A native origin for Present-Day English they, their, them

References

1. Aitken, Adam J.
   1977 How to pronounce Older Scots. In Adam J. Aitken , Matthew P. McDiarmid & Derick S. Thomson (eds.), Bards and makars: Scottish language and literature, Medieval and Renaissance, 1–21. Glasgow: Glasgow University Press.
   [Google Scholar]
2. Allen, Cynthia
   2008 Genitives in early English: Typology and evidence. Oxford: Oxford University Press.10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199216680.001.0001
   https://doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199216680.001.0001 [Google Scholar]
3. Baugh, Albert
   1957 A history of the English language. 2nd edn.New York: Appleton Century Crofts.
   [Google Scholar]
4. Benskin, Michael , Margaret Laing , Vasilis Karaiskos & Keith Williamson
   2013 An electronic version of a linguistic atlas of late mediaeval English. Edinburgh: The University of Edinburgh. www.lel.ed.ac.uk/ihd/elalme/elalme.html (September 30, 2017.)
   [Google Scholar]
5. Bergen, Linda van
   2008 Negative contraction and Old English dialects: Evidence from glosses and prose. Part 1. Neuphilologische Mitteilungen109(4). 275–312.
   [Google Scholar]
6. Björkman, Erik
   1900 Scandinavian loan-words in Middle English. Part 1. Halle: Max Niemeyer.
   [Google Scholar]
7. Bolze, Christine
   2016 Multiple glosses with present tense forms of OE beon ‘to be’ in Aldred’s gloss to the Lindisfarne Gospels. In Julia Fernández-Cuesta & Sara M. Pons-Sanz (eds.), The Old English glosses to the Lindisfarne Gospels: Language, author and context, 289–300. Berlin: de Gruyter.10.1515/9783110449105‑017
   https://doi.org/10.1515/9783110449105-017 [Google Scholar]
8. Bosch, Peter , Tom Rozario & Yufan Zhao
   2003 Demonstrative pronouns and personal pronouns. German der vs. er . InProceedings of the EACL 2003 workshop on the computational treatment of anaphora, 61–68. Budapest: EACL.
   [Google Scholar]
9. Bosch, Peter & Carla Umbach
   2007 Reference determination for demonstrative pronouns. ZAS Papers in Linguistics48. 39–51.
   [Google Scholar]
10. Brown, Michelle P.
    2003 The Lindisfarne Gospels: Society, spirituality and the scribe. Toronto: University of Toronto Press.
    [Google Scholar]
11. Brunner, Karl
    1948 Abriss der mittelenglischen Grammatik. 2nd edn.Halle: Niemeyer.
    [Google Scholar]
12. Brunner, Karl
    1965 Altenglische Grammatik, nach der angelsächsischen Grammatik von Eduard Sievers neubearbeitet. 3rd edn.Tübingen: Niemeyer.10.1515/9783110930894
    https://doi.org/10.1515/9783110930894 [Google Scholar]
13. Campbell, Alistair
    1959 Old English grammar. Oxford: Clarendon Press.
    [Google Scholar]
14. Cole, Marcelle
    2012 The Old English origins of the Northern Subject Rule: Evidence from the Lindisfarne Gloss to the Gospels of John and Mark. In Merja Stenroos , Martti Mäkinen & Inge Særheim (eds.), Language contact and development around the North Sea, 141–168. Amsterdam: John Benjamins.10.1075/cilt.321.08col
    https://doi.org/10.1075/cilt.321.08col [Google Scholar]
15. Cole, Marcelle
    2014 Verbal morphosyntax in Old Northumbrian and the (Northern) Subject Rule. Amsterdam: John Benjamins.10.1075/nss.25
    https://doi.org/10.1075/nss.25 [Google Scholar]
16. Cole, Marcelle
    2015 The periphrastic subjunctive in the Old English multiple glosses to the Lindisfarne Gospels. In Britt Erman , Gunnel Melchers , Philip Shaw & Peter Sundkvist (eds.), From clerks to corpora: Essays in honour of Nils-Lennart Johannesson, 71–86. Stockholm: Stockholm University Press.
    [Google Scholar]
17. Cole, Marcelle
    2016 Identifying the author(s) of the Lindisfarne Gloss: Linguistic variation as a diagnostic for determining authorship. In Julia Fernández-Cuesta & Sara M. Pons-Sanz (eds.), The Old English glosses to the Lindisfarne Gospels: Language, author and context, 169–188. Berlin: de Gruyter.10.1515/9783110449105‑012
    https://doi.org/10.1515/9783110449105-012 [Google Scholar]
18. Cole, Marcelle
    2017a Pronominal anaphoric strategies in the West Saxon dialect of Old English. English Language and Linguistics21(2). 381–408.10.1017/S136067431700020X
    https://doi.org/10.1017/S136067431700020X [Google Scholar]
19. Cole, Marcelle
    2017b Subject and adjacency effects in the Old Northumbrian gloss to the Lindisfarne Gospels. English Language and Linguistics. 10.1017/S1360674317000338
    https://doi.org/10.1017/S1360674317000338 [Google Scholar]
20. Cole, Marcelle
    . Forthcoming. A revised history for third-person plural personal pronouns in Midlands Middle English.
    [Google Scholar]
21. Collins, Beverley & Inger Margrethe Mees
    1981 The sounds of English Dutch. Leiden: Leiden University Press.
    [Google Scholar]
22. Comrie, Bernard
    2000 Pragmatic binding: Demonstratives as anaphors in Dutch. In Matthew Juge & Jeri Moxley (eds.), The twenty-third annual meeting of the Berkeley Linguistics Society, 50–61. Berkeley: Berkeley Linguistics Society.
    [Google Scholar]
23. Cook, Albert S.
    1894 A glossary of the Old Northumbrian Gospels. Halle: Niemeyer.
    [Google Scholar]
24. Dance, Richard
    2003 Words derived from Old Norse in early Middle English: Studies in the vocabulary of the South-West Midlands Texts. Tempe: Arizona Center for Medieval and Renaissance Studies.
    [Google Scholar]
25. Di Paolo Healey, Antonette , with John Price Wilkin & Xin Xiang
    2009 Dictionary of Old English corpus (DOEC). Toronto: University of Toronto. www.doe.utoronto.ca/pages/pub/web-coprus.html (February 20, 2017.)
    [Google Scholar]
26. Diessel, Holger
    1999 The morphosyntax of demonstratives in synchrony and diachrony. Linguistic Typology3. 1–49.10.1515/lity.1999.3.1.1
    https://doi.org/10.1515/lity.1999.3.1.1 [Google Scholar]
27. Dobson, Eric J.
    1968 English pronunciation 1500–1700, vol.1. Oxford: Clarendon Press.
    [Google Scholar]
28. Fischer, Olga , Ans van Kemenade , Willem Koopman & Wim van der Wurff
    2000 The syntax of early English. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
    [Google Scholar]
29. Förster, Max
    1941 Die spätae. deiktische Pronominalform þæge and ne. they. Anglia Beiblatt52, 274–280.
    [Google Scholar]
30. Förster, Max
    1942 Nochmals ae. þæge. Anglia Beiblatt53. 86f.
    [Google Scholar]
31. Gelderen, Elly van
    2013 The diachrony of pronouns and demonstratives. In Terje Lohndal (ed.), In search of universal grammar: From Old Norse to Zoque, 195–218. Amsterdam: John Benjamins.10.1075/la.202.13gel
    https://doi.org/10.1075/la.202.13gel [Google Scholar]
32. Gelderen, Elly van
    2000 A history of English reflexive pronouns. Amsterdam: John Benjamins.10.1075/la.39
    https://doi.org/10.1075/la.39 [Google Scholar]
33. Gericke, Bernhard
    1934 Die Flexion des Personalpronomen der 3. Person in Spätags. Leipzig: Mayer & Müller.
    [Google Scholar]
34. Givón, Talmy
    1976 Topic, pronoun and grammatical agreement. In Charles Li (ed.), Subject and topic, 149–188. New York: Academic Press.
    [Google Scholar]
35. Gordon, Eric V.
    1957 An introduction to Old Norse. Revised by Arnold R. Taylor . 2nd revised edn.Oxford: Clarendon.
    [Google Scholar]
36. Haugen, Einar
    1982 Scandinavian language structures: A comparative historical survey. Tübingen: Niemeyer.
    [Google Scholar]
37. Heltveit, Trygve
    1953 Studies in English demonstrative pronouns: A contribution to the history of English morphology. Oslo: Akademisk Forlag.
    [Google Scholar]
38. Hertzenberg, Mari Johanne
    2011 Classical and Romance usages of ipse in the Vulgate. In Eirik Welo (ed.), Indo-European syntax and pragmatics: Contrastive approaches, 173–188. Oslo: University of Oslo.
    [Google Scholar]
39. Heuven, Vincent van , Loulou Edelman & Renée van Bezooijen
    2002 The pronunciation of /ei/ by male and female speakers of avant-garde Dutch. In Hans Broekhuis & Paula Fikkert (eds.), Linguistics in the Netherlands, 61–72. Amsterdam: John Benjamins.
    [Google Scholar]
40. Hogg, Richard
    1992 Phonology and morphology. In Richard Hogg (ed.), The Cambridge history of the English language, vol.1: The beginnings to 1066, 67–167. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
    [Google Scholar]
41. Hogg, Richard & R. D. Fulk
    2011 A grammar of Old English, vol. 2: Morphology. Oxford: Blackwell.
    [Google Scholar]
42. Horall, Sarah
    1978 The southern version of the Cursor Mundi, vol.1. Ottawa: University of Ottawa Press.
    [Google Scholar]
43. Howe, Stephen
    1996 The personal pronouns in the Germanic languages. Berlin: de Gruyter.10.1515/9783110819205
    https://doi.org/10.1515/9783110819205 [Google Scholar]
44. Hulk, Aafke & Ans van Kemenade
    1995 V2, pro-drop, functional projections and language change. In Adrian Battye & Ian Roberts (eds.), Clause structure and language change, 227–256. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
    [Google Scholar]
45. Ingham, Richard
    2006 On two negative concord dialects in early English. Language Variation and Change18(3). 241–266.10.1017/S0954394506060121
    https://doi.org/10.1017/S0954394506060121 [Google Scholar]
46. Jacobi, Irene
    2009 On variation and change in diphthongs and long vowels in spoken Dutch. Amsterdam: Amsterdam University dissertation.
    [Google Scholar]
47. Janecka, Joanna & Anna Wojtys
    2011  Of ðæm or bi him: On the scribal repertoire of Latin-English pronominal equivalents in the Lindisfarne Gospels. In Piotr P. Chruszczewski & Zdzisław Wąsik (eds.), Languages in contact 2010, 81–98. Wrocław: Wydawnictwo Wyższej Szkoły Filologicznej.
    [Google Scholar]
48. Jordan, Richard
    1974 Handbook of Middle English grammar: Phonology. Translated & revised by Eugene J. Crook . The Hague: de Gruyter.
    [Google Scholar]
49. Kemenade, Ans van
    1987 Syntactic case and morphological case in the history of English. Dordrecht: Foris.10.1515/9783110882308
    https://doi.org/10.1515/9783110882308 [Google Scholar]
50. Kluge, Friedrich
    1899 Geschichte der Englischen Sprache. 2vols.Berlin: Felber.
    [Google Scholar]
51. Kniezsa, Veronika
    1981 The problem of the merger of Middle English /a:/ and /ai/ in Northern English. In Michael Davenport , Erik Hansen & Hans Frede Nielsen (eds.), Current topics in English historical linguistics: Proceedings of the second international conference on English historical linguistics at Odense University 1981, 95–102. Odense: Odense University Press.
    [Google Scholar]
52. Kniezsa, Veronika
    1983 <ai> and <a> in medieval northern English manuscripts. Folia Linguistica Historica4(1). 45–53.
    [Google Scholar]
53. Kotake, Tadashi
    2006 Aldred’s multiple glosses: Is the order significant?In Michiko Ogura (ed.), Textual and contextual studies in medieval English: Towards the reunion of linguistics and philology, 35–51. Bern: Peter Lang.
    [Google Scholar]
54. Kroch, Anthony & Ann Taylor
    1997 Verb movement in Old and Middle English: Dialect variation and language contact. In Ans van Kemenade & Nigel Vincent (eds.), Parameters of morphosyntactic change, 297–325. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
    [Google Scholar]
55. Kroch, Anthony , Ann Taylor & Don Ringe
    2000 The Middle English verb-second constraint: A case study in language contact and language change. In Susan Herring , Pieter van Reenen & Lene Schøsler (eds.), Textual parameters in older languages, 353–391. Amsterdam: John Benjamins.
    [Google Scholar]
56. Kurath, Hans , Sherman M. Kuhn & Robert E. Lewis
    1952–2001 The Middle English dictionary. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press. quod.lib.umich.edu/m/med/ (May 22, 2016.)
    [Google Scholar]
57. Laing, Margaret
    2013 A linguistic atlas of early Middle English, 1150–1325, version 3.2.Edinburgh: The University of Edinburgh. www.lel.ed.ac.uk/ihd/laeme2/laeme2.html (September 30, 2017.)
    [Google Scholar]
58. Laing, Margaret & Roger Lass
    2014 On Middle English she, sho: A refurbished narrative. Folia Linguistica Historica35(1). 201–240.
    [Google Scholar]
59. Lass, Roger
    1992 Phonology and morphology. In Norman Blake (ed.), The Cambridge history of the English language, vol. 2: 1066–1476, 23–155. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.10.1017/CHOL9780521264754.003
    https://doi.org/10.1017/CHOL9780521264754.003 [Google Scholar]
60. Lass, Roger
    1999 Phonology and morphology. In Roger Lass (ed.), The Cambridge history of the English language, vol. 3: 1478–1776, 56–186. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
    [Google Scholar]
61. Lass, Roger , Margaret Laing , Rhona Alcorn & Keith Williamson
    2013 A corpus of narrative etymologies from Proto-Old English to early Middle English and accompanying corpus of changes, version 1.1.Edinburgh: The University of Edinburgh. www.lel.ed.ac.uk/ihd/CoNE/CoNE.html (June 15, 2016.)
    [Google Scholar]
62. Law, Danny
    2014 Language contact, inherited similarity and social difference: The story of linguistic interaction in the Maya lowlands. Amsterdam: John Benjamins.10.1075/cilt.328
    https://doi.org/10.1075/cilt.328 [Google Scholar]
63. Los, Bettelou & Kemenade, Ans van
    2017 Syntax and the morphology of deixis: The loss of demonstratives and paratactic clause linking. In Marco Coniglio , Eva Schlachter & Tonjes Veenstra (eds.), Demonstratives. Berlin: de Gruyter.
    [Google Scholar]
64. Luick, Karl
    1967 [1914–1940] Historische Grammatik der englischen Sprache, part 1 (1914–1921) & part 2 (1992–1940) Leipzig: Tauchnitz. Reprint, 2vols., Stuttgart/Oxford: Tauchnitz/Blackwell. Citations refer to the Tauchnitz edition.
    [Google Scholar]
65. McIntosh, Angus , M. L. Samuels , Michael Benskin , with Margaret Laing & Keith Williamson
    (eds.) 1986 A linguistic atlas of late mediaeval English, vol.3: Linguistic profiles. Aberdeen: Aberdeen University Press.
    [Google Scholar]
66. Minkova, Donna
    2014 A historical phonology of English. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press.
    [Google Scholar]
67. Mitchell, Bruce
    1985 Old English syntax. Oxford: Clarendon.10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198119357.001.0001
    https://doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198119357.001.0001 [Google Scholar]
68. Moore, Samuel , Sanford B. Meech & Harold Whitehall
    1935 Middle English dialect characteristics and dialect boundaries. InEssays and studies in English and comparative literature13. 1–60. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press.
    [Google Scholar]
69. Moore, Samuel
    1969 Historical outlines of English sounds and inflections. Revised by Albert H. Marckwardt . Ann Arbor: George Wahr.
    [Google Scholar]
70. Morris, Richard
    1878 Cursor mundi (The cursur o the world): A Northumbrian poem of the XIVth century in four versions. London: Early English Text Society.
    [Google Scholar]
71. Morse-Gagné, Elise
    2003 Viking pronouns in England: Charting the course of THEY, THEIR, and THEM. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania dissertation.
    [Google Scholar]
72. Murray, James A. H.
    1873 The dialect of the southern counties of Scotland. London: Philological Society.
    [Google Scholar]
73. Nagucka, Ruta
    1997 Glossal translation in the Lindisfarne Gospel according to Saint Matthew. Studia Anglicana Posnaniensa31. 179–201.
    [Google Scholar]
74. Nevanlinna, Saara
    (ed.) 1972 The Northern Homily Cycle: The expanded version in MSS Harley 4196 and Cotton Tiberius E vii. Parts 1–4. Mémoires de la Société Néophilologique de Helsinki XLIII. Helsinki: Société Néophilologique.
    [Google Scholar]
75. OED3
    OED3. Oxford English Dictionary online. www.oed.com (October 30, 2017.)
    [Google Scholar]
76. Panhuis, Dirk
    2009 Latin grammar. Michigan: University of Michigan Press.
    [Google Scholar]
77. Pintzuk, Susan
    1991 Phrase structures in competition: Variation and change in Old English word order. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania dissertation.
    [Google Scholar]
78. Pons-Sanz, Sara M.
    2013 The lexical effects of Anglo-Scandinavian linguistic contact in Old English. Turnhout: Brepols.10.1484/M.SEM‑EB.5.106260
    https://doi.org/10.1484/M.SEM-EB.5.106260 [Google Scholar]
79. Prokosch, Eduard
    1939 A comparative Germanic grammar. Baltimore: Linguistic Society of America.
    [Google Scholar]
80. Ross, Alan S. C.
    1937 Studies in the accidence of the Lindisfarne Gospels (Leeds School of English Language Texts and Monographs 2). Kendal: Leeds School of English Language.
    [Google Scholar]
81. Ross, Alan S. C. , Eric G. Stanley & T. Julian Brown
    1960 Some observations on the gloss and the glossator. In T. D. Kendrick , T. J. Brown , R. L. S. Bruce-Mitford , H. Roosen-Runge , A. S. C. Ross , E. G. Stanley & A. E. A. Werner (eds.), Evangeliorum Quattuor Codex Lindisfarnensis, Musei Britannici Codex Nero D.IV, vol.2, book2, 5–33. Olten: Graf.
    [Google Scholar]
82. Schulte, Michael
    2005 Phonological developments from Old Norse to early Modern Nordic I: West Scandinavian. In Oskar Bandle , Kurt Braunmuller , Ernst Hakon Jahr , Allan Karker , Hans-Peter Naumann & Ulf Teleman (eds.), The Nordic languages: An international handbook of the history of the North Germanic languages, vol.2, 1081–1096. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter.
    [Google Scholar]
83. Serjeantson, Mary Sidney
    1936 A history of foreign words in English. London: Routledge & Kegan Paul.
    [Google Scholar]
84. Skeat, Walter W.
    (ed.) 1871–1887 The holy gospels in Anglo-Saxon, Northumbrian, and Old Mercian versions. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
    [Google Scholar]
85. Stenbrenden, Gjertrud F.
    2016 Long-vowel shifts in English, c. 1050–1700. Evidence from spelling. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.10.1017/CBO9781107295469
    https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9781107295469 [Google Scholar]
86. Strang, Barbara M. H.
    1970 A history of English. London: Methuen & Co.
    [Google Scholar]
87. Thomason, Sarah Grey & Terence Kaufman
    1988 Language contact, creolization, and genetic linguistics. Berkeley: University of California Press.
    [Google Scholar]
88. Thompson, Anne
    2008 (ed.) The Northern Homily Cycle. Kalamazoo: Medieval Institute Publications.
    [Google Scholar]
89. Traugott, Elizabeth
    1992 Syntax. In Richard Hogg (ed.), The Cambridge history of the English language, vol.1: The beginnings to 1066, 168–289. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
    [Google Scholar]
90. Velde, Hans van de , Roeland van Hout & Marinel Gerritsen
    1997 Watch Dutch change: A real time study of variation and change in Standard Dutch pronunciation. Journal of Sociolinguistics1(3). 361–391.10.1111/1467‑9481.00021
    https://doi.org/10.1111/1467-9481.00021 [Google Scholar]
91. Voortman, Berber
    1994 Regionale variatie in het taalgebruik van notabelen: Een sociolinguïstisch onderzoek in Middelburg, Roermond en Zutphen. Amsterdam: Amsterdam University dissertation.
    [Google Scholar]
92. Walkden, George
    2016 Null subjects in the Lindisfarne Gospels as evidence for syntactic variation in Old English. In Julia Fernández-Cuesta & Sara M. Pons-Sanz (eds.), The Old English glosses to the Lindisfarne Gospels: Language, author and context, 239–256. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter.10.1515/9783110449105‑015
    https://doi.org/10.1515/9783110449105-015 [Google Scholar]
93. Weinreich, Uriel
    1968 [1953] Languages in contact: Findings and problems. The Hague/Paris: Mouton.
    [Google Scholar]
94. Werner, Otmar
    1991 The incorporation of Old Norse pronouns into Middle English: Suppletion by loan. In Sture Ureland & George Broderick (eds.), Language contact in the British Isles. Proceedings of the eighth international symposium on language contact in Europe, Douglas, Isle of Man, 1988, 369–401. Tübingen: Max Niemeyer.10.1515/9783111678658.369
    https://doi.org/10.1515/9783111678658.369 [Google Scholar]
95. Wright, Joseph & Elizabeth Wright
    1923 An elementary Middle English grammar. Oxford: Clarendon Press.
    [Google Scholar]
96. Wyld, Henry C.
    1914 A short history of English. London: John Murray.
    [Google Scholar]