 10.1093/applin/ami022
    https://doi.org/10.1093/applin/ami022 [Google Scholar]
  23. Kasper, G.
    (2004) Participant orientation in conversation-for-learning. Modern Language Journal, 88(4), 551–567. doi: 10.1111/j.0026‑7902.2004.t01‑18‑.x
    https://doi.org/10.1111/j.0026-7902.2004.t01-18-.x [Google Scholar]
  24. Kurhila, S.
    (2004) Clients or language learners-being a second language speaker in institutional interaction. In R. Gardner & J. Wagner (Eds.), Second language conversations (pp. 58–74). London: Continuum.
    [Google Scholar]
  25. (2006) Second language interaction. Amsterdam: John Benjamins. doi: 10.1075/pbns.145
    https://doi.org/10.1075/pbns.145 [Google Scholar]
  26. Lerner, G. H.
    (1991) On the syntax of sentences in progress. Language in Society, 20(3), 441–458. doi: 10.1017/S0047404500016572
    https://doi.org/10.1017/S0047404500016572 [Google Scholar]
  27. (2004) On the place of linguistic resources in the organization of talk-in-interaction: Grammar as action in prompting a speaker to elaborate. Research on Language and Social Interaction, 37(2), 151–184. doi: 10.1207/s15327973rlsi3702_3
    https://doi.org/10.1207/s15327973rlsi3702_3 [Google Scholar]
  28. Loewen, S.
    (2005) Incidental focus on form and second language learning. Studies in Second Language Acquisition, 27(3), 361–386. doi: 10.1017/S0272263105050163
    https://doi.org/10.1017/S0272263105050163 [Google Scholar]
  29. Long, M.
    (1983) Linguistic and conversational adjustments to non-native speakers. Studies in Second Language Acquisition, 5(2), 177–193. doi: 10.1017/S0272263100004848
    https://doi.org/10.1017/S0272263100004848 [Google Scholar]
  30. (1991) Focus on form: A design feature in language teaching methodology. In K. de Bot , R. Ginsberg , & C. Kramsch (Eds.), Foreign language research in cross-cultural perspective (pp. 39–52). Amsterdam: Benjamins. doi: 10.1075/sibil.2.07lon
    https://doi.org/10.1075/sibil.2.07lon [Google Scholar]
  31. Mangione-Smith, R. , Stivers, T. , Elliott, M.N. , McDonald, L. , & Heritage, J.
    (2003) Online commentaries during the physical examination: A communication tool for avoiding inappropriate prescribing?Social Science and Medicine, 56(2), 313–320. doi: 10.1016/S0277‑9536(02)00029‑1
    https://doi.org/10.1016/S0277-9536(02)00029-1 [Google Scholar]
  32. Markee, N.
    (2004) Zones of interactional transition in ESL classes. Modern Language Journal, 88(4), 583–596. doi: 10.1111/j.0026‑7902.2004.t01‑20‑.x
    https://doi.org/10.1111/j.0026-7902.2004.t01-20-.x [Google Scholar]
  33. Markee, N. , & Kasper, G.
    (2004) Classroom talks: An introduction. Modern Language Journal, 88(4), 491–500. doi: 10.1111/j.0026‑7902.2004.t01‑14‑.x
    https://doi.org/10.1111/j.0026-7902.2004.t01-14-.x [Google Scholar]
  34. Mori, J.
    (2004) Negotiating sequential boundaries and learning opportunities: A case from a Japanese classroom. Modern Language Journal, 88(4), 536–550. doi: 10.1111/j.0026‑7902.2004.t01‑17‑.x
    https://doi.org/10.1111/j.0026-7902.2004.t01-17-.x [Google Scholar]
  35. Ochs, E. , Schegloff, E.A. , & Thompson, S.A.
    (Eds.) (1996) Interaction and grammar. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. doi: 10.1017/CBO9780511620874
    https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511620874 [Google Scholar]
  36. Park, J.-E.
    (2007) Co-construction of nonnative speaker identity in cross-cultural interaction. Applied Linguistics, 28(3), 339–360. doi: 10.1093/applin/amm001
    https://doi.org/10.1093/applin/amm001 [Google Scholar]
  37. Park, J.-S.
    (2008) Negative yes/no question-answer sequences in conversation: grammar, action, and sequence organization. (Unpublished doctoral dissertation). University of California, Los Angeles.
    [Google Scholar]
  38. Park, Y.-Y.
    (2004) Nonnative speakers’ use of yeah in English spoken discourse. Discourse and Cognition, 11(3), 85–105.
    [Google Scholar]
  39. Pavlenko, A.
    (2002) Poststructuralist approaches to the study of social factors in second language learning and use. In V. Cook (Ed.), Portraits of the L2 user (pp. 277–302). Clevedon, UK: Multilingual Matters.
    [Google Scholar]
  40. Pennycook, A.
    (2001) Critical applied linguistics. Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum.
    [Google Scholar]
  41. Pica, T.
    (1987) Second language acquisition, social interaction, and the classroom. Applied Linguistics, 8(1), 3–21. doi: 10.1093/applin/8.1.3
    https://doi.org/10.1093/applin/8.1.3 [Google Scholar]
  42. Pica, T. , Holliday, L. , Lewis, N. , & Morgenthaler, L.
    (1989) Comprehensible output as an outcome of linguistic demands on the learner. Studies in Second Language Acquisition, 11(1), 63–90. doi: 10.1017/S027226310000783X
    https://doi.org/10.1017/S027226310000783X [Google Scholar]
  43. Poulisse, N. , & Bongaerts, T.
    (1990, April). A closer look at the strategy of transfer. Paper presented atthe 9th AILA Conference, Thessaloniki, Greece.
    [Google Scholar]
  44. Rampton, B.
    (1995) Crossing: Language and ethnicity among adolescents. London: Longman.
    [Google Scholar]
  45. Richards, J. C. , & Schmidt, R.
    (2010) Longman dictionary of language teaching and applied linguistics (4th ed.). Harlow: Longman.
    [Google Scholar]
  46. Richards, K. , & Seedhouse, P.
    (2005) Applying conversation analysis. Houndsmill: Palgrave Macmillan. doi: 10.1057/9780230287853
    https://doi.org/10.1057/9780230287853 [Google Scholar]
  47. Robinson, J. , & Heritage, J.
    (2005) The structure of patients’ presenting concerns: The completion relevance of current symptoms. Social Science and Medicine, 61(2), 481–493. doi: 10.1016/j.socscimed.2004.12.004
    https://doi.org/10.1016/j.socscimed.2004.12.004 [Google Scholar]
  48. Sacks, H.
    (1972) An initial investigation of the usability of conversational materials for doing sociology. In D. N. Sudnow (Ed.), Studies in social interaction (pp. 31–74). New York: Free Press.
    [Google Scholar]
  49. Schegloff, E. A.
    (1988) On an actual virtual servo-mechanism for guessing bad news: A single case conjecture. Social Problems, 35(4), 442–457. doi: 10.2307/800596
    https://doi.org/10.2307/800596 [Google Scholar]
  50. Schegloff, E.A.
    (1991) Reflections on talk and social structure. In D. Boden & D. H. Zimmerman (Eds.), Talk and social structure (pp. 44–70). Cambridge: Polity.
    [Google Scholar]
  51. Schegloff, E. A.
    (1993) Reflections on quantification in the study of conversation. Research on Language and Social Interaction, 26(1), 99–128. doi: 10.1207/s15327973rlsi2601_5
    https://doi.org/10.1207/s15327973rlsi2601_5 [Google Scholar]
  52. (1997) Whose text? Whose context?Discourse & Society, 8(2), 165–187. doi: 10.1177/0957926597008002002
    https://doi.org/10.1177/0957926597008002002 [Google Scholar]
  53. (2007) Sequence organization in interaction: A primer in conversation analysis (Vol.1). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. doi: 10.1017/CBO9780511791208
    https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511791208 [Google Scholar]
  54. (2009) One perspective on conversation analysis: Comparative perspectives. In J. Sidnell (Ed.), Conversation analysis: comparative perspectives (pp. 357–406). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. doi: 10.1017/CBO9780511635670.013
    https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511635670.013 [Google Scholar]
  55. Schegloff, E. A. , Jefferson, G. , & Sacks, H.
    (1977) The preference for self-correction in the organization of repair in conversation. Language, 53(2), 362–382. doi: 10.1353/lan.1977.0041
    https://doi.org/10.1353/lan.1977.0041 [Google Scholar]
  56. Seedhouse, P.
    (2004) The interactional architecture of the language classroom: A conversation analysis perspective. Malden, MA: Blackwell.
    [Google Scholar]
  57. Speer, S. A. , & Stokoe, E.
    (Eds.) (2011) Conversation and gender. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. doi: 10.1017/CBO9780511781032
    https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511781032 [Google Scholar]
  58. Stivers, T. , & Majid, A.
    (2007) Questioning children: Interactional evidence of implicit bias in medical interviews. Social Psychology Quarterly, 70(4), 424–441. doi: 10.1177/019027250707000410
    https://doi.org/10.1177/019027250707000410 [Google Scholar]
  59. Svennevig, J.
    (2008) Trying the easiest solution first in other-initiated repair. Journal of Pragmatics, 40(2), 333–348. doi: 10.1016/j.pragma.2007.11.007
    https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pragma.2007.11.007 [Google Scholar]
  60. Varonis, E. , & S. Gass.
    (1985) Non-native/non-native conversations: A model for negotiation of meaning. Applied Linguistics, 6(1), 71–90. doi: 10.1093/applin/6.1.71
    https://doi.org/10.1093/applin/6.1.71 [Google Scholar]
  61. Williams, J.
    (2001) The effectiveness of spontaneous attention to form. System, 29(3), 325–340. doi: 10.1016/S0346‑251X(01)00022‑7
    https://doi.org/10.1016/S0346-251X(01)00022-7 [Google Scholar]
  62. Wong, J.
    (2000a) Delayed next turn repair initiation in native/non-native speaker English conversation. Applied Linguistics, 21(1). 244–267. doi: 10.1093/applin/21.2.244
    https://doi.org/10.1093/applin/21.2.244 [Google Scholar]
  63. (2000b) The token “yeah” in nonnative speaker English conversation. Research on Language and Social Interaction, 33(1), 39–67. doi: 10.1207/S15327973RLSI3301_2
    https://doi.org/10.1207/S15327973RLSI3301_2 [Google Scholar]
  64. (2005) Sidestepping grammar. In K. Richards & P. Seedhouse (Eds.), Applying conversation analysis (pp. 159–173). Hampshire: Palgrave MacMillan. doi: 10.1057/9780230287853_10
    https://doi.org/10.1057/9780230287853_10 [Google Scholar]
  65. Wong, J. , & Olsher. D.
    (2000) Reflections on conversation analysis and nonnative speaker talk: An interview with Emanuel A.Schegloff. Issues in Applied Linguistics, 11(1), 111–128.
    [Google Scholar]
/content/journals/10.1075/aral.36.1.02bae
Loading
  • Article Type: Research Article
Keyword(s): (non)native speaker; conversation analysis; identity; repair
This is a required field
Please enter a valid email address
Approval was successful
Invalid data
An Error Occurred
Approval was partially successful, following selected items could not be processed due to error