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The Italian region of Emilia-Romagna has often been presented as a case study of economic success through the development of structures to support collaboration between numerous small and medium sized enterprises. This article seeks to identify the distinguishing characteristics of the associations, districts and agencies involved, and describes phases of development over a number of decades. The Emilia-Romagna phenomenon is described in terms of local, regional and national government, and of the enduring enterprise culture of small businesses.