f Seeking changes in a challenging time

Despite growing attention to the role of proficiency guidelines in Chinese as a second language (CSL) teaching and learning, systematic empirical research in this area remains limited. This special issue examines the impact of proficiency-oriented instruction in CSL education through five empirical studies focusing on program design, assessment, and intercultural competence, addressing challenges posed by innovations in language learning technology and evolving learner needs. Proficiency-oriented instruction encourages educators to design flexible curricula, organize teaching, and conduct assessments based on students' communication needs, linguistic knowledge, and communicative competence. This approach ensures clear, structured learning objectives while promoting student-centered and diverse teaching methods and strategies. This collection of studies bridges research and practice, fostering pathways for proficiency development in a globalized, multilingual world.