Singapore Mandarin Chinese

References

1. Arcodia, Giorgio F., Bianca Basciano, and Chiara Melloni
   2015 “Areal Perspectives on Total Reduplication of Verbs in Sinitic.” Studies in Language39(4): 836–872. 10.1075/sl.39.4.01arc
   https://doi.org/10.1075/sl.39.4.01arc [Google Scholar]
2. Bokhorst-Heng, Wendy D., and Lionel Wee
   2007 “Language Planning in Singapore: On Pragmatism, Communitarianism and Personal Names.” Current Issues in Language Planning8(3): 324–343. doi:  10.2167/cilp118.0.
   https://doi.org/10.2167/cilp118.0 [Google Scholar]
3. Bybee, Joan
   2015 Language Change. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 10.1017/CBO9781139096768
   https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9781139096768 [Google Scholar]
4. Cai, Ming-Hong
   2014 “Xinjiapo Huazu dui Huayu de rentongdu kaocha – jiyu wenhua heliu shijiao [A diachronic study of the Chinese-language identity of the Chinese ethnic group in Singapore in the perspective of acculturation].” Yunnan Shifan Daxue Xuebao (Duiwai Hanyu Jiaoxue yu Yanjiu ban) [Journal of Yunnan Normal University (Teaching and Research of Chinese as a Foreign Language] 12: 81–87.
   [Google Scholar]
5. Cavallaro, Francesco, and Bee Chin Ng
   2014 “Language in Singapore: From Multilingualism to English Plus.” InChallenging the Monolingual Mindset, ed. byHajek John and Slaughter Yvette, 33–48. Bristol: Multilingual Matters Ltd.10.21832/9781783092529‑005
   https://doi.org/10.21832/9781783092529-005 [Google Scholar]
6. Cavallaro, Francesco, Mark Fifer Seilhamer, Ho Yen Yee and Bee Chin Ng
   2018 “Attitudes to Mandarin Chinese Varieties in Singapore.” Journal of Asian Pacific Communication. 10.1075/japc.00010.cav
   https://doi.org/10.1075/japc.00010.cav [Google Scholar]
7. Chappell, Hilary, and Alain Peyraube
   2015 “The Comparative Construction in Sinitic Languages: Synchronic and Diachronic Variation.” InDiversity in Sinitic Languages, ed. byHilary Chappell, 134–154. Oxford: Oxford University Press. 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198723790.003.0006
   https://doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198723790.003.0006 [Google Scholar]
8. Chen, Chung-yu
   1983 “A Fifth Tone in the Mandarin Spoken in Singapore.” InJournal of Chinese Linguistics11: 92–119.
   [Google Scholar]
9. Chen, Chung-yu
   1984 “Certain Lexical Features of Singapore Mandarin.” InNew Papers on Chinese Language Use, ed. byBeverly Hong, 93–104. Canberra: Contemporary China Centre, The Australian National University.
   [Google Scholar]
10. Chen, Chung-yu
    1986a “Salient Segmental Features of Singapore Mandarin.” Journal of Chinese Linguistics14(1): 114–152.
    [Google Scholar]
11. Chen, Chung-yu
    1986b “Xinjiapo Huayu yufa tezheng [Syntactic features of Singapore Mandarin].” Yuyan Yanjiu [Studies in Language and Linguistics]: 138–152.
    [Google Scholar]
12. Chen, Chung-yu
    1993 Huayu yanjiu lunwenji [Aspects of Mandarin Chinese]. Singapore: Xinjiapo Guoli Daxue Huayu Yanjiuzhongxin [Chinese Language and Research Centre of National University of Singapore].
    [Google Scholar]
13. Chen, Mei Ling
    1998 “Xinjiapohuayu zhong de yuma jiaza xianxiang [Code-mixing in Singapore Mandarin]”. Yuyan Jianshe [Language planning] (10): 36–40.
    [Google Scholar]
14. Chen, Qi
    2008 Xinjiapohuayu cihui yanjiu [Research on Singapore Chinese words and expressions]. Shanghai: Fudan University.
    [Google Scholar]
15. Chew, Cheng Hai
    2002 “Xinjiapohuayu bianyi gaishuo [An outline of variations in Singapore Mandarin].” Zhongguo Yuwen [Studies of the Chinese Language] (6): 508–514.
    [Google Scholar]
16. Chew, Cheng Hai
    2007 “Lun quanyiuhua huanjing xia huayu de guifan wenti [Standardization of the Chinese Language: A global perspective].” Yuyan Jiaoxue yu Yanjiu [Language Teaching and Linguistics Studies] (4): 91–96.
    [Google Scholar]
17. Chew, Cheng Hai
    2008 “Huayu yanjiu yu huayu jiaoxue [Challenging issues in Chinese language teaching].” Jinan Daxue Huawenxueyuan Xuebao [Journal of College of Chinese Language and Culture of Jinan University] (3): 20–28.
    [Google Scholar]
18. Chew, Cheng Hai
    2014 “Huayu jiaoxue yu xiandai hanyu yufa yanjiu [Chinese language teaching and researches in Modern Chinese Grammar].” Yuyan Jiaoxue yu Yanjiu [Language Teaching and Linguistics Studies] (5): 1–9.
    [Google Scholar]
19. Chew, Cheng Hai
    2016 “Dahuayu de yanjiu he fazhan qushi [Studies of ‘Greater Chinese and their developmental trends].” Hanyu Xuebao [Chinese Linguistics] 1: 13–19.
    [Google Scholar]
20. Chew, Cheng Hai, and Rong Ji Liang
    1995 “Zici pinlv yu yuwen xuexichengxiao de xiangguan yanjiu [Studies on relations between word frequencies and effects on learning].” Fourth Conference of The International Society for Chinese Language Teaching.
    [Google Scholar]
21. Chew, Cheng Hai, and Guozheng Xiao
    1999 “Xinjiapohuayu de cixing, ciyi he ciyong xuanze [Word class, word meanings and word usage in Singapore Mandarin].” Zhongguo Yuwen [Studies of the Chinese Language] (4): 255–262.
    [Google Scholar]
22. Chinese Academy of Social Sciences
    Chinese Academy of Social Sciences 2005 Xiandai Hanyu Cidian [Contemporary Chinese Dictionary]. Beijing: Commercial Press.
    [Google Scholar]
23. Chong, Rachael Hui-Hui, and Ying-Ying Tan
    2013 “Attitudes toward Accents of Mandarin in Singapore.” Chinese Language and Discourse4(1): 120–140. doi:  10.1075/cld.4.1.04cho.
    https://doi.org/10.1075/cld.4.1.04cho [Google Scholar]
24. Choo, Yuen
    2015 Bian yu bubian zhijian: Xinijapohuayu yu xinjiapohuayu de xingcheng jizhi [Variant and Invariant: A preliminary approach to the exploration of the emergence of Singapore Mandarin]. PhD Dissertation. Singapore: Nanyang Technological University.
25. Chu, Suat Bee
    1996 Xinjiapo huayu yufa, cihuizhong de fangyan chengfen [Dialectal elements in Singapore Mandarin]. Undergraduate Thesis. Singapore: Nantional University of Singapore.
26. Chua, Chee Lay
    2003 The Emergence of Singapore Mandarin: A Case Study of Language Contact. PhD Dissertation. Wisconsin: University of Wisconsin-Madison.
27. Chua, Siew Kheng Catherine
    2010 “Singapore’s Language Policy and Its Globalised Concept of Bi(tri)lingualism.” Current Issues in Language Planning11(4): 413–429. doi:  10.1080/14664208.2010.546055.
    https://doi.org/10.1080/14664208.2010.546055 [Google Scholar]
28. Department of Statistics
    Department of Statistics 2011 Singapore Census of Population 2010. (Ed.) Department of Statistics. Singapore: Department of Statistics.
    [Google Scholar]
29. Diao, Yanbin
    2013 “Liang’an sidi ‘(zai+) VP+zhong’ xingshi kaocha [A study of the ‘(zai+) VP+zhong’ across two shores and four places].” InLiang’an sidi xiandaihanyu duibi yanjiu xinshouhuo [New findings from studies on modern Mandarin across two shores and four places], ed. byYanbin Diao, 269–289. Beijing: Language and Culture Press.
    [Google Scholar]
30. Diao, Yanbin
    2015 “Lun quanqiu huayu de jichu yu neiyan [On the foundation and connotation of Global Chinese].” Global Chinese1: 227–244.
    [Google Scholar]
31. Diao, Yanbin
    2017 “Lun quanqiuhuayushi ji qi yanjiu [On the history of Global Chinese and its research].” Global Chinese3(2): 217–229.
    [Google Scholar]
32. Dixon, L. Quentin
    2009 “Assumptions behind Singapore’s Language-in-education policy: Implications for Language Planning and Second Language Acquisition.” Language Policy8(2): 117–137. doi:  10.1007/s10993‑009‑9124‑0.
    https://doi.org/10.1007/s10993-009-9124-0 [Google Scholar]
33. Dong, Sicong, and Jie Xu
    2015 “Putonghua quyu bianti de tedian yu putonghua chacuo de fenji [Re-defining the criteria of “Standard” Mandarin Chinese: Distinction between regional variety features and mistakes].” Yuyan Kexue [Linguistic Sciences] 14: 598–606.
    [Google Scholar]
34. Fu, Xin Qing, and Jin Hai Hu
    2012 “Hanyu fangyan danyinjie dongci chongdieshi bijiao yanjiu [Comparative study of verbal reduplication in Chinese dialects].” Nanchang Daxue Xuebao (Renwen Shehuikexue ban) [Journal of Nanchang University (Humanities and Social Sciences)] 43(5): 143–150.
    [Google Scholar]
35. Goh, Yeng-Seng
    1986 Xinjiapohuayu yufa yanjiu [Aspects of Singapore Mandarin: a preliminary study in vocabulary and syntax]. Undergraduate Thesis. Taiwan: National Taiwan University.
36. Goh, Yeng Seng
    2010 Hanyu guoji chuanbo – Xinjiapo shijiao [The Globalisation of Chinese – A Singapore Perspective]. Beijing: Commercial Press.
    [Google Scholar]
37. Goh, Yeng Seng and Qing Ming Luo
    2009 “Yuyan jiaoxue yu yanjiu sanshinian huigu yu zhanwang: Hanyu guoji chuanbo shijiao [A retrospect and prospect of 30 years of Language Teaching and Linguistic Studies: A perspective on the global spread of Mandarin].” Yuyan Jiaoxue yu Yanjiu [Language Teaching and Linguistic Studies] (5): 7–14.
    [Google Scholar]
38. Huang, Chu-Ren, Jingxia Lin, Menghan Jiang, and Hongzhi Xu
    2014 “Corpus-based study and Identification of Mandarin Chinese Light Verb Variations.” Proceedings of the First Workshop on Applying NLP Tools to Similar Languages, Varieties and Dialects, 1–10.
    [Google Scholar]
39. Huang, Chu-Ren, and Dingxu Shi
    2016 A Reference Grammar of Chinese. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. doi:  10.1017/CBO9781139028462.
    https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9781139028462 [Google Scholar]
40. Huang, Min, and Francis Bond
    2016 “Comparison and Contrast of Chinese Curricula between China and Singapore: Challenges and Prospects.” Asian-Pacific Journal of Second and Foreign Language Education1(1): 1–17. 10.1186/s40862‑016‑0023‑6
    https://doi.org/10.1186/s40862-016-0023-6 [Google Scholar]
41. Huang, Xuexia
    2011 Xinjiapo huayu cihui wushinian fazhan bianhua yanjiu [A study of the 50 years development of Singapore Chinese Lexicon]. PhD Dissertation. Wuhan: Central China Normal University.
42. Jia, Yi-min, and Ying-chun Xu
    2005 “Xinjiapohuayu teyoucihui buli ji qi yu putonghua ciyu chayi fenxi [The supplementary examples of Singapore Chinese and its variance analysis with Mandarin].” Jinan Daxue Huawenxueyuan Xuebao [Journal of College of Chinese Language and Culture of Jinan University] (4): 32–49.
    [Google Scholar]
43. Ke, Yonghong
    2009 “Malaixiya he Xinjiapo huayu jiaoyu zhengce zhi bijiao [The contrast of educational policies for Chinese language teaching in Malaysia and Singapore].” Dongnanya Zongheng [Around Southeast Asia] 10: 48–52.
    [Google Scholar]
44. Khoo, Yong Kang
    2018 “A Corpus-based Study of the Singapore Mandarin le-particle.” The 26th Annual Conference of International Association of Chinese Linguistics (IACL-26). Wisconsin, USA.
    [Google Scholar]
45. Khoo, Yong Kang, and Jingxia Lin
    2016 “Motion Constructions in Singapore Mandarin Chinese: A Typological Perspective.” InChinese Lexical Semantics (Selected Papers of CLSW 2016), ed. byMinghui Dong, Jingxia Lin and Xuri Tang, 743–750. Cham: Springer. 10.1007/978‑3‑319‑49508‑8_68
    https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-49508-8_68 [Google Scholar]
46. Kwong, Oi Yee, and Benjamin K. Tsou
    2006 “Regional Variation of Domain-specific Lexical Items: Toward a Pan-Chinese Lexical Resource.” Proceedings of the Fifth SIGHAN Workshop on Chinese Language Processing, 9–16.
    [Google Scholar]
47. Lee, Cher Leng
    2003 “Motivations of Code-switching in Multi-lingual Singapore.” Journal of Chinese Linguistics31(1): 145–176.
    [Google Scholar]
48. Lee, Cher Leng
    2015 “Compliments and Compliment Responses of Singapore Chinese University Students.” Global Chinese1(1): 169–201. 10.1515/glochi‑2015‑1007
    https://doi.org/10.1515/glochi-2015-1007 [Google Scholar]
49. Li, Linding & Cheng Hai Chew
    2002 “Xinjiapohuayu cihui he Zhongguo putonghua cihui bijiao [Constrastive study of Mandarin in Singapore and China].” In“Xinjiapohuayu cihui yu yufa” [Lexicon and grammar of Singapore Mandarin], ed. byCheng Hai Chew, 151–338. Singapore: Lingzi Media.
    [Google Scholar]
50. Li, Yuming
    2010 Quanqiu Huayu Cidian [Dictionary of Global Huayu (Chinese Language)]. Beijing: Commercial Press.
    [Google Scholar]
51. Li, Yuming
    2016 Quanqiu Huayu Dacidian [21st century contemporary Chinese dictionary]. Beijing: Commercial Press.
    [Google Scholar]
52. Li, Yuming
    2017 “Dahuayu: Quanqiu huaren de gongtongyu [Greater Chinese: the lingua franca of the Chinese across the world]”. Global Chinese1: 2–13.
    [Google Scholar]
53. Lim, Jie Ni
    2017 Xinjiapohuayu zhong de daozhishuangbin jiegou [Inverted double object construction in Singapore Mandarin]. Undergraduate Thesis. Singapore: Nanyang Technological University.
54. Lin, Chun Hai
    2015 Xinjiapohuayu ‘weici+hui+(NP)’ jiegou yanjiu [The investigation of ‘verbal items+hui+(NP)’ structure in Singapore Mandarin]. Undergraduate Thesis. Singapore: National University of Singapore.
55. Lin, Jingxia
    2018 “Grammaticalization of shuo and jiang in Singapore Mandarin Chinese: A Spoken-Corpus-Based Study.” The 19th Chinese Lexical Semantics Workshop (CLSW2018). Chiayi, Taiwan. 10.1007/978‑3‑030‑04015‑4_7
    https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-04015-4_7 [Google Scholar]
56. Lin, Jingxia, Dingxu Shi, Menghan Jiang, and Chu-Ren Huang
    2018 “Variations in World Chineses.” InThe Routledge Handbook of Applied Chinese Linguistics, ed. byChu-Ren Huang, Zhuo Jing-Schmidt and Barbara Meisterernst. London: Routledge.
    [Google Scholar]
57. Lin, Jingxia, Hongzhi Xu, Menghan Jiang, and Chu-Ren Huang
    2014 “Annotation and Classification of Light Verbs and Light Verb Variations in Mandarin Chinese.” Proceedings of Workshop on Lexical and Grammatical Resources for Language Processing, 75–82. 10.3115/v1/W14‑5810
    https://doi.org/10.3115/v1/W14-5810 [Google Scholar]
58. Liu, Hui Bo
    2010 Xinjiapohuayu yu putonghua de fenqiyanjiu [Constrastive study of Putonghua and Singapore Mandarin]. Master’s Thesis. Harbin: Heilongjiang University.
59. Liu, Zhenping
    2014 “Xinjiapo zhongxuesheng shiyong hanyu changyong jieci de tedian yu pianwu [A study of characteristics and errors of frequently-used Chinese prepositions by Singapore Secondary Students].” Huawen jiaoxue yu yanjiu [TCSOL Studies] (4): 16–31.
    [Google Scholar]
60. Lock, Graham
    1989 “Aspects of Variation and Change in the Mandarin Chinese Spoken in Singapore.” Australian Journal of Linguistics9(2): 277–294. doi:  10.1080/07268608908599423.
    https://doi.org/10.1080/07268608908599423 [Google Scholar]
61. Lu, Jianming
    2001 “Xinjiapohuayu jufa tedian ji qi guifan wenti (shang) [Aspects of Singapore Mandarin grammar and its standardization (1)].” Haiwai Huawen Jiaoyu [Overseas Chinese Education] (4): 1–11.
    [Google Scholar]
62. Lu, Jianming
    2002 “Xinjiapohuayu jufa tedian ji qi guifan wenti (xia) Aspects of Singapore Mandarin grammar and its standardization (2).” Haiwai Huawen Jiaoyu [Overseas Chinese Education] (1): 1–10.
    [Google Scholar]
63. Lu, Jianming
    2005 “Hanyu zouxiang shijie yu ‘Dahuayu’ gainian [Chinese intergration into the world and the concept of Dahuayu].” Zhongguo Shehui Yuyanxue [Journal of Chinese Sociolinguistics] 2.
    [Google Scholar]
64. Lu, Jianming
    2015 “Dahuayu gainian shiying Hanyu zouxiang shijie de xuyao [The concept of Dahuayu meets the demands of Chinese integration into the world].” Global Chinese1: 245–254. doi:  10.1515/glochi‑2015‑1010.
    https://doi.org/10.1515/glochi-2015-1010 [Google Scholar]
65. Lu, Jianming, Chu Hao Zhang, and Ping Qian
    2002 “Xinjiapo huayu yufa de tedian [Characteristics of Singapore Mandarin grammar].” InXinjiapohuayu cihui yu yufa [Lexicon and grammar of Singapore Mandarin], ed. byCheng Hai Chew, 77–147. Singapore: Lingzi Media.
    [Google Scholar]
66. Lu, Shao-chang
    1990 Huayu lunji xuji [Essays on Mandarin Part 2]. Singapore: Chinese Language & Research Centre, National Univerity of Singapore.
    [Google Scholar]
67. Lua, Yi Wen
    2014 Xinjiapohuayu de le [The le particle in Singapore Mandarin]. Undergraduate Thesis. Singapore: Nanyang Technological University.
68. Newman, John
    1988 “Singapore’s Speak Mandarin Campaign.” Journal of Multilingual and Multicultural Development9(5): 437–448. 10.1080/01434632.1988.9994348
    https://doi.org/10.1080/01434632.1988.9994348 [Google Scholar]
69. Ng, Patrick Chin Leong
    2006 An Evaluation of the Speak Mandarin Campaign within a Dialect-speaking Community. PhD Dissertation. Leicester: University of Leicester.
70. Pak, Xin Yan, Jingxia Lin, and John Newman
    2014 “Statistical Comparison of Singaporean and Mainland Mandarin Chinese: A Corpus-based Study on Sentence Final Particles.” The 3rd International Symposium on Chinese Language and Discourse. Birkbeck, UK.
    [Google Scholar]
71. Pan, Jia Fu
    2008 Xinjiapo huashe de duoyu xianxiang yu yuyan jiechu yanjiu [Studies of the Multilingual Phenomenon and language contact in the Singapore Chinese community]. PhD Dissertation. Shanghai: Fudan University.
72. Phua, Chiew Peng, and Wen Ying Liang
    . To appear. “Xinjiapohuayu de chongdie xianxiang [Reduplication in Singapore Mandarin].” InQuanqiu Huayufa Yanjiu‧ Xinjiapojuan [Studies on Mandarin varieties across the world – Singapore edition]. Beijing: Commercial Press.
    [Google Scholar]
73. Shang, Guowen, and Shouhui Zhao
    2017 “Standardising the Chinese language in Singapore: Issues of Policy and Practice.” Journal of Multilingual and Multicultural Development38(4): 315–329. 10.1080/01434632.2016.1201091
    https://doi.org/10.1080/01434632.2016.1201091 [Google Scholar]
74. Shao, Hongliang
    2010 “Xinjiapohuawen jiaocai zhong de quyu cihui ji qi jiaoxue chuli [Regional words in Singapore Chinese education materials and its pedagogical implications].” InShijie Hanyu jiaoxue de xinjiaocai yu xin jiaofa: Dishijie guoji hanyu jiaoxue yantaohui [Teaching of World Chinese and its current pedagogical approaches and materials: the Tenth Seminar on teaching of Mandarin internationally], ed. byXu Jia Lu, 434–439. Shenyang: Wanjuan Chuban Jituan.
    [Google Scholar]
75. Situ, Yilong
    2014 Xinmahuayu liangci ‘li’ de fanhua yanjiu [A case study on the generalization of Chinese noun classifier “li” in Singapore and Malaysia]. Undergraduate Thesis. Singapore: Nanyang Technological University.
76. Stolz, Thomas, Cornelia Stroh, and Aina Urdze
    2011 Total Reduplication: The Areal Linguistics of a Potential Universal. Berlin: Akademie Verlag. 10.1524/9783050050973
    https://doi.org/10.1524/9783050050973 [Google Scholar]
77. Tan, Liling, and Francis Bond
    2011 “Building and Annotating the Linguistically Diverse NTU-MC (NTU-multilingual corpus).” Proceedings of the 25th Pacific Asia Conference on Language, Information and Computation, 362–371.
    [Google Scholar]
78. Tang, Zhixiang
    2009 “Zhongguo dalu zhuti huayu xishou haiwai Huayu ciyu de cengji, leibie ji qi bili de kaocha [Study of the extent of the absorption of overseas Chinese words].” InHaixia liangan xiandai hanyu yanjiu [Studies on modern Mandarin across the straits], ed. byHung Kai Lee, Zilin Tian, and Tzu Pin Hsu. Hongkong: Wenhua Jiaoyu Chubanshe.
    [Google Scholar]
79. Teo, Yi Sheng, and Helena Hong Gao
    2015 “Xinjiapohuayu de yunmu [-əŋ] bian [-ən] de xianxiang ji qi shehuiyuyanxue yiyi [The Sound Change From [-əŋ] to [-ən] In Singapore Chinese and Its Sociolinguisitc Implications].” The 23rd Annual Conference of the International Association of Chinese Linguistics (IACL-23). Seoul, Korea.
    [Google Scholar]
80. Tin, Siu-lam
    2016 “Guanyu cihui xueshuyu “shequci” de mingming [The foundation of the term “Community Expression”].” Global Chinese2(1): 103–113. doi:  10.1515/glochi‑2016‑0006.
    https://doi.org/10.1515/glochi-2016-0006 [Google Scholar]
81. Tsou, Benjamin K., and Rujie You
    2010 Quanqiu Huayu Xinci Cidian [A dictionary of Global Chinese neologisms]. Beijing: Commercial Press.
    [Google Scholar]
82. Wang, Huidi
    1999 “Huayu teyou cihui: Xinjiapo shehui xiezhen [Regional words in Chinese: A reflection of Singapore’s society].” Yangzhou Daxue Xuebao· Renwen Shehui Kexue ban [Journal of Yangzhou University (Humanities and Social Sciences Edition)] (4): 44–51.
    [Google Scholar]
83. Wang, Huidi
    2002 “Xinjiapohuayu teyou ciyu tanwei [An investigation of regional words in Singapore Mandarin].” InXinjiapohuayu cihui yu yufa [Lexicon and grammar of Singapore Mandarin], ed. byCheng Hai Chew, 25–74. Singapore: Lingzi Media.
    [Google Scholar]
84. Xing, Fuyi
    2005 “Xinjiapohuayu shiyongzhong yuanfangyan de qianxing yingxiang [Potential influences of the Mother Tongue dialect in using Chinese Language in Singapore”]. Fangyan [Dialect] (2): 175–181.
    [Google Scholar]
85. Xu, Jie, and Sicong Dong
    2013 “Hanminzu gongtongyu de yuyin biaozhun ying weitiao wei “yi Beijingyuyin wei jichunyin” [Re-defining the Beijing dialect status in describing the Standard Mandarin]”. Yuyan Kexue [Linguistic Sciences] 5: 460–468.
    [Google Scholar]
86. Xu, Jie, and Hui Wang
    2004 Xiandai Huayu Gailun [The structure of Chinese language: characters, words and sentences]. Singapore: Global Publishing.
    [Google Scholar]
87. Yiu, Carine Yuk-man
    2014 “Typology of Word Order in Chinese Dialects: Revisiting the Classification of Min.” Language and Linguistics15(4): 539–573. 10.1177/1606822X14532052
    https://doi.org/10.1177/1606822X14532052 [Google Scholar]
88. Yuan, Xuelian, and Jingxia Lin
    2016 “Classifiers in Singapore Mandarin Chinese: A Corpus based Study.” InChinese Lexical Semantics (Selected Papers of CLSW 2016), ed. byMinghui Dong, Jingxia Lin and Xuri Tang, 65–75. Cham: Springer. 10.1007/978‑3‑319‑49508‑8_7
    https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-49508-8_7 [Google Scholar]
89. Zhang, Hongming, Min Zhang, and Chunshen Zhu
    2004 “Speak Mandarin Campaign (1979–1989) and Senior Citizens among Chinese Singaporeans: Linguistic Perspective.” Journal of Chinese Sociolinguistics2(2): 26–44.
    [Google Scholar]
90. Zhou, Lieting
    1999 “Cong jige lizi kan Xinjiapohuayu he putonghua de ciyi chabie [Discrepancy in meanings of the same lexical items between Singapore Mandarin and Putonghua: Several examples].” Yuyan Wenzi Yingyong [Applied Linguistics] (1): 99–102.
    [Google Scholar]
91. Zhu, Dexi
    1982 Yufa jiangyi [Lecture notes on grammar]. Beijing: Commercial Press.
    [Google Scholar]
92. Zhu, Xiaohong
    2008 Xinjiapohuayu yufa bianyi yanjiu [A study of grammatical variation in Singapore Mandarin]. PhD Dissertation. Guangzhou: Jinan University.