Understanding memes on Chinese social media

References

1. Al Zidjaly, Najma
   2017 “Memes as Reasonably Hostile Laments: A Discourse Analysis of Political Dissent in Oman.” Discourse & Society28 (6): 573–94. 10.1177/0957926517721083
   https://doi.org/10.1177/0957926517721083 [Google Scholar]
2. Appadurai, Arjun
   1996 Modernity at Large: Cultural Dimensions of Globalization. Minneapolis, MN: University of Minnesota Press.
   [Google Scholar]
3. Bauman, Richard, and Charles L. Briggs
   1990 “Poetics and Performance as Critical Perspectives on Language and Social Life.” Annual Review of Anthropology19: 59–88. 10.1146/annurev.an.19.100190.000423
   https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.an.19.100190.000423 [Google Scholar]
4. Bauman, Richard, and Joel Sherzer
   1975 “The Ethnography of Speaking.” Annual Review of Anthropology4: 95–119. 10.1146/annurev.an.04.100175.000523
   https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.an.04.100175.000523 [Google Scholar]
5. Blommaert, Jan
   2007 “On Scope and Depth in Linguistic Ethnography.” Journal of Sociolinguistics11 (5): 682–88. 10.1111/j.1467‑9841.2007.00346.x
   https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9841.2007.00346.x [Google Scholar]
6. Blommaert, Jan
   2018a Durkheim and the Internet: On Sociolinguistics and the Sociological Imagination. London: Bloomsbury.
   [Google Scholar]
7. Blommaert, Jan
   2018b “Online with Garfinkel.” Ctrl+Alt+Dem. https://alternative-democracy-research.org/2018/01/17/online-with-garfinkel/
   [Google Scholar]
8. Blommaert, Jan
   2018c “Are Chronotopes Helpful?” Ctrl+Alt+Dem. https://alternative-democracy-research.org/2018/06/22/are-chronotopes-helpful/
   [Google Scholar]
9. Blommaert, Jan, and Chris Bulcaen
   2000 “Critical Discourse Analysis.” Annual Review of Anthropology29: 447–66. 10.1146/annurev.anthro.29.1.447
   https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.anthro.29.1.447 [Google Scholar]
10. Blommaert, Jan, and Dong Jie
    2020 Ethnographic Fieldwork: A Beginner’s Guide. 2nd ed.Bristol: Multilingual Matters. 10.21832/BLOMMA7130h
    https://doi.org/10.21832/BLOMMA7130h [Google Scholar]
11. Blommaert, Jan, and Anna De Fina
    2017 “Chronotopic Identities: On the Timespace Organization of Who We Are.” InDiversity and Super-Diversity: Sociocultural Linguistic Perspectives, edited byAnna De Fina, Didem Ikizoglu, and Jeremy Wegner. 1–15. Washington: Georgetown University Press.
    [Google Scholar]
12. Blommaert, Jan, Lu Ying, and Kunming Li
    2019 “From the Self to the Selfie.” Tilburg Papers in Culture Studies, no. paper 222 (February).
    [Google Scholar]
13. Blommaert, Jan, and Ico Maly
    2019 “Invisible Lines in the Online-Offline Linguistic Landscape.” Tilburg Papers in Culture Studies, no. paper 223 (February).
    [Google Scholar]
14. Changping
    Changping 2015 “‘哈哈’，江泽民形象咸鱼翻身？ [‘Haha’, U-Turn of Jiang Zemin’s Image?].” Deutsche Welle. www.dw.com/zh/长平观察哈哈江泽民形象咸鱼翻身/a-18803421
    [Google Scholar]
15. Chen, Guyuan
    2011 中国法制史概要 [Brief Chinese Legal History]. Beijing: The Commercial Press.
    [Google Scholar]
16. Chen, Hui
    2008 “后现代主义与‘贱客文化’ [Postmodernism and ‘Jian Culture’].” Journal of Shanxi Normal University35: 11–13.
    [Google Scholar]
17. Chen, Juanli
    2019 “青年‘丧文化’现象解读与消解策略 [Interpretation and Countermeasure of Youth ‘Sang Culture’ Phenomena].” Journal of Hebei Youth Administrative Cadres College31 (4): 25–28.
    [Google Scholar]
18. CNNIC
    CNNIC 2019 “第44次《中国互联网络发展状况统计报告》 [The 44th Statistical Report on Internet Development in China].” August 30, 2019. www.cac.gov.cn/2019zt/44/index.htm
19. Dentith, Simon
    1995 Bakhtinian Thought: An Introductory Reader. London: Routledge.
    [Google Scholar]
20. De Seta, Gabriele
    2018 “Biaoqing: The Circulation of Emoticons, Emoji, Stickers, and Custom Images on Chinese Digital Media Platforms.” First Monday23 (9). https://firstmonday.org/ojs/index.php/fm/article/view/9391/7566. 10.5210/fm.v23i9.9391
    https://doi.org/10.5210/fm.v23i9.9391 [Google Scholar]
21. Dong, Kouyan
    2017 “‘丧文化’现象与青年社会心态透视 [‘Sang Culture’ Phenomena and Social Mentality of Youth].” China Youth Study 2017 (11): 23–28.
    [Google Scholar]
22. Dong, Zhongshu
    . n.d. “春秋繁露 [Luxuriant Dew of the Spring and Autumn Annals].” Chinese Text Project. AccessedMarch 2, 2019. https://ctext.org/chun-qiu-fan-lu/zhs
    [Google Scholar]
23. Du, Caixia
    2016 “The Birth of Social Class Online: The Chinese Precariat on the Internet.” PhD diss., Tilburg University.
24. Durkheim, Emile
    2012 Suicide: A Study in Sociology. Translated byJohn A. Spaulding and George Simpson. Plano, TX: Snowball Publishing.
    [Google Scholar]
25. Fairbank, John King, and Merle Goldman
    2006 China: A New History. 2nd ed.Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press. 10.2307/j.ctvjghv1z
    https://doi.org/10.2307/j.ctvjghv1z [Google Scholar]
26. Fei, Xiaotong
    2004 乡土中国 [From the Soil: The Foundations of Chinese Society]. Beijing: Beijing Publishing House.
    [Google Scholar]
27. Frissen, Valerie, Sybille Lammes, Michiel de Lange, Jos de Mul, and Joost Raessens
    2015 Playful Identities: The Ludification of Digital Media Cultures. Amsterdam: Amsterdam University Press. 10.5117/9789089646392
    https://doi.org/10.5117/9789089646392 [Google Scholar]
28. Garfinkel, Harold
    2002 Ethnomethodology’s Program: Working out Durkheim’s Aphorism. Maryland: Rowman & Littlefield Publishers.
    [Google Scholar]
29. Garrison, Anthony, Dirk Remley, Patrick Thomas, and Emily Wierszewski
    2011 “Conventional Faces: Emoticons in Instant Messaging Discourse.” Computers and Composition28 (2): 112–25. 10.1016/j.compcom.2011.04.001
    https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compcom.2011.04.001 [Google Scholar]
30. Ge, Jing, and Susan C. Herring
    2018 “Communicative Functions of Emoji Sequences on Sina Weibo.” First Monday23 (11). https://journals.uic.edu/ojs/index.php/fm/article/view/9413/7610. 10.5210/fm.v23i11.9413
    https://doi.org/10.5210/fm.v23i11.9413 [Google Scholar]
31. Goffman, Erving
    1959 The Presentation of Self in Everyday Life. New York: Doubleday Anchor.
    [Google Scholar]
32. Goffman, Erving
    1961 Encounters: Two Studies in the Sociology of Interaction. London: Penguin Books.
    [Google Scholar]
33. Hansen, Mette Halskov, and Rune Svarverud
    eds. 2010 IChina: The Rise of the Individual in Modern Chinese Society. Copenhagen: NIAS Press.
    [Google Scholar]
34. Hsieh, Sara H., and Timmy H. Tseng
    2017 “Playfulness in Mobile Instant Messaging: Examining the Influence of Emoticons and Text Messaging on Social Interaction.” Computers in Human Behavior69: 405–14. 10.1016/j.chb.2016.12.052
    https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2016.12.052 [Google Scholar]
35. Hu, Yue, Jichang Zhao, and Junjie Wu
    2015 “Emoticon-Based Ambivalent Expression: A Hidden Indicator for Unusual Behaviors in Weibo.” PLOS ONE11 (1): 147–79.
    [Google Scholar]
36. Huizinga, Johan
    1949 Homo Ludens: A Study of the Play Element in Culture. London: Routledge & Kegan Paul.
    [Google Scholar]
37. Hymes, Dell
    1974 “The Scope of Sociolinguistics.” InFoundations in Sociolinguistics: An Ethnographic Approach, 12–22. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press.
    [Google Scholar]
38. Hymes, Dell
    1996 Ethnography, Linguistics, Narrative Inequality: Toward an Understanding of Voice. Bristol: Taylor & Francis.
    [Google Scholar]
39. Iedema, Rick
    2003 “Multimodality, Resemiotization: Extending the Analysis of Discourse as Multi-Semiotic Practice.” Visual Communication2 (1): 29–57. 10.1177/1470357203002001751
    https://doi.org/10.1177/1470357203002001751 [Google Scholar]
40. Jiang, Jianguo, and Ying Li
    2017 “网络涂鸦表情包: 审丑狂欢抑或娱乐的大麻 [Web graffiti Biaoqingbao: Carnival of ugly aesthetic or marijuana for entertainment].” Exploration and Free Views1 (1): 131–36.
    [Google Scholar]
41. Jiang, Yaqian, and Camilla Vásquez
    2019 “Exploring Local Meaning-Making Resources: A Case Study of a Popular Chinese Internet Meme (Biaoqingbao).” Internet Pragmatics, no.November. doi:  10.1075/ip.00042.jia
    https://doi.org/10.1075/ip.00042.jia [Google Scholar]
42. Jiang, Zhaolei, and Bing Ye
    2010 “关于都市 ‘萌文化’ 现象的研究 [Research on Urban ‘Meng Culture’ Phenomena].” China Youth Study 2010 (3): 75–77.
    [Google Scholar]
43. Kleinman, Arthur, Yunxiang Yan, Jing Jun, Sing Lee, Everett Zhang, Tianshu Pan, Fei Wu, and Jianhua Guo
    2011 Deep China: The Moral Life of the Person. Berkeley: University of California Press. 10.1525/9780520950511
    https://doi.org/10.1525/9780520950511 [Google Scholar]
44. Leppänen, Sirpa, Samu Kytölä, Henna Jousmäki, Saija Peuronen, and Elina Westinen
    2014 “Entextualization and Resemiotization as Resources for Identification in Social Media.” InThe Language of Social Media: Identity and Community on the Internet, edited byPhilip Seargeant and Caroline Tagg. 112–36. Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan. 10.1057/9781137029317_6
    https://doi.org/10.1057/9781137029317_6 [Google Scholar]
45. Liang, Qichao
    2012 梁启超论中国文化史 [Liang Qichao on Chinese Cultural History]. Beijing: The Commercial Press.
    [Google Scholar]
46. Liang, Shuming
    2005 中國文化要义 [Essentials of Chinese Culture]. Shanghai: Shanghai Renmin Press.
    [Google Scholar]
47. Lu, Ying
    2020 “Biaoqing on Chinese Social Media: Practices, Products, Communities and Markets in a Knowledge Economy.” PhD diss., Tilburg University.
48. Luo, Min, and Tingrong Zhi
    2019 “青年‘丧’文化的话语生成和情感实现 [Discourse Creation and Emotional Realization of Youth’s ‘Sang’ Culture].” Contemporary Youth Research, no.361: 57–63.
    [Google Scholar]
49. Maly, Ico
    2018 “Algorithmic Populism and Algorithmic Activism.” Diggit Magazine, November. https://www.diggitmagazine.com/articles/algorithmic-populism-activism
    [Google Scholar]
50. Marcus, Aaron, Masaaki Kurosu, Xiaojuan Ma, and Ayako Hashizume
    2017 Cuteness Engineering: Designing Adorable Products and Services. Cham: Springer. 10.1007/978‑3‑319‑61961‑3
    https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-61961-3 [Google Scholar]
51. Ma, Keyao
    1991 “中国和西欧封建制度比较研究 [A comparative Study of Chinese and West-European Feudal Institutions].” Journal of Peking University 1991 (2): 3–14.
    [Google Scholar]
52. Milner, Ryan M.
    2013 “Pop Polyvocality: Internet Memes, Public Participation, and the Occupy Wall Street Movement.” International Journal of Communication7: 2357–90.
    [Google Scholar]
53. Omasta, Matt, and Drew Chappell
    2015 Play, Performance, and Identity: How Institutions Structure Ludic Spaces. London: Routledge. 10.4324/9781315780689
    https://doi.org/10.4324/9781315780689 [Google Scholar]
54. Pariser, Eli
    2011 The Filter Bubble: What the Internet Is Hiding from You. London: Penguin Books.
    [Google Scholar]
55. Poell, Thomas, and José van Dijck
    2014 “Social Media and Journalistic Independence.” InMedia Independence: Working with Freedom or Working for Free?, edited byJames Bennett and Niki Strange. 182–201. London: Routledge.
    [Google Scholar]
56. Seargeant, Philip
    2019 The Emoji Revolution: How Technology Is Shaping the Future of Communication. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 10.1017/9781108677387
    https://doi.org/10.1017/9781108677387 [Google Scholar]
57. Shi, Heidi H., and Zhuo Jing-schmidt
    2020 “Little Cutie One Piece An Innovative Human Classifier and Its Social Indexicality in Chinese Digital Culture.” Chinese Language and Discourse11 (1): 31–54. 10.1075/cld.00023.shi
    https://doi.org/10.1075/cld.00023.shi [Google Scholar]
58. Shifman, Limor
    2013 “Memes in a Digital World: Reconciling with a Conceptual Troublemaker.” Journal of Computer-Mediated Communication18 (3): 362–77. 10.1111/jcc4.12013
    https://doi.org/10.1111/jcc4.12013 [Google Scholar]
59. Shifman, Limor
    2014 Memes in Digital Culture. London: The MIT Press.
    [Google Scholar]
60. Shi, Lei
    2017 “无力颓废与抵抗消解：网络 ‘丧文化’ 现象解读 [Powerless Decadence and Weakened Resistance: Research on ‘Sang Culture’ Online].” Journal of Fujian Normal University 2017 (6): 168–74.
    [Google Scholar]
61. Silverstein, Michael, and Greg Urban
    eds. 1996 Natural History of Discourse. Chicago: The University of Chicage Press.
    [Google Scholar]
62. Sina
    Sina 2019 “微博月活跃用户达4.65亿 同比净增5400万 [Weibo Monthly Active Users Reach 465 Million, Net Increase 54 Million].” May 23, 2019. https://tech.sina.com.cn/i/2019-05-23/doc-ihvhiews4077548.shtml?source=cj&dv=1
63. Skalski, Paul D., Kimberly A. Neuendorf, and Julie A. Cajigas
    2017 “Content Analysis in the Interactive Media Age.” InThe Content Analysis Guidebook, edited byKimberly A. Neuendorf. 201–403. London: Sage. 10.4135/9781071802878.n7
    https://doi.org/10.4135/9781071802878.n7 [Google Scholar]
64. Standing, Guy
    2014 A Precariat Charter: From Denizens to Citizens. London: Bloomsbury.
    [Google Scholar]
65. Sun, Longji
    2004 中国文化的深层结构 [The Deep Structure of Chinese Culture]. Guilin: Guangxi Normal University Press.
    [Google Scholar]
66. Tang, Hongfeng
    2016 “套层与滑脱: 表情包大战的图像分析 [Layering and Hilarious: Graphic Analysis of Biaoqingbao Battle].” China Book Review 2016 (6): 104–9.
    [Google Scholar]
67. Tencent
    Tencent 2018 “2018 微信数据报告 [WeChat Statistic Report 2018].” https://support.weixin.qq.com/cgi-bin/mmsupport-bin/getopendays
68. Tossell, Chad C., Philip Kortum, Clayton Shepard, Laura H. Barg-Walkow, Ahmad Rahmati, and Lin Zhong
    2012 “A Longitudinal Study of Emoticon Use in Text Messaging from Smartphones.” Computers in Human Behavior28 (2): 659–63. 10.1016/j.chb.2011.11.012
    https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2011.11.012 [Google Scholar]
69. Tufekci, Zeynep
    2014 “Big Questions for Social Media Big Data: Representativeness Validity and Other Methodological Pitfalls.” InProceedings of the Eighth International AAAI Conference on Weblogs and Social Media, 505–14. Palo Alto, USA: The AAAI Press.
    [Google Scholar]
70. Tufekci, Zeynep
    2015 “Algorithmic Harms beyond Facebook and Google: Emergent Challenges of Computational Agency.” Colorado Technology Law Journal13 (2): 203–18.
    [Google Scholar]
71. Varis, Piia
    2016 “Digital Ethnography.” InThe Routledge Handbook of Language and Digital Communication, edited byAlexandra Georgakopoulou and Tereza Spilioti. 55–68. London: Routledge.
    [Google Scholar]
72. Varis, Piia, and Jan Blommaert
    2015 “Conviviality and Collectives on Social Media: Virality, Memes and New Social Structures.” Multilingual Margins2 (1): 31–45.
    [Google Scholar]
73. Varis, Piia, and Mingyi Hou
    2020 “Digital Approaches in Linguistic Ethnography.” InThe Routledge Handbook of Linguistic Ethnography, edited byKarin Tusting. 229–40. London: Routledge.
    [Google Scholar]
74. Wang, Feng-hsu, and Hsiu-mei Shao
    2004 “Effective Personalized Recommendation Based on Time-Framed Navigation Clustering and Association Mining.” Expert Systems with Applications27 (3): 365–377. 10.1016/j.eswa.2004.05.005
    https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eswa.2004.05.005 [Google Scholar]
75. Weber, Max
    1959 The Religion of China: Confucianism and Taoism. Translated byHans H. Gerth. Glencoe: The Free Press.
    [Google Scholar]
76. Wiggins, Bradley E., and G. Bret Bowers
    2015 “Memes as Genre: A Structurational Analysis of the Memescape.” New Media & Society17 (11): 1886–1906. 10.1177/1461444814535194
    https://doi.org/10.1177/1461444814535194 [Google Scholar]
77. Wu, Ming
    2015 “萌：当代视觉文化中的柔性政治 [Moé: Soft Politics in Contemporary Visual Culture].” Theoretical Studies in Literature and Art 2015 (3): 61–68.
    [Google Scholar]
78. Yan, Daocheng, and Susu Ma
    2018 “网络‘丧文化’现象浅论 [The Phenomenon of Internet ‘Depression Culture’].” Contemporary Youth Research 2018 (5): 23–28.
    [Google Scholar]
79. Yang, Minghui
    2013 “新三纲五常: 中国传统孝养思想的现代转化 [The New Three Cardinal Guides and Five Constant Virtues: Transformation of Chinese Traditional Thoughts of Filial Piety and Support].” Journal of Jiangsu University15 (2): 18–22.
    [Google Scholar]
80. Yi, Na
    2018 “丧文化:一种对现代性的激烈反抗 [‘Sang Culture’: A Radical Resistance to Modernity].” Shanghai Culture 2018 (12): 41–45, 123.
    [Google Scholar]
81. Yu, Xiaodong, and Yayin Huang
    2016 “从‘帝吧出征’看表情包在网络交流中的功能 [Explore the Function of Biaoqingbao in Online Communication from the ‘Di Bar Expedition’].” 新媒体研究 2016 (9): 20–21.
    [Google Scholar]
82. Zhang, Ning
    2016 “消解作为抵抗:‘表情包大战’ 的青年亚文化解析 [Dispelling as Resistance: Analysis of the Youth Sub-Culture ‘Biaoqingbao Battle’].” Modern Communication 2016 (242): 126–31.
    [Google Scholar]
83. Zhang, Xiaoqing
    2019 “‘丧文化’背景下的青年积极社会心态培育研究 [Nurturing Positive Mentality in Youth in the Background of ‘Sang Culture’].” China Youth Study 2019 (6): 113–18.
    [Google Scholar]
84. Zhao, Yufei
    2011 “加强师生礼仪教育：改善高校师生关系的重要途径 [Reinforcing Education of Teacher and Student Etiquette: An Important Way to Improve the Relationship Between Teachers and Students in Colleges and Universities].” Modern Education Science 2011 (1): 103–4.
    [Google Scholar]
85. Zheng, Manning
    2016 “网络表情包的流行与话语空间的转向 [The Popularity Biaoqingbao Online and and the Shift of Discourse Space].” Editorial Friend 2016 (8): 42–46.
    [Google Scholar]
86. Zhou, Yan
    2016 “媒介贱文化批判 [Criticism of Jian Culture on Social Media].” Social Science of Beijing 2016 (2): 11–17.
    [Google Scholar]
87. Zittrain, Jonathan
    2014 “Engineering an Election.” Harvard Law Review127 (8): 335–41.
    [Google Scholar]