Perceptual confusion of Mandarin coda nasals in societal bilingualism

References

1. Baker, Wendy, and Pavel Trofimovich
   2005 “Interaction of Native- and Second-Language Vowel System(s) in Early and Late Bilinguals.” Language and Speech48 (1): 1–27. 10.1177/00238309050480010101
   https://doi.org/10.1177/00238309050480010101 [Google Scholar]
2. Bates, Douglas, Martin Mächler, Ben Bolker, and Steve Walker
   2015 “Fitting Linear Mixed-Effects Models Using Lme4.” Journal of Statistical Software67 (1): 1–48. 10.18637/jss.v067.i01
   https://doi.org/10.18637/jss.v067.i01 [Google Scholar]
3. Beddor, Patrice Speeter
   2009 “A Coarticulatory Path to Sound Change.” Language85 (4): 785–821. 10.1353/lan.0.0165
   https://doi.org/10.1353/lan.0.0165 [Google Scholar]
4. Beddor, Patrice Speeter
   2012 “Perception Grammars and Sound Change.” InThe Initiation of Sound Change: Perception, Production, and Social Factors, edited byMaria-Josep Solé and Daniel Recasens, 3231:37–56. Amsterdam: John Benjamins Publishing Company. 10.1075/cilt.323.06bed
   https://doi.org/10.1075/cilt.323.06bed [Google Scholar]
5. Best, Catherine T.
   1995 “A Direct Realist View of Cross-Language Speech Perception.” InSpeech Perception and Linguistic Experience: Issues in Cross-Language Research, edited byWinifred Strange, 171–204. Timonium, MD: York Press.
   [Google Scholar]
6. Best, Catherine T., and M. D. Tyler
   2007 “Nonnative and Second-Language Speech Perception.” InLanguage Experience in Second Language Speech Learning: In Honor of James Emil Flege, edited byOcke-Schwen Bohn and Murray J. Munro, 13–34. v.171. Amsterdam, Philadelphia: John Benjamins Publishing Company. 10.1075/lllt.17.07bes
   https://doi.org/10.1075/lllt.17.07bes [Google Scholar]
7. Canty, Angelo, Brian Ripley, and Alessandra R. Brazzale
   2024 “Boot: Bootstrap R (S-Plus) Functions. R Package Version 1.3–30” 2024 10.32614/CRAN.package.boot
   https://doi.org/10.32614/CRAN.package.boot [Google Scholar]
8. Chao, Yuen Ren
   1928 Studies in the Modern Wu Dialects. Shanghai: The Commercial Press.
   [Google Scholar]
9. Chao, Yuen Ren
   1976 “Languages and Dialects in China.” InAspects of Chinese Sociolinguistics, edited byAnwar S. Dil. Stanford, Calif, USA: Stanford University Press.
   [Google Scholar]
10. Chen, Matthew
    1972 “Nasals and Nasalization in Chinese: Explorations in Phonological Universals.” Doctoral dissertation, Berkeley: University of California.
    [Google Scholar]
11. Chen, Y.
    2015 Exploring tonal effects on the perception of word-final nasals: a preliminary study in Southern Min. The 18th Oriental Chapter of International Committee for the Co-ordination and Standardization of Speech Databases and Assessment Techniques, 978–1-4673–8279–3/15 ©2015 IEEE, 155–159.
    [Google Scholar]
12. Chen, Ying, Ya Ping Chen, and Yan Li
    2021 “Coda Nasal Perception in Mandarin by Fuqing Min Speakers.” InProceedings of 2021 International Conference on Asian Language Processing (IALP2021), 258–61. Singapore. 10.1109/IALP54817.2021.9675189
    https://doi.org/10.1109/IALP54817.2021.9675189 [Google Scholar]
13. Chen, Ying, Ya Ping Chen, Lei Wang, and Jie Cui
    2019 “Vowel Effects on the Perception of Nasal Place of Articulation in Wuxi Wu and Fuqing Min.” InProceedings of the 19th International Congress of Phonetic Sciences (ICPhS2019), 344–48. Melbourne, Australia.
    [Google Scholar]
14. Chen, Ying, and Susan Guion-Anderson
    2011 “Perceptual Confusability of Word-Final Nasals in Southern Min and Mandarin: Implications for Coda Nasal Mergers in Chinese.” InProceedings of the 17th International Congress of Phonetic Sciences (ICPhS2011), 464–67. Hong Kong, China.
    [Google Scholar]
15. Chen, Ying, V Kapatsinski, and Susan Guion-Anderson
    2012 “Acoustic Cues of Vowel Quality to Coda Nasal Perception in Southern Min.” InProceedings of the 13th Annual Conference of the International Speech Communication Association (Interspeech 2012), 1412–15. Portland, OR, USA. 10.21437/Interspeech.2012‑49
    https://doi.org/10.21437/Interspeech.2012-49 [Google Scholar]
16. Chen, Ying, Yi Xu, and Susan Guion-Anderson
    2014 “Prosodic Realization of Focus in Bilingual Production of Southern Min and Mandarin.” Phonetica71 (4): 249–70. 10.1159/000371891
    https://doi.org/10.1159/000371891 [Google Scholar]
17. Crystal, David
    1985 A Dictionary of Linguistics and Phonetics. 2nd ed.Oxford, New York, USA: Basil Blackwell in association with André Deutsch.
    [Google Scholar]
18. DeFrancis, John
    1984 The Chinese Language: Fact and Fantasy. Honolulu: University of Hawaii press. 10.1515/9780824840303
    https://doi.org/10.1515/9780824840303 [Google Scholar]
19. Dupoux, Emmanuel, Erika Parlato, Sonia Frota, Yuki Hirose, and Sharon Peperkamp
    2011 “Where Do Illusory Vowels Come From?” Journal of Memory and Language64 (3): 199–210. 10.1016/j.jml.2010.12.004
    https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jml.2010.12.004 [Google Scholar]
20. Estrella, Alexandra
    2016 “Informational Masking of Multi Talker Babble in English Vowel Identification for Spanish-English Bilinguals.” Master’s thesis, The University of Texas at Austin.
    [Google Scholar]
21. Feng, Ai Zhen
    1993 Studies in Fuqing Dialect. Beijing: Social Sciences Academic Press.
    [Google Scholar]
22. Flege, James Emil
    1995 “Second Language Speech Learning: Theory, Findings, and Problems.” InSpeech Perception and Linguistic Experience: Issues in Cross-Language Research, edited byWinifred Strange, 233–77. Baltimore: York Press.
    [Google Scholar]
23. Flege, James Emil
    2007 “Language Contact in Bilingualism: Phonetic System Interactions.” InLaboratory Phonology 9, edited byJennifer Cole and José Ignacio Hualde, 353–81. New York: Mouton de Gruyter.
    [Google Scholar]
24. Flege, James Emil
    2018 “It’s Input That Matters Most, Not Age.” Bilingualism: Language and Cognition21 (5): 919–20. 10.1017/S136672891800010X
    https://doi.org/10.1017/S136672891800010X [Google Scholar]
25. Flege, James Emil
    2019 “A Non-Critical Period for Second-Language Learning.” InA Sound Approach to Language Matters: In Honor of Ocke-Schwen Bohn, edited byAnne Mette Nyvad, Michaela Hejná, Anders Højen, Anna Bothe Jespersen, and Mette Hjortshøj Sørensen, 501–42. Aahus University Library. ebooks.au.dk/index.php/aul/catalog/book/322.
    [Google Scholar]
26. Flege, James Emil, and Ocke-Schwen Bohn
    2021 “The Revised Speech Learning Model (SLM-r).” InSecond Language Speech Learning: Theoretical and Empirical Progress, edited byRatree Wayland, 3–83. Cambridge, United Kingdom New York, USA Port Melbourne, Australia New Delhi, India Singapore: Cambridge University Press. 10.1017/9781108886901.002
    https://doi.org/10.1017/9781108886901.002 [Google Scholar]
27. Flege, James Emil, and Serena Liu
    2001 “The Effect of Experience on Adults’ Acquisition of a Second Language.” Studies in Second Language Acquisition23 (4): 527–52. 10.1017/S0272263101004041
    https://doi.org/10.1017/S0272263101004041 [Google Scholar]
28. Flege, James Emil, and Ian R. A. MacKay
    2004 “Perceiving Vowels in a Second Language.” Studies in Second Language Acquisition26 (1): 1–34. 10.1017/S0272263104261010
    https://doi.org/10.1017/S0272263104261010 [Google Scholar]
29. Flege, James Emil, Ian R. A. MacKay, and Diane Meador
    1999 “Native Italian Speakers’ Perception and Production of English Vowels.” The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America106 (5): 2973–87. 10.1121/1.428116
    https://doi.org/10.1121/1.428116 [Google Scholar]
30. Fowler, Carol A., and Mary R. Smith
    1986 “Speech Perception as ‘Vector Analysis’: An Approach to the Problems of Invariance and Segmentation.” InInvariance and Variability in Speech Processes, edited byJ. S. Perkell and D. H. Klatt, 123–39. Psychology Press.
    [Google Scholar]
31. Goodin-Mayeda, C. Elizabeth
    2016 Nasals and Nasalization in Spanish and Portuguese: Perception, Phonetics and Phonology. Amsterdam: John Benjamins Publishing Company. 10.1075/ihll.9
    https://doi.org/10.1075/ihll.9 [Google Scholar]
32. Guion, Susan G.
    2003 “The Vowel Systems of Quichua-Spanish Bilinguals.” Phonetica60 (2): 98–128. 10.1159/000071449
    https://doi.org/10.1159/000071449 [Google Scholar]
33. Guion, Susan G., James Emil Flege, Serena H. Liu, and Grace H. Yeni-Komshian
    2000a “Age of Learning Effects on the Duration of Sentences Produced in a Second Language.” Applied Psycholinguistics21 (2): 205–28. 10.1017/S0142716400002034
    https://doi.org/10.1017/S0142716400002034 [Google Scholar]
34. Guion, Susan G., James Emil Flege, and Jonathan D. Loftin
    2000b “The Effect of L1 Use on Pronunciation in Quichua–Spanish Bilinguals.” Journal of Phonetics28 (1): 27–42. 10.1006/jpho.2000.0104
    https://doi.org/10.1006/jpho.2000.0104 [Google Scholar]
35. Jia, Gisela, and Doris Aaronson
    2003 “A Longitudinal Study of Chinese Children and Adolescents Learning English in the United States.” Applied Psycholinguistics24 (1): 131–61. 10.1017/S0142716403000079
    https://doi.org/10.1017/S0142716403000079 [Google Scholar]
36. Jia, Gisela, Winifred Strange, Yanhong Wu, Julissa Collado, and Qi Guan
    2006 “Perception and Production of English Vowels by Mandarin Speakers: Age-Related Differences Vary with Amount of L2 Exposure.” The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America119 (2): 1118–30. 10.1121/1.2151806
    https://doi.org/10.1121/1.2151806 [Google Scholar]
37. Johnson, Keith, Christian T. DiCanio, and Laurel MacKenzie
    2007 “The Acoustic and Visual Phonetic Basis of Place of Articulation in Excrescent Nasals.” UC Berkeley Phonology Lab Annual Reports3 (3): 529–61. 10.5070/P70N17F74X
    https://doi.org/10.5070/P70N17F74X [Google Scholar]
38. Kang, Kyoung-Ho, and Susan G. Guion
    2006 “Phonological Systems in Bilinguals: Age of Learning Effects on the Stop Consonant Systems of Korean-English Bilinguals.” The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America119 (3): 1672–83. 10.1121/1.2166607
    https://doi.org/10.1121/1.2166607 [Google Scholar]
39. Kuhl, Patricia K., Barbara T. Conboy, Sharon Coffey-Corina, Denise Padden, Maritza Rivera-Gaxiola, and Tobey Nelson
    2008 “Phonetic Learning as a Pathway to Language: New Data and Native Language Magnet Theory Expanded (NLM-e).” Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences363 (1493): 979–1000. 10.1098/rstb.2007.2154
    https://doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2007.2154 [Google Scholar]
40. Kuhl, Patricia K., and Paul Iverson
    1995 “Linguistic Experience and the ‘Perceptual Magnet Effect’.” InSpeech Perception and Linguistic Experience: Issues in Cross-Language Research, edited byWinifred Strange, 121–54. Timonium, MD: York Press.
    [Google Scholar]
41. Lenth, Russell V.
    2021 “Emmeans: Estimated Marginal Means, Aka Least-Squares Means. R Package Version 1.6.0” 2021 https://CRAN.R-project.org/package=emmeans.
42. Liang, Yu Zhang
    1990 “Fuqing Dialect.” Journal of Fujian Normal University (Philosophy and Social Science Edition)23 (2): 84–92.
    [Google Scholar]
43. Liu, Chang, and Su-Hyun Jin
    2015 “Auditory Detection of Non-Speech and Speech Stimuli in Noise: Effects of Listeners’ Native Language Background.” The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America138 (5): 2782–90. 10.1121/1.4934252
    https://doi.org/10.1121/1.4934252 [Google Scholar]
44. MacKay, Ian R.A., Diane Meador, and James Emil Flege
    2001 “The Identification of English Consonants by Native Speakers of Italian.” Phonetica58 (1–2): 103–25. 10.1159/000028490
    https://doi.org/10.1159/000028490 [Google Scholar]
45. Mair, Victor H.
    1991 “What Is a Chinese ‘Dialect/Topolect’? Reflections on Some Key Sino-English Linguistic Terms.” Sino-Platonic Papers291:1–31.
    [Google Scholar]
46. Miller, George A., and Patricia E. Nicely
    1955 “An Analysis of Perceptual Confusions Among Some English Consonants.” The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America27 (2): 338–52. 10.1121/1.1907526
    https://doi.org/10.1121/1.1907526 [Google Scholar]
47. Nozawa, Takeshi, and Sang Yee CHEON
    2012 “The Identification of Nasals in a Coda Position by Native Speakers of American English, Korean and Japanese.” Journal of the Phonetic Society of Japan16 (2): 5–14.
    [Google Scholar]
48. Nozawa, Takeshi, and Ratree Wayland
    2021 “Effects of the Postvocalic Nasal on the Perception of American English Vowels by Native Speakers of American English and Japanese.” InSecond Language Speech Learning: Theoretical and Empirical Progress, edited byRatree Wayland, 1st ed., 228–46. Cambridge University Press. https://www.cambridge.org/core/product/identifier/9781108886901%23CN-bp-8/type/book_part. 10.1017/9781108886901.009
    https://doi.org/10.1017/9781108886901.009 [Google Scholar]
49. Ohala, John J.
    1981 “The Listener as a Source of Sound Change.” InPapers from the Parasession on Language and Behavior, edited byCarrie S. Masek, Roberta A. Hendrick, and Mary Frances Miller, 178–203. Chicago Linguistic Society.
    [Google Scholar]
50. Ohala, John J.
    2012 “The Listener as a Source of Sound Change: An Update.” InThe Initiation of Sound Change: Perception, Production, and Social Factors, edited byMaria-Josep Solé and Daniel Recasens, 3231:21–36. Amsterdam: John Benjamins Publishing Company. 10.1075/cilt.323.05oha
    https://doi.org/10.1075/cilt.323.05oha [Google Scholar]
51. Pan, Wu Yun
    2008 “The Consistency of the Main Levels in the Wu Final System.” Oriental Linguistics3 (1): 132–37.
    [Google Scholar]
52. Peng, Shu-hui
    1993 “Cross-Language Influence on the Production of Mandarin /f/ and /x/ and Taiwanese /h/ by Native Speakers of Taiwanese Amoy.” Phonetica50 (4): 245–60. 10.1159/000261945
    https://doi.org/10.1159/000261945 [Google Scholar]
53. Piske, Thorsten
    2007 “Implications of James E. Flege’s Research for the Foreign Language Classroom.” InLanguage Experience in Second Language Speech Learning: In Honor of James Emil Flege, edited byOcke-Schwen Bohn and Murray J. Munro, 171:301–14. Amsterdam: John Benjamins Publishing Company. 10.1075/lllt.17.26pis
    https://doi.org/10.1075/lllt.17.26pis [Google Scholar]
54. Piske, Thorsten, Ian R.A. MacKay, and James E. Flege
    2001 “Factors Affecting Degree of Foreign Accent in an L2: A Review.” Journal of Phonetics29 (2): 191–215. 10.1006/jpho.2001.0134
    https://doi.org/10.1006/jpho.2001.0134 [Google Scholar]
55. Qian, Nai Rong
    1992 Studies in the Contemporary Wu Dialects. Shanghai Educational Press.
    [Google Scholar]
56. R Core Team
    R Core Team 2023 “R: A Language and Environment for Statistical Computing. R Foundation for Statistical Computing.” Vienna, Austria. https://www.R-project.org/.
57. Redford, Melissa Annette
    1999 “An Articulatory Basis for the Syllable.” Doctoral dissertation, The University of Texas at Austin.
    [Google Scholar]
58. Solé, Maria-Josep
    1992 “Phonetic and Phonological Processes: The Case of Nasalization.” Language and Speech35 (1–2): 29–43. 10.1177/002383099203500204
    https://doi.org/10.1177/002383099203500204 [Google Scholar]
59. Tan, Han Ren
    1994 Documentation of Wuxi County. Shanghai Academy of Social Sciences Press.
    [Google Scholar]
60. Tao, Sha, Yingyue Chen, Wenjing Wang, Qi Dong, Su-Hyun Jin, and Chang Liu
    2018 “English Consonant Identification in Multi-Talker Babble: Effects of Chinese-Native Listeners’ English Experience.” Language and Speech62 (3): 531–45. 10.1177/0023830918790604
    https://doi.org/10.1177/0023830918790604 [Google Scholar]
61. Wickham, Hadley
    2016 Ggplot2: Elegant Graphics for Data Analysis. Second edition. Switzerland: Springer. 10.1007/978‑3‑319‑24277‑4
    https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-24277-4 [Google Scholar]
62. Wright, Richard A.
    2001 “Perceptual Cues in Contrast Maintenance.” InThe Role of Speech Perception in Phonology, edited byElizabeth V. Hume and Keith Johnson, 251–77. San Diego: Academic Press. 10.1163/9789004454095_014
    https://doi.org/10.1163/9789004454095_014 [Google Scholar]
63. Xing, Gongwan
    (1982) Fundamental knowledge for the investigation of sinitic topolects (Hanyu Fangyan Diaocha Jichu Zhishi). Wuchang, Hupeh: Huazhong gongxue yuan shubanshe.
    [Google Scholar]
64. Yao, Yao, and Charles B. Chang
    2016 “On the Cognitive Basis of Contact-Induced Sound Change: Vowel Merger Reversal in Shanghainese.” Language92 (2): 433–67. 10.1353/lan.2016.0031
    https://doi.org/10.1353/lan.2016.0031 [Google Scholar]
65. Zee, Eric
    1981 “Effect of Vowel Quality on Perception of Post–Vocalic Nasal Consonants in Noise.” Journal of Phonetics9 (1): 35–48. 10.1016/S0095‑4470(19)30925‑8
    https://doi.org/10.1016/S0095-4470(19)30925-8 [Google Scholar]
66. Zee, Eric
    1985 “Sound Change in Syllable-Final Nasal Consonants in Chinese.” Journal of Chinese Linguistic13 (2): 291–330.
    [Google Scholar]
67. Zhong, Ling, Chang Liu, and Sha Tao
    2019 “Sentence Recognition for Native and Non-Native English Listeners in Quiet and Babble: Effects of Contextual Cues.” The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America145 (4): EL297–302. 10.1121/1.5097734
    https://doi.org/10.1121/1.5097734 [Google Scholar]
68. Zhuang, Shen
    1995 Documentation of Wuxi City. Jiangsu People’s Publishing.
    [Google Scholar]