1887
Volume 4, Issue 2
  • ISSN 2213-8722
  • E-ISSN: 2213-8730
USD
Buy:$35.00 + Taxes

Abstract

Following a number of studies on discovering the controlling dormant forces in linguistic biases, this study attempts to introduce the concept of as a driving force in explicating the causes of prejudice manifested through biases in speech. To this end, two scales for measuring individuals’ bias and their emotioncy levels were devised and validated through Rasch measurement. A total number of 341 participants were asked to take the scales. Afterward, structural equation modeling (SEM) was employed to investigate the probable relationships between sub-constructs of the scales. The results indicated that as individuals’ emotioncy level increases, the bias level decreases. In other words, involvement slides people toward being less judgmental and thus less biased in language, while exvolvement leads people toward using more abstract words, and therefore more biased language. In the end, implications of the findings were discussed in the realm of judgment and decision making.

Loading

Article metrics loading...

/content/journals/10.1075/cogls.00006.pis
2018-03-16
2024-10-11
Loading full text...

Full text loading...

References

  1. Aronson, E. , & Mettee, D. R.
    (1968) Dishonest behavior as a function of differential levels of induced self-esteem. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 9, 121–127.10.1037/h0025853
    https://doi.org/10.1037/h0025853 [Google Scholar]
  2. Beukeboom, C. J.
    (2014) Mechanisms of linguistic bias: How words reflect and maintain stereotypic expectancies. Social Cognition and Communication, 31, 313–330.
    [Google Scholar]
  3. Browne, M. W. , & Cudeck, R.
    (1993) Alternative ways of assessing model fit. In K. A. Bollen & J. S. Long (Eds.), Testing structural equation models (pp.136–162). CA: Sage.
    [Google Scholar]
  4. Brown, R. , & Fish, D.
    (1983a) The psychological causality implicit in language. Cognition, 14(3), 237–273.10.1016/0010‑0277(83)90006‑9
    https://doi.org/10.1016/0010-0277(83)90006-9 [Google Scholar]
  5. (1983b) Are there universal schemas of psychological causality?Archives de Psychology, 51(196), 145–153.
    [Google Scholar]
  6. Collins, K. A. , & Clément, R.
    (2012) Language and prejudice: Direct and moderated effects. Journal of Language and Social Psychology, 31(4), 376–396.10.1177/0261927X12446611
    https://doi.org/10.1177/0261927X12446611 [Google Scholar]
  7. Corrigan, P. W. , & Penn, D. L.
    (1999) Lessons from social psychology on discrediting psychiatric stigma. American Psychologist, 54(9), 765–776.10.1037/0003‑066X.54.9.765
    https://doi.org/10.1037/0003-066X.54.9.765 [Google Scholar]
  8. Corrigan, P. W. , River, L. P. , Lundin, R. K. , Penn, D. L. , Uphoff-Wasowski, K. , Campion, J. , … & Kubiak, M. A.
    (2001) Three strategies for changing attributions about severe mental illness. Schizophrenia Bulletin, 27(2), 187–195.10.1093/oxfordjournals.schbul.a006865
    https://doi.org/10.1093/oxfordjournals.schbul.a006865 [Google Scholar]
  9. Corrigan, P. W. , & Watson, A. C.
    (2002) Understanding the impact of stigma on people with mental illness. World Psychiatry, 1(1), 16–20.
    [Google Scholar]
  10. Ferstl, E. C. , Garnham, A. , & Manouilidou, C.
    (2011) Implicit causality bias in English: A corpus of 300 verbs. Behavior Research Methods, 43(1), 124–135.10.3758/s13428‑010‑0023‑2
    https://doi.org/10.3758/s13428-010-0023-2 [Google Scholar]
  11. Feshbach, N. & Roe, K.
    (1968) Empathy in six-and seven-year olds. Child Development, 39(1), 133–145.10.2307/1127365
    https://doi.org/10.2307/1127365 [Google Scholar]
  12. Greene, J. , & Haidt, J.
    (2002) How (and where) does moral judgment work?. Trends in Cognitive Sciences, 6 (12), 517–523.10.1016/S1364‑6613(02)02011‑9
    https://doi.org/10.1016/S1364-6613(02)02011-9 [Google Scholar]
  13. Greenspan, S. I.
    (1992) Infancy and early childhood: The practice of clinical assessment and intervention with emotional and developmental challenges. Madison, CT: International Universities Press.
    [Google Scholar]
  14. Hartshorne, J. K. , Sudo, Y. , & Uruwashi, M.
    (2013) Are implicit causality pronoun resolution biases consistent across languages and cultures?. Experimental Psychology, 60(3), 179–196.10.1027/1618‑3169/a000187
    https://doi.org/10.1027/1618-3169/a000187 [Google Scholar]
  15. Hodges, S. D. , Kiel, K. J. , Kramer, A. D. I. , Veach, D. , & Villaneuva, B. R.
    (2010) Giving birth to empathy: The effects of similar experience on empathic accuracy, empathic concern, and perceived empathy. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 36(3), 398–409.10.1177/0146167209350326
    https://doi.org/10.1177/0146167209350326 [Google Scholar]
  16. Hu, L. T. , & Bentler, P. M.
    (1999) Cutoff criteria for fit indexes in covariance structure analysis: Conventional criteria versus new alternatives. Structural Equation Modeling, 6(1), 1–55. doi: 10.1080/10705519909540118
    https://doi.org/10.1080/10705519909540118 [Google Scholar]
  17. Kelley, H. H.
    (1972) Causal schemata and the attribution process. (pp.151–174). Morristown, NJ: General Learning Press.
    [Google Scholar]
  18. Keltner, D. , & Lerner, J. S.
    (2010) Emotion. In S. T. Fiske , D. T. Gilbert , & G. Lindzey (Eds.), (5th ed.). Handbook of social psychology, Vol. 1. (pp.317–352). Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley & Sons Inc. doi: 10.1002/9780470561119.socpsy001009.
    https://doi.org/10.1002/9780470561119.socpsy001009 [Google Scholar]
  19. Kraut, R. E.
    (1973) Effects of social labeling on giving to charity. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 9(6), 551–562.10.1016/0022‑1031(73)90037‑1
    https://doi.org/10.1016/0022-1031(73)90037-1 [Google Scholar]
  20. Kross, E. , Ayduk, O. , & Mischel, W.
    (2005) When asking “why” does not hurt: Distinguishing rumination from reflective processing of negative emotions. Psychological Science, 16, 709–715.10.1111/j.1467‑9280.2005.01600.x
    https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9280.2005.01600.x [Google Scholar]
  21. Libby, L. K. , Shaeffer, E. M. , & Eibach, R. P.
    (2009) Seeing meaning in action: A bidirectional link between visual perspective and action identification level. Journal of Experimental Psychology: General, 138(4), 503–516.10.1037/a0016795
    https://doi.org/10.1037/a0016795 [Google Scholar]
  22. Linacre, J. M.
    (2009) WINSTEPS Rasch programme. Version 3.63.0.
    [Google Scholar]
  23. Loewenstein, G.
    (1996) Out of control: Visceral influences on behavior. Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes, 65(3), 272–292.10.1006/obhd.1996.0028
    https://doi.org/10.1006/obhd.1996.0028 [Google Scholar]
  24. (2005) Hot-cold empathy gaps in medical decision making. Health Psychology, 24, S49–S56.10.1037/0278‑6133.24.4.S49
    https://doi.org/10.1037/0278-6133.24.4.S49 [Google Scholar]
  25. McArthur, L. A. , Kiesler, C. A. , & Cook, B. P.
    (1969) Acting on an attitude as a function of self-percept and inequity. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 12(4), 295–302.10.1037/h0027789
    https://doi.org/10.1037/h0027789 [Google Scholar]
  26. Moll, J. , Oliveira‐Souza, D. , & Zahn, R.
    (2008) The neural basis of moral cognition. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, 1124(1), 161–180.10.1196/annals.1440.005
    https://doi.org/10.1196/annals.1440.005 [Google Scholar]
  27. Piaget, J.
    (1926) The language and thought of the child. London: Routledge and Kegan.
    [Google Scholar]
  28. Pishghadam, R.
    (2015, October) Emotioncy in language education: From exvolvement to involvement. Paper presented atthe 2nd Conference of Interdisciplinary Approaches to Language Teaching, Literature, and Translation Studies. Iran, Mashhad.
    [Google Scholar]
  29. (2016a, May) Emotioncy, extraversion and anxiety in willingness to communicate in English. Paper presented atthe 5th International Conference on Language, Education and Innovation. England, London.
    [Google Scholar]
  30. (2016b, September) Introducing emotioncy tension as a potential source of identity crisis. Paper presented atthe 16th Interdisciplinary Conference on Cultural Identity and Philosophy of the Self. Turkey, Istanbul.
    [Google Scholar]
  31. Pishghadam, R. , & Abbasnejad, H.
    (2016) Emotioncy: A potential measure of readability. International Electronic Journal of Elementary Education, 9(1), 109–123.
    [Google Scholar]
  32. (2017) Introducing emotioncy as an invisible force controlling causal decisions: A case of attribution theory. Polish Psychological Bulletin, 48(1), 129–140.10.1515/ppb‑2017‑0016
    https://doi.org/10.1515/ppb-2017-0016 [Google Scholar]
  33. Pishghadam, R. , Adamson, B. , & Shayesteh, Sh.
    (2013) Emotion-based language instruction (EBLI) as a new perspective in bilingual education. Multilingual Education, 3(9), 1–16.doi: 10.1186/2191‑5059‑3‑9
    https://doi.org/10.1186/2191-5059-3-9 [Google Scholar]
  34. Pishghadam, R. , Baghaei, P. , & Seyednozadi, Z.
    (2017) Introducing emotioncy as a potential source of test bias: A mixed-Rasch modeling. International Journal of Testing. 17(2), 127–140.10.1080/15305058.2016.1183208
    https://doi.org/10.1080/15305058.2016.1183208 [Google Scholar]
  35. Pishghadam, R. , Jajarmi, H. , & Shayesteh, Sh.
    (2016) Conceptualizing sensory relativism in light of emotioncy: A movement beyond linguistic relativism. International Journal of Society, Culture & Language, 4(2), 11–21.
    [Google Scholar]
  36. Pishghadam, R. , & Shayesteh, Sh.
    (2016) Emotioncy: A post-linguistic approach toward vocabulary learning and retention. Sri Lanka Journal of Social Sciences, 39(1), 27–36.10.4038/sljss.v39i1.7400
    https://doi.org/10.4038/sljss.v39i1.7400 [Google Scholar]
  37. Pishghadam, R. , Tabatabaeyan, M. S. , & Navari, S.
    (2013) A critical and practical analysis of first language acquisition theories: The origin and development. Iran, Mashhad: Ferdowsi University of Mashhad Publications.
    [Google Scholar]
  38. Pratkanis, A. R.
    (Ed.) (2007) The science of social influence. New York, NY: Psychology Press.
    [Google Scholar]
  39. Rudolph, U. , & Försterling, F.
    (1997) The psychological causality implicit in verbs: A review. Psychological Bulletin, 121(2), 192–218.10.1037/0033‑2909.121.2.192
    https://doi.org/10.1037/0033-2909.121.2.192 [Google Scholar]
  40. Saito, Y. , Yuki, S. , Seki, Y. , Kagawa, H. , & Okanoya, K.
    (2016) Cognitive bias in rats evoked by ultrasonic vocalizations suggests emotional contagion. Behavioral Processes, 132, 5–11.10.1016/j.beproc.2016.08.005
    https://doi.org/10.1016/j.beproc.2016.08.005 [Google Scholar]
  41. Seih, Y. T. , Beier, S. , & Pennebaker, J. W.
    (2017) Development and examination of the linguistic category model in a computerized text analysis method. Journal of Language and Social Psychology. 36(3), 343–355. doi: 0261927X16657855
    https://doi.org/0261927X16657855 [Google Scholar]
  42. Semin, G. R. , & Fiedler, K.
    (1988) The cognitive functions of linguistic categories in describing persons: Social cognition and language. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 54(4), 558–568.10.1037/0022‑3514.54.4.558
    https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.54.4.558 [Google Scholar]
  43. (1989) Relocating attributional phenomena within a language‐cognition interface: The case of actors’ and observers’ perspectives. European Journal of Social Psychology, 19(6), 491–508.10.1002/ejsp.2420190602
    https://doi.org/10.1002/ejsp.2420190602 [Google Scholar]
  44. (1991) The linguistic category model, its bases, applications and range. European Review of Social Psychology, 2(1), 1–30.10.1080/14792779143000006
    https://doi.org/10.1080/14792779143000006 [Google Scholar]
  45. Sutton, R. M.
    (2010) The creative power of language in social cognition and intergroup relations. In H. Giles , S. A. Reid , & J. Harwood (Eds.), The dynamics of intergroup communication (pp.105–115). New York, NY: Peter Lang.
    [Google Scholar]
  46. Thelen, E. , Schöner, G. , Scheier, C. , & Smith, L. B.
    (2001) The dynamics of embodiment: A field theory of infant perseverative reaching. Behavioral and Brain Sciences, 24(1), 1–34.10.1017/S0140525X01003910
    https://doi.org/10.1017/S0140525X01003910 [Google Scholar]
  47. Trope, Y. , & Liberman, N.
    (2003) Temporal construal. Psychological Review, 110(3), 403–421.10.1037/0033‑295X.110.3.403
    https://doi.org/10.1037/0033-295X.110.3.403 [Google Scholar]
  48. (2010) Construal-level theory of psychological distance. Psychological Review, 117(2), 440–463.10.1037/a0018963
    https://doi.org/10.1037/a0018963 [Google Scholar]
  49. Ugazio, G. , Lamm, C. , & Singer, T.
    (2012) The role of emotions for moral judgments depends on the type of emotion and moral scenario. Emotion, 12(3), 579–590.10.1037/a0024611
    https://doi.org/10.1037/a0024611 [Google Scholar]
  50. Van Boven, L. , Kane, J. , McGraw, A. P. , & Dale, J.
    (2010) Feeling close: Emotional intensity reduces perceived psychological distance. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 98(6), 872–885.10.1037/a0019262
    https://doi.org/10.1037/a0019262 [Google Scholar]
  51. Van Boven, L. , Loewenstein, G.
    (2005) Empathy gaps in emotional perspective taking. In B. F. M. a. S. D. Hodges (Ed.), Other minds: How humans bridge the divide between self and others (pp.284–297). New York: Guilford Press.
    [Google Scholar]
  52. Van Boven, L. , Loewenstein, G. , Dunning, D. , & Nordgren, L. F.
    (2013) Changing places: A dual judgment model of empathy gaps in emotional perspective taking. Advances in Experimental Social Psychology, 47, 117–171.10.1016/B978‑0‑12‑407188‑9.00003‑X
    https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-407188-9.00003-X [Google Scholar]
  53. Van der Pligt, J.
    (2015) Psychology of decision making. InInternational Encyclopedia of the Social & Behavioral Sciences. (2nd ed., pp., 917–922). Retrieved from. doi: 10.1016/B978‑0‑08‑097086‑8.24014‑2
    https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-08-097086-8.24014-2 [Google Scholar]
  54. Whorf, B.
    (1956) Language, thought, and reality: Selected writings of Benjamin Lee Whorf. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.
    [Google Scholar]
/content/journals/10.1075/cogls.00006.pis
Loading
/content/journals/10.1075/cogls.00006.pis
Loading

Data & Media loading...

  • Article Type: Research Article
Keyword(s): avolvement; bias; decision making; emotioncy; exvolvement; involvement; judgment
This is a required field
Please enter a valid email address
Approval was successful
Invalid data
An Error Occurred
Approval was partially successful, following selected items could not be processed due to error