1887
  1. Home
  2. e-Journals
  3. Babel
  4. Volume 70, Issue 6
  5. Article
Volume 70, Issue 6
  • ISSN 0521-9744
  • E-ISSN: 1569-9668
USD
Buy:$35.00 + Taxes

Abstract

Abstract

The issue of media accessibility for d/Deaf and hard of hearing (DHH) viewers holds particular importance in advanced societies, leading to exponential growth in research within the field of subtitling for the d/Deaf and hard of hearing (SDH). However, limited research has been conducted on media accessibility, especially SDH, resulting in a relatively brief history of SDH and its quality within Iran. This research aims to determine how non-verbal acoustic elements have been rendered in subtitle versions of films intended for DHH audiences. Five drama feature films were purposefully selected from the Filimo platform, the largest video-on-demand (VOD) service in Iran. The study reveals that various strategies were employed in the SDH versions of the films, and inconsistencies were identified in the presentation methods throughout the films. However, some strategies conforming to international SDH conventions were identified within the SDH versions of the films. The study underscores the necessity for further research in this field to enhance the professional standards for producing appropriate SDH in Iran.

© Fédération Internationale des Traducteurs (FIT) Revue Babel
Loading

Article metrics loading...

/content/journals/10.1075/babel.24088.aha
2024-11-22
2025-06-20

  • From This Site

    /content/journals/10.1075/babel.24088.aha
    dcterms_title,dcterms_subject,pub_keyword
    -contentType:Journal -contentType:Contributor -contentType:Concept -contentType:Institution
    10
    5
Loading full text...

Full text loading...

References

  1. Al Amin, Akher, Joseph Mendis, Raja Kushalnagar, Christian Vogler, Sooyeon Lee, and Matt Huenerfauth
    2022 “Deaf and Hard of Hearing Viewers’ Preference for Speaker Identifier Type in Live TV Programming.” International Conference on Human-Computer Interaction. 10.1007/978‑3‑031‑05028‑2_13
     https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-05028-2_13 [Google Scholar]
  2. AlBkowr, Nadine, and Ahmad S. Haider
    2023 “Subtitling for People with Hearing Impairments in the Arab World Context: The Case of the Blue Elephant 2 Movie.” Online Journal of Communication and Media Technologies13 (4). 10.30935/ojcmt/13602
     https://doi.org/10.30935/ojcmt/13602 [Google Scholar]
  3. Ameri, Saeed, and Masood Khoshsaligheh
    2019 “Iranian Amateur Subtitling Apparatus: A Qualitative Investigation.” Mutatis Mutandis: Revista Latinoamericana de Traducción12 (2): 433–453. 10.17533/udea.mut.v12n2a05
     https://doi.org/10.17533/udea.mut.v12n2a05 [Google Scholar]
  4. 2021 “Insights into Iranian Younger Audiences of Persian Amateur Subtitling.” Onomázein. 10.7764/onomazein.56.07
     https://doi.org/10.7764/onomazein.56.07 [Google Scholar]
  5. BBC
    BBC 2022 “BBC Subtitle Guidelines. Version 1. 2. 1.”
     [Google Scholar]
  6. British Broadcasting Corporation
    British Broadcasting Corporation. https://www.bbc.co.uk/accessibility/forproducts/guides/subtitles/#Subtitle-Guidelines
  7. Bogucki, Lukasz
    2013 Areas and Methods of Audiovisual Translation Research, edBarbara Lewandowska-Tomaszczyk and Lukasz Bogucki. Frankfurt: Peter Lang.
     [Google Scholar]
  8. CAB
    CAB 2012 Closed Captioning Standards and Protocol for Canadian English Language Television Programming Services. Canada: Canadian Association of Broadcasters.
     [Google Scholar]
  9. Chaume, Frederic
    2004 “Film Studies and Translation Studies: Two Disciplines at Stake in Audiovisual Translation.” Meta49 (12): 12–24. 10.7202/009016ar
     https://doi.org/10.7202/009016ar [Google Scholar]
  10. 2013 “The Turn of Audiovisual Translation: New Audiences and New Technologies.” Translation Spaces2 (1): 105–123. 10.1075/ts.2.06cha
     https://doi.org/10.1075/ts.2.06cha [Google Scholar]
  11. Chiaro, Delia
    2009 “Issues in Audiovisual Translation.” InThe Routledge Companion to Translation Studies, edited byJeremy Munday, 141–165. London, England: Routledge.
     [Google Scholar]
  12. 2013 “Audiovisual Translation.” InThe Encyclopedia of Applied Linguistics, edited byCarol A. Chapelle, 1–5. New Jersey: Blackwell.
     [Google Scholar]
  13. Danan, Martine
    2004 “Captioning and Subtitling: Undervalued Language Learning Strategy.” Meta49 (1): 67–77. 10.7202/009021ar
     https://doi.org/10.7202/009021ar [Google Scholar]
  14. DCMP
    DCMP 2006 “Described and Captioned Media Program.” Captioning key. https://dcmp.org/learn/captioningkey
     [Google Scholar]
  15. De Linde, Zoe, and Neil Kay
    1999 The Semiotics of Subtitling. New York: Routledge.
     [Google Scholar]
  16. Delabastita, Dirk
    1989 “Translation and Mass-Communication: Film and T.V. Translation as Evidence of Cultural Dynamics.” Babel35 (4): 193–218. 10.1075/babel.35.4.02del
     https://doi.org/10.1075/babel.35.4.02del [Google Scholar]
  17. Di Giovanni, Elena, and Yves Gambier
    2018 “Introduction.” InReception Studies and Audiovisual Translation, edited byElena Di Giovanni and Yves Gambier, vii–xii. Amsterdam and Philadelphia: John Benjamins Publishing Company. 10.1075/btl.141.01gio
     https://doi.org/10.1075/btl.141.01gio [Google Scholar]
  18. Diaz-Cintas, Jorge
    2005 “Audiovisual Translation Today—A Question of Accessibility for All.” Translating Today (4): 3–5.
     [Google Scholar]
  19. 2008 “Introduction: The Didactics of Audiovisual Translation.” InThe Didactics of Audiovisual Translation, edited byJorge Diaz-Cintas, 1–18. Amsterdam and Philadelphia: John Benjamins Publishing Company. 10.1075/btl.77.03dia
     https://doi.org/10.1075/btl.77.03dia [Google Scholar]
  20. Diaz-Cintas, Jorge, and Gunilla Anderman
    2009 “Introduction.” InAudiovisual Translation: Language Transfer on Screen, edited byJorge Diaz-Cintas and Gunilla Anderman, 1–17. New York: Palgrave Macmillan. 10.1057/9780230234581_1
     https://doi.org/10.1057/9780230234581_1 [Google Scholar]
  21. Diaz-Cintas, Jorge, Anna Matamala, and Josélia Neves
    2010 “Media for All: New Developments.” InNew Insights into Audivisual Translation and Media Accessibility: Media for All 2, edited byJorge Diaz-Cinta, Anna Matamala, and Joselia Neves, 11–22. New York: Rodopi. 10.1163/9789042031814_003
     https://doi.org/10.1163/9789042031814_003 [Google Scholar]
  22. Diaz-Cintas, Jorge, and Aline Remael
    2007 Audiovisual Translation: Subtitling. New York: Routledge.
     [Google Scholar]
  23. Dornyei, Zoltan
    2007 Research Methods in Applied Linguistics: Quantitative, Qualitative, and Mixed Methodologies. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
     [Google Scholar]
  24. Ebtehaji, Elahe, Mahboubeh Moghaddas, and Milad Mehdizadkhani
    2023 “Rendition of Planting and Payoff in Localized Films: A Case Study.” Media and Intercultural Communication: A Multidisciplinary Journal1 (2): 74–96. 10.22034/MIC.2023.167946
     https://doi.org/10.22034/MIC.2023.167946 [Google Scholar]
  25. Gambier, Yves
    2016 “Rapid and Radical Changes in Translation and Translation Studies.” International Journal of Communication101: 887–906.
     [Google Scholar]
  26. 2019 “Audiovisual Translation and Reception.” Slovo.ru: Baltic Accent10 (1): 52–68. 10.5922/2225‑5346‑2019‑1‑4
     https://doi.org/10.5922/2225-5346-2019-1-4 [Google Scholar]
  27. 2023 “Audiovisual Translation and Multimodality: What Future?” Media and Intercultural Communication: A Multidisciplinary Journal1 (1): 1–16. 10.22034/mic.2023.167451
     https://doi.org/10.22034/mic.2023.167451 [Google Scholar]
  28. Gottlieb, Henrik
    2001 “Subtitling.” InRoutledge Encyclopedia of Translation Studies, edited byMona Baker, 244–248. New York: Routledge.
     [Google Scholar]
  29. Greco, Gian Maria
    2016 “On Accessibility as a Human Right, with an Application to Media Accessibility.” InResearching Audio Description: New Approaches, edited byAnna Matamala and Pilar Orero, 11–33. London: Palgrave Macmillan. 10.1057/978‑1‑137‑56917‑2_2
     https://doi.org/10.1057/978-1-137-56917-2_2 [Google Scholar]
  30. Imani, Sima, and Jalil Jalali
    2023 “Transfer of Ideological Stances through Stylistic Choices in Translation: The Case of the Persian Subtitle of the Matrix.” Media and Intercultural Communication: A Multidisciplinary Journal1 (1): 63–82. 10.22034/mic.2023.165931
     https://doi.org/10.22034/mic.2023.165931 [Google Scholar]
  31. ITC
    ITC 1999 Itc Guidance on Standards for Subtitling. London: Independent Television Comission.
     [Google Scholar]
  32. Jelinek Lewis, Margaret S., and Dorothy W. Jackson
    2001 “Television Literacy: Comprehension of Program Content Using Closed Captions for the Deaf.” Journal of Deaf Studies and Deaf Education6 (1): 43–53. 10.1093/deafed/6.1.43
     https://doi.org/10.1093/deafed/6.1.43 [Google Scholar]
  33. Jensema, Carl
    1998 “Viewers Reaction to Different Television Captioning Speeds.” American Annals of the Deaf143 (4): 318–324. 10.1353/aad.2012.0073
     https://doi.org/10.1353/aad.2012.0073 [Google Scholar]
  34. Jensema, Carl, Ramalinga Sarma Danturthi, and Robert Burch
    2000 “Time Spent Viewing Captions on Television Programs.” American Annals of the Deaf145 (5): 464–468. 10.1353/aad.2012.0144
     https://doi.org/10.1353/aad.2012.0144 [Google Scholar]
  35. Khoshsaligheh, Masood, Saeed Ameri, Binazir Khajepoor, and Farzaneh Shokoohmand
    2019 “Amateur Subtitling in a Dubbing Country: The Reception of Iranian Audience.” Observatorio (OBS*)13 (3): 71–94. 10.15847/obsOBS13320191439
     https://doi.org/10.15847/obsOBS13320191439 [Google Scholar]
  36. Khoshsaligheh, Masood, Saeed Ameri, Farzaneh Shokoohmand, and Milad Mehdizadkhani
    2020 “Subtitling in the Iranian Mediascape: Towards a Culture-Specific Typology.” International Journal of Society, Culture & Language8 (2): 55–74.
     [Google Scholar]
  37. Lorenzo, Lourdes
    2010 “Subtitling for Deaf and Hard of Hearing Children in Spain: A Case Study.” InListening to Subtitles: Subtitles for the Deaf and Hard of Hearing, edited byAnna Matamala and Pilar Orero, 115–138. Switzerland: Peter Lang.
     [Google Scholar]
  38. Netflix
    Netflix 2022 “English Timed Text Style Guide.” https://partnerhelp.netflixstudios.com/hc/en-us/articles/217350977-English-Timed-Text-Style-Guide
  39. Neves, Josélia
    2005 “Audiovisual Translation: Subtitling for the Deaf and Hard-of-Hearing.” PhD diss., Roehampton University.
  40. 2007 “Of Pride and Prejudice: The Divide between Subtitling and Sign Language Interpreting on Television.” The Sign Language Translator and Interpreter1 (2): 1–24.
     [Google Scholar]
  41. 2008a “10 Fallacies About Subtitling for the d/Deaf and the Hard of Hearing.” The Journal of Specialised Translation (10): 128–143.
     [Google Scholar]
  42. 2008b “Training in Subtitling for the d/Deaf and Hard-of-Hearing“ InThe Didactics of Audiovisual Translation, edited byJorge Diaz-Cinta, 171–189. Amsterdam and Philadelphia: John Benjamins Publishing Company. 10.1075/btl.77.17nev
     https://doi.org/10.1075/btl.77.17nev [Google Scholar]
  43. 2009 “Interlingual Subtitling for the Deaf and Hard-of- Hearing.” InAudiovisual Translation: Language Transfer on Screenedited byJorge Diaz-Cintas and Gunilla Anderman, 151–169. New York: Palgrave Macmillan. 10.1057/9780230234581_12
     https://doi.org/10.1057/9780230234581_12 [Google Scholar]
  44. 2010 “Music to My Eyes… Conveying Music in Subtitling for the Deaf and the Hard of Hearing.” InPerspectives on Audiovisual Translation, edited byLukasz Bogucki and Krzysztof Kredens, 124–146. Bern: Peter Lang.
     [Google Scholar]
  45. 2019 “Subtitling for Deaf and Hard of Hearing Audiences: Moving Forward.” InRoutledge Handbook of Audiovisual Translation, edited byLuis Pérez-González, 82–95. London: Routledge.
     [Google Scholar]
  46. Ofcom
    Ofcom 2021 Ofcom’s Code on Television Access Services. Office of Communication.
     [Google Scholar]
  47. Orero, Pilar
    2004 “Audiovisual Translation: A New Dynamic Umbrella.” InTopics in Audiovisual Translation, edited byPilar Orero, vii–xiii. Amsterdam and Philadelphia: John Benjamins Publishing Company. 10.1075/btl.56.01ore
     https://doi.org/10.1075/btl.56.01ore [Google Scholar]
  48. Pereira, Ana
    2010 “Criteria for Elaborating Subtitles for Deaf and Hard of Hearing Adults in Spain: Description of a Case Study.” InListening to Subtitles: Subtitles for the Deaf and Hard of Hearing, edited byAnna Matamala and Pilar Orero, 87–102. Bern: Peter Lang.
     [Google Scholar]
  49. Romero-Fresco, Pablo
    2013 “Accessible Filmmaking:Joining the Dots between Audiovisual Translation, Accessibility and Filmmaking.” The Journal of Specialised Translation (20): 201–223.
     [Google Scholar]
  50. 2018 “Reception Studies in Live and Pre-Recorded Subtitles for the Deaf and Hard of Hearing.” InReception Studies and Audiovisual Translation, edited byElena Di Giovanni and Yves Gambier, 199–223. Amsterdam and Philadelphia: John Benjamins Publishing Company. 10.1075/btl.141.11rom
     https://doi.org/10.1075/btl.141.11rom [Google Scholar]
  51. Shokoohmand, Farzaneh, and Masood Khoshsaligheh
    2019 “Audiovisual Accessibility for the Deaf and Hard of Hearing in Iran.” New Voices in Translation Studies211: 62–92.
     [Google Scholar]
  52. 2020 “Subtitling for the Deaf and Hard of Hearing in Iran: Textual Procedures in Intralingual Persian Subtitles.” Language Related Research11 (1): 53–80. dorl.net/dor/20.1001.1.23223081.1399.11.1.7.6
     [Google Scholar]
  53. Shokoohmand, Farzaneh, and Masood khoshsaligheh
    2024 “Image Recognition and Content Comprehension in Media Accessibility: A Study on the Reception of Audiences with Limited Hearing.” Media and Intercultural Communication: A Multidisciplinary Journal2 (2): 1–19. 10.22034/mic.2024.451622.1017
     https://doi.org/10.22034/mic.2024.451622.1017 [Google Scholar]
  54. Snell-Hornby, Mary
    1988 Translation Studies: An Integrated Approach. Amsterdam and Philadelphia: John Benjamins Publishing Company. 10.1075/z.38
     https://doi.org/10.1075/z.38 [Google Scholar]
  55. Szarkowska, Agnieszka
    2013 “Towards Interlingual Subtitling for the Deaf and the Hard of Hearing.” Perspectives: Studies in Translatology21 (1): 68–81. 10.1080/0907676X.2012.722650
     https://doi.org/10.1080/0907676X.2012.722650 [Google Scholar]
  56. 2020 “Subtitling for the Deaf and the Hard of Hearing.” InThe Palgrave Handbook of Audiovisual Translation and Media Accessibility, edited byŁukasz Bogucki and Mikołaj Deckert, 249–268. Cham: Palgrave Macmillan. 10.1007/978‑3‑030‑42105‑2_13
     https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-42105-2_13 [Google Scholar]
  57. Szarkowska, Agnieszka, Izabela Krejtz, Zuzanna Klyszejko, and Anna Wieczorek
    2011 “Verbatim, Standard, or Edited? Reading Patterns of Different Captioning Styles among Deaf, Hard of Hearing, and Hearing Viewers.” American Annals of the Deaf156 (4): 363–378. 10.1353/aad.2011.0039
     https://doi.org/10.1353/aad.2011.0039 [Google Scholar]
  58. Szarkowska, Agnieszka, Izabela krejtz, Olga Pilipczuk, Lukasz Dutka, and Jan-Louis Kruger
    2016 “The Effects of Text Editing and Subtitle Presentation Rate on the Comprehension and Reading Patterns of Interlingual and Intralingual Subtitles among Deaf, Hard of Hearing and Hearing Viewers.” Across Languages and Cultures17 (2): 183–204. 10.1556/084.2016.17.2.3
     https://doi.org/10.1556/084.2016.17.2.3 [Google Scholar]
  59. Tamayo, Ana
    2017 “Subtitling for d/Deaf and Hard of Hearing Children: Past, Present and Future.” CoMe: Studi di Comunicazione e Mediazione Linguistica e Culturale2 (1): 74–90.
     [Google Scholar]
  60. 2016 “Formal Aspects in SDH for Children in Spanish Television: A Descriptive Study.” Estudios de Traducción61: 109–128. 10.5209/ESTR.53007
     https://doi.org/10.5209/ESTR.53007 [Google Scholar]
  61. Tsaousi, Aikaterini
    2015 “Making Sound Accessible: The Labelling of Soundeffects in Subtitling for the Deaf and Hard-Ofhearing.” Hermeneus171: 233–252.
     [Google Scholar]
  62. United Nations
    United Nations 2006 “Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities and Optional Protocol.” https://social.desa.un.org/issues/disability/crpd/convention-on-the-rights-of-persons-with-disabilities-crpd
  63. Vanderplank, Robert
    1988 “The Value of Teletext Sub-Titles in Language Learning.” ELT Journal42 (4): 272–281. 10.1093/elt/42.4.272
     https://doi.org/10.1093/elt/42.4.272 [Google Scholar]
  64. Zabalbeascoa, Patrick
    2008 “The Nature of the Audiovisual Text and Its Parameters.” InThe Didactics of Audiovisual Translation, edited byJorge Diaz-Cinta, 21–37. Amsterdam and Philadelphia: John Benjamins Publishing Company. 10.1075/btl.77.05zab
     https://doi.org/10.1075/btl.77.05zab [Google Scholar]
  65. Zárate, Soledad
    2021 Captioning and Subtitling for d/Deaf and Hard of Hearing Audiences. London: Universtiy College Lodon Press.
     [Google Scholar]
  66. Farhadi, Asghar
    2009 درباره الی (About Elly). Iran: Filmiran.
     [Google Scholar]
  67. Jalilvand, Vahid
    2017 بدون تاریخ، بدون امضاء (No Date, No Signature). Iran: Filmiran.
     [Google Scholar]
  68. Mirkarimi, Reza
    2019 قصر شیرین (Castle of Dreams). Iran: Hozehonari.
     [Google Scholar]
  69. Seyyedi, Houman
    2015 خشم و هیاهو (Rage and pandemonium). Iran: Nasimsaba.
     [Google Scholar]
  70. Tanabandeh, Mohsen
    2019 قسم (Swear). Iran: Filmiran.
     [Google Scholar]
/content/journals/10.1075/babel.24088.aha
Loading
Rendition of non-verbal acoustic elements for film audiences with hearing impairments
Babel 70, 759 (2024); https://doi.org/10.1075/babel.24088.aha
/content/journals/10.1075/babel.24088.aha
/content/journals/10.1075/babel.24088.aha
Loading

Data & Media loading...

  • Article Type: Research Article
Keyword(s): accessibilité des médias; inclusion; media accessibility; non-verbal acoustic elements; sous-titrage pour les sourds et malentendants; subtitling for the d/Deaf and hard of hearing; éléments acoustiques non verbaux

Most Cited

This is a required field
Please enter a valid email address
Approval was successful
Invalid data
An Error Occurred
Approval was partially successful, following selected items could not be processed due to error