1887
Volume 35, Issue 4
  • ISSN 0176-4225
  • E-ISSN: 1569-9714
USD
Buy:$35.00 + Taxes

Abstract

Abstract

The present study is an in-depth, corpus-based analysis of the rise and institutionalization of the indefinite nominal gerund in Late Modern English, considering the observed developments in light of their interactions with functionally related constructions. Based on historical data taken from the Corpus of Late Modern English Texts (version 3.1), we argue that the rise of indefinite nominal gerunds constitutes an instance of , in which the nominal gerund over time gradually comes to exploit a fuller range of paradigmatic properties associated with the nominal class. At the same time, this study investigates the potential influence of on the observed developments. While the results do support the frequently investigated claim that language systems have a (weak) preference for a one-form-one-meaning organization in later stages of their development, the initial emergence of indefinite nominal gerunds can more accurately be explained by allowing as an enabling force of linguistic innovation. The picture presented in this study serves as evidence that the long-term development of linguistic constructions can be the result of  –  – .

Loading

Article metrics loading...

/content/journals/10.1075/dia.17015.fon
2019-01-17
2025-04-26
Loading full text...

Full text loading...

References

  1. Allen, Robert L.
    1966The verb system of Present-Day American English. The Hague: Mouton de Gruyter.
    [Google Scholar]
  2. Anttila, Raimo
    1989Historical and comparative linguistics. 2nd edition. Amsterdam: John Benjamins. 10.1075/cilt.6
    https://doi.org/10.1075/cilt.6 [Google Scholar]
  3. Aronoff, Mark
    1976Word formation in Generative Grammar. Cambridge, Mass.: MIT Press.
    [Google Scholar]
  4. Baayen, Rolf Harald & Antoinette Renouf
    1996 Chronicling the times: Productive lexical innovations in an English newspaper. Language72. 69–96. 10.2307/416794
    https://doi.org/10.2307/416794 [Google Scholar]
  5. Baayen, Rolf Harald, Ton Dijkstra & Robert Schreuder
    1997 Singulars and plurals in Dutch: Evidence for a parallel dual-route model. Journal of Memory and Language37(1). 94–117. 10.1006/jmla.1997.2509
    https://doi.org/10.1006/jmla.1997.2509 [Google Scholar]
  6. Barðdal, Johanna & Spike Gildea
    2015 Diachronic Construction Grammar: Epistemological context, basic assumptions and historical implications. InJohanna Barðdal, Elena Smirnova, Lotte Sommerer & Spike Gildea (eds). Diachronic Construction Grammar, 1–50. Amsterdam: John Benjamins. 10.1075/cal.18.01bar
    https://doi.org/10.1075/cal.18.01bar [Google Scholar]
  7. Bauer, Laurie
    1983English word-formation. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 10.1017/CBO9781139165846
    https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9781139165846 [Google Scholar]
  8. 2003Introducing linguistic morphology. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press.
    [Google Scholar]
  9. Bauer, Laurie, Rochelle Lieber & Ingo Plag
    2013The Oxford reference guide to English morphology. Oxford: Oxford University Press. 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198747062.001.0001
    https://doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198747062.001.0001 [Google Scholar]
  10. Blevins, James P. & Juliette Blevins
    2009Analogy in grammar: Form and acquisition. Oxford: Oxford University Press. 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199547548.001.0001
    https://doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199547548.001.0001 [Google Scholar]
  11. Bloomfield, Leonard
    1933Language. New York: Holt.
    [Google Scholar]
  12. Bolinger, Dwight
    1968Aspects of language. New York: Harcourt, Brace, and World.
    [Google Scholar]
  13. 1977Meaning and form. London: Longman.
    [Google Scholar]
  14. Brinton, Laurel J.
    1991 The mass/count distinction and aktionsart: The grammar of iteratives and habituals. Belgian Journal of Linguistics6. 47–69. 10.1075/bjl.6.04bri
    https://doi.org/10.1075/bjl.6.04bri [Google Scholar]
  15. 1995 The Aktionsart of deverbal nouns in English. InPier Marco Bertinetto (ed). Temporal reference, aspect and actionality. Vol. 1: Semantic and syntactic perspectives, 27–42. Torino: Rosenberg & Sellier.
    [Google Scholar]
  16. 1998 Aspectuality and countability: A cross-categorial analogy. English Language and Linguistics2(1). 37–63. 10.1017/S136067430000068X
    https://doi.org/10.1017/S136067430000068X [Google Scholar]
  17. Cetnarowska, Bozena
    1993The Syntax, Semantics and Derivation of Bare Nominalisations in English. Katowice: Uniwersytet Śląski.
    [Google Scholar]
  18. Chomsky, Noam
    1970 Remarks on nominalization. InRoderick A. Jacobs & Peter S. Rosenbaum (eds.), Readings in English Transformational Grammar, 184–221. Waltham: Ginn.
    [Google Scholar]
  19. Clark, Eve V.
    1987 The principle of contrast: A constraint on language acquisition. InBrian MacWhinney (ed.), Mechanisms of language acquisition, 1–33. Mahwah: Erlbaum.
    [Google Scholar]
  20. Colleman, Timothy
    2009 Verb disposition in argument structure alternations: A corpus study of the Dutch dative alternation. Language Sciences31. 593–611. 10.1016/j.langsci.2008.01.001
    https://doi.org/10.1016/j.langsci.2008.01.001 [Google Scholar]
  21. Comrie, Bernard
    1976 The syntax of action nominals. A cross-language study. Lingua40. 177–201. 10.1016/0024‑3841(76)90093‑0
    https://doi.org/10.1016/0024-3841(76)90093-0 [Google Scholar]
  22. Comrie, Bernard & Sandra A. Thompson
    1985 Lexical nominalizations. InTimothy Shopen (ed.), Language typology and syntactic description, Vol.3, 349–398. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
    [Google Scholar]
  23. Cowie, Claire
    1998 Diachronic word-formation: A corpus-based study of derived nominalizations in the history of English. Cambridge: University of Cambridge PhD dissertation.
  24. Croft, William
    1991Syntactic categories and grammatical relations: The cognitive organization of information. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press.
    [Google Scholar]
  25. 2000Explaining language change: An evolutionary approach, 2nd edn. (revised). Oxford: Oxford University Press.
    [Google Scholar]
  26. Dabrowska, Eva & Dagmar Divjak
    (eds.) 2015Handbook of Cognitive Linguistics. Berlin: De Gruyter. 10.1515/9783110292022
    https://doi.org/10.1515/9783110292022 [Google Scholar]
  27. Dalton-Puffer, Christiane
    1996The French influence on English morphology: A corpus-based study of derivation. Berlin: Mouton De Gruyter. 10.1515/9783110822113
    https://doi.org/10.1515/9783110822113 [Google Scholar]
  28. De Smet, Hendrik
    2008 Functional motivations in the development of nominal and verbal gerunds in Middle and Early Modern English. English Language and Linguistics12(1). 55–102. 10.1017/S136067430700250X
    https://doi.org/10.1017/S136067430700250X [Google Scholar]
  29. 2013Spreading patterns: Diffusional change in the English system of complementation. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
    [Google Scholar]
  30. De Smet, Hendrik, Susanne Flach, Jukka Tyrkkö & Hans-Jürgen Diller
    2015Corpus of Late Modern English texts (version 3.1).
    [Google Scholar]
  31. De Smet, Hendrik, Frauke D’Hoedt, Lauren Fonteyn & Kristel Van Goethem
    2018 The changing functions of competing forms. Cognitive Linguistics29(2). 197–234. 10.1515/cog‑2016‑0025
    https://doi.org/10.1515/cog-2016-0025 [Google Scholar]
  32. Declerck, Renaat
    1991A comprehensive descriptive grammar of English. Tokyo: Kaitakusha.
    [Google Scholar]
  33. 2005 Spatial and temporal boundedness in English motion events. Journal of Pragmatics37(6). 889–917. 10.1016/j.pragma.2004.10.012
    https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pragma.2004.10.012 [Google Scholar]
  34. 2006The grammar of the English tense system: A comprehensive analysis. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter. 10.1515/9783110199888
    https://doi.org/10.1515/9783110199888 [Google Scholar]
  35. Demske, Ulrike
    2002 Nominalization and argument structure in Early New High German. ZAS Papers in Linguistics27. 67–90.
    [Google Scholar]
  36. Depraetere, Ilse & Chad Langford
    2012Advanced English grammar: A linguistic approach. London: Continuum.
    [Google Scholar]
  37. Donner, Morton
    1986 The gerund in Middle English. English Studies67. 394–400. 10.1080/00138388608598465
    https://doi.org/10.1080/00138388608598465 [Google Scholar]
  38. Dressler, Wolfgang U., Wolfgang U. Wurzel, Willi Mayerthaler & Osvald Panagl
    (eds.) 1987Leitmotifs in Natural Morphology. Studies in language companion series, 10. Amsterdam: John Benjamins. 10.1075/slcs.10
    https://doi.org/10.1075/slcs.10 [Google Scholar]
  39. Einenkel, Eugen
    1914 Die Entwicklung des englischen Gerundiums. Anglia38. 1–76. 10.1515/angl.1914.1914.38.1
    https://doi.org/10.1515/angl.1914.1914.38.1 [Google Scholar]
  40. Emonds, Joseph E.
    1973 The derived nominals, gerunds, and participles in Chaucer’s English. InBraj B. Kachru & Robert B. Lees (eds.). Issues in linguistics: Papers in honor of Henry and Renée Kahane, 185–189. Urbana: University of Illinois Press.
    [Google Scholar]
  41. Fanego, Teresa
    1996 The development of gerunds as objects of subject-control verbs in English (1400–1760). Diachronica13. 29–62. 10.1075/dia.13.1.03fan
    https://doi.org/10.1075/dia.13.1.03fan [Google Scholar]
  42. 2004 On reanalysis and actualization in syntactic change: The rise and development of English verbal gerunds. Diachronica21. 5–55. 10.1075/dia.21.1.03fan
    https://doi.org/10.1075/dia.21.1.03fan [Google Scholar]
  43. Fertig, David
    2013Analogy and morphological change. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press.
    [Google Scholar]
  44. Fischer, Olga
    1992 Syntactic change and borrowing: The case of the accusative-and-infinitive construction in English. InMarinel Gerritsen & Dieter Stein (eds.), Internal and external factors in syntactic change, 17–89. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter. 10.1515/9783110886047.17
    https://doi.org/10.1515/9783110886047.17 [Google Scholar]
  45. 2008 On analogy as the motivation for grammaticalization. Studies in Language32(2). 336–382. 10.1075/sl.32.2.04fis
    https://doi.org/10.1075/sl.32.2.04fis [Google Scholar]
  46. Fonteyn, Lauren
    2016 From nominal to verbal gerunds: A referential typology. Functions of Language23(1). 82–106. 10.1075/fol.23.1.04fon
    https://doi.org/10.1075/fol.23.1.04fon [Google Scholar]
  47. Fonteyn, Lauren & Stefan Hartmann
    2016 Usage-based perspectives on diachronic morphology: A mixed-methods approach towards English ing-nominals. Linguistics Vanguard2(1). 10.1515/lingvan‑2016‑0057
    https://doi.org/10.1515/lingvan-2016-0057 [Google Scholar]
  48. Fonteyn, Lauren & Liesbet Heyvaert
    2018 Category change in the English gerund: Tangled web or fine-tuned constructional network?, InKristel Van Goethem, Muriel Norde, Evie Coussé & Gudrun Vanderbauwhede (eds.), Category change from a Constructional Perspective, 149–178. Amsterdam: John Benjamins. 10.1075/cal.20.06fon
    https://doi.org/10.1075/cal.20.06fon [Google Scholar]
  49. Fonteyn, Lauren & Nikki van de Pol
    2016 Divide and conquer: The formation and functional dynamics of the Modern English -ing-clause network. English Language and Linguistics20(2). 185–219. 10.1017/S1360674315000258
    https://doi.org/10.1017/S1360674315000258 [Google Scholar]
  50. Fonteyn, Lauren, Hendrik De Smet & Liesbet Heyvaert
    2015a What it means to verbalize: The changing discourse functions of the English gerund. Journal of English Linguistics43(1). 36–60. 10.1177/0075424214564365
    https://doi.org/10.1177/0075424214564365 [Google Scholar]
  51. Fonteyn, Lauren, Liesbet Heyvaert & Charlotte Maekelberghe
    2015b How do gerunds conceptualize events? A diachronic study. Cognitive Linguistics26(4). 583–612. 10.1515/cog‑2015‑0061
    https://doi.org/10.1515/cog-2015-0061 [Google Scholar]
  52. Goldberg, Adele E.
    1995Constructions: A Construction Grammar approach to argument structure. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
    [Google Scholar]
  53. 2006Constructions at work: The nature of generalization in language. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
    [Google Scholar]
  54. Gries, Stefan Th. & Anatol Stefanowitsch
    2004 Extending collostructional analysis: A corpus-based perspective on ‘alternations’. International Journal of Corpus Linguistics9(1). 97–129. 10.1075/ijcl.9.1.06gri
    https://doi.org/10.1075/ijcl.9.1.06gri [Google Scholar]
  55. Haiman, John
    1980 The iconicity of grammar: Isomorphism and motivation. Language56. 515–540. 10.2307/414448
    https://doi.org/10.2307/414448 [Google Scholar]
  56. Haspelmath, Martin
    2014 On system pressure competing with economic motivation. InBrian MacWhinney, Andrej L. Malchukov & Edith A. Moravcsik (eds.), Competing motivations in grammar and usage, 197–208. Oxford: Oxford University Press. 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198709848.003.0012
    https://doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198709848.003.0012 [Google Scholar]
  57. Heyvaert, Liesbet
    2003A cognitive-functional approach to deverbal nominalization in English. Berlin: Mouton De Gruyter. 10.1515/9783110903706
    https://doi.org/10.1515/9783110903706 [Google Scholar]
  58. 2004 Towards a symbolic typology of -ing nominalizations. InMichel Achard & Suzanne Kemmer (eds.), Language, culture and mind, 493–506. Stanford: CSLI.
    [Google Scholar]
  59. Hilpert, Martin & Stefan Th. Gries
    2009 Assessing frequency changes in multi-stage diachronic corpora: Applications for historical corpus linguistics and the study of language acquisition. Literary and Linguistic Computing24(4). 385–401. 10.1093/llc/fqn012
    https://doi.org/10.1093/llc/fqn012 [Google Scholar]
  60. Hiraga, Masako K.
    1994 Diagrams and metaphors: Iconic aspects in language. Journal of Pragmatics22. 5–21. 10.1016/0378‑2166(94)90053‑1
    https://doi.org/10.1016/0378-2166(94)90053-1 [Google Scholar]
  61. Hoffmann, Thomas
    2017 Construction Grammar as cognitive structuralism: The interaction of constructional networks and processing in the diachronic evolution of English comparative correlatives. English Language and Linguistics21(2). 349–373. 10.1017/S1360674317000181
    https://doi.org/10.1017/S1360674317000181 [Google Scholar]
  62. Houston, Ann
    1989 The English gerund: Syntactic change and discourse function. InRalph W. Fasold & Deborah Schiffrin (eds.), Language change and variation, 173–196. Amsterdam: John Benjamins. 10.1075/cilt.52.10hou
    https://doi.org/10.1075/cilt.52.10hou [Google Scholar]
  63. Itkonen, Esa
    2005Analogy as structure and process. Amsterdam: John Benjamins. 10.1075/hcp.14
    https://doi.org/10.1075/hcp.14 [Google Scholar]
  64. Jack, George B.
    1988 The origins of the English gerund. Nowele12. 15–75. 10.1075/nowele.12.02jac
    https://doi.org/10.1075/nowele.12.02jac [Google Scholar]
  65. Jespersen, Otto
    1946A modern English grammar on historical principles. Part V. Vol. IV: Syntax. London: Allen and Unwin.
    [Google Scholar]
  66. Kiparsky, Paul
    1983 Word formation and the lexicon. InFrances A. Ingeman (ed.), Mid-America Linguistics Conference (MALC) 1982, 3–29. University of Kansas.
    [Google Scholar]
  67. 2005 Blocking and periphrasis in inflectional paradigms. InGeert Booij & Jaap van Marle (eds.), Yearbook of Morphology 2004, 113–135. Dordrecht: Springer. 10.1007/1‑4020‑2900‑4_5
    https://doi.org/10.1007/1-4020-2900-4_5 [Google Scholar]
  68. Kisbye, Torben
    1971An historical outline of English syntax. Aarhus: Akademisk boghandel.
    [Google Scholar]
  69. Koptjevskaja-Tamm, Maria
    1993Nominalizations. London: Routledge.
    [Google Scholar]
  70. Kranich, Svenja
    2006 The origin of English gerundial constructions: A case of French influence?InAndrew J. Johnston, Ferdinand von Mengden & Stefan Thim (eds.), Language and text: Current perspectives on English and German historical linguistics and philology, 179–195. Heidelberg: Winter.
    [Google Scholar]
  71. 2007 Some problems connected with the analysis of gerunds with direct object in Middle English. InWinfried Rudolf, Thomas Honegger & Andrew J. Johnston (eds.), Clerks, wives and historians: Essays on medieval language and literature, 213–233. Bern: Peter Lang.
    [Google Scholar]
  72. Langacker, Ronald W.
    1987 Nouns and verbs. Language63(1). 53–94. 10.2307/415384
    https://doi.org/10.2307/415384 [Google Scholar]
  73. 1991Foundations of Cognitive Grammar 2: Descriptive application. Stanford: Stanford University Press.
    [Google Scholar]
  74. 2008Cognitive Grammar. A basic introduction. Oxford: Oxford University Press. 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195331967.001.0001
    https://doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195331967.001.0001 [Google Scholar]
  75. Leech, Geoffrey, Marianne Hundt, Christian Mair & Nicholas Smith
    2009Change in contemporary English: A grammatical study. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 10.1017/CBO9780511642210
    https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511642210 [Google Scholar]
  76. Lees, Robert B.
    1966 On a transformational analysis of compounds: A reply to Hans Marchand. Indogermanische Forschungen71. 1–13.
    [Google Scholar]
  77. Maekelberghe, Charlotte & Liesbet Heyvaert
    2016 Indefinite nominal gerunds, or the particularization of a reified event. English Studies97(3). 317–340. 10.1080/0013838X.2015.1131910
    https://doi.org/10.1080/0013838X.2015.1131910 [Google Scholar]
  78. Malchukov, Andrej L.
    2004Nominalization, verbalization: Constraining a typology of transcategorial operations. Munich: Lincom Europa.
    [Google Scholar]
  79. 2006 Constraining nominalization: function / form competition. Linguistics44(5). 973–1009. 10.1515/LING.2006.032
    https://doi.org/10.1515/LING.2006.032 [Google Scholar]
  80. McMahon, April M. S.
    1994Understanding language change. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 10.1017/CBO9781139166591
    https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9781139166591 [Google Scholar]
  81. Meillet, Antoine
    1912Linguistique historique et linguistique générale. Paris: Champion.
    [Google Scholar]
  82. Miller, Gary D.
    2002Nonfinite structures in theory and change. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
    [Google Scholar]
  83. Mondorf, Britta
    2011Gender differences in English syntax. Berlin: Mouton De Gruyter.
    [Google Scholar]
  84. Mourelatos, Alexander
    1978 Events, processes, and states. Linguistics and Philosophy2(3). 415–434. 10.1007/BF00149015
    https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00149015 [Google Scholar]
  85. Mustanoja, Tauno F.
    1960A Middle English syntax. Helsinki: Société Néophilologique.
    [Google Scholar]
  86. Nevalainen, Terttu, Helena Ramoulin-Brunberg & Heiki Manilla
    2011 The diffusion of language change in real time: Progressive and conservative individuals and the time depth of change. Language Variation & Change23. 1–43. 10.1017/S0954394510000207
    https://doi.org/10.1017/S0954394510000207 [Google Scholar]
  87. Norde, Muriel
    2014 On parents and peers in constructional networks. Paper presented atCogling Days 6, Ghent, Belgium, December 12.
    [Google Scholar]
  88. Nuyts, Jan & Pieter Byloo
    2015 Competing modals: Beyond (inter)subjectification. Diachronica32. 34–68. 10.1075/dia.32.1.02nuy
    https://doi.org/10.1075/dia.32.1.02nuy [Google Scholar]
  89. Plag, Ingo
    1999Morphological productivity: Structural constraints in English derivation. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter. 10.1515/9783110802863
    https://doi.org/10.1515/9783110802863 [Google Scholar]
  90. 2003Word-Formation in English. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 10.1017/CBO9780511841323
    https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511841323 [Google Scholar]
  91. Quirk, Randolph, Sidney Greenbaum, Geoffrey Leech & Jan Svartvik
    1985A comprehensive grammar of the English language. London: Longman.
    [Google Scholar]
  92. Radden, Günther & René Dirven
    2007Cognitive English grammar. Amsterdam: John Benjamins. 10.1075/clip.2
    https://doi.org/10.1075/clip.2 [Google Scholar]
  93. Rainer, Franz
    1988 Towards a theory of blocking: The case of Italian and German quality nouns. InGeert Booij & Jaap Van Marle (eds.). Yearbook of Morphology 1988, 155–185. Dordrecht: Foris.
    [Google Scholar]
  94. Ross, John R.
    1973 Nouniness. InOsamu Fujimura (ed.), Three dimensions of linguistic research, 137–257. Tokyo: TEC.
    [Google Scholar]
  95. Sanders, Gerald
    1988 Zero derivation and the overt analogue criterion. InMichael T. Hammond & Michael P. Noonan (eds.), Theoretical morphology, 155–175. London: Academic Press.
    [Google Scholar]
  96. Smith, Carlota S.
    1997The parameter of aspect. 2nd edition. Dordrecht: Kluwer. 10.1007/978‑94‑011‑5606‑6
    https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-011-5606-6 [Google Scholar]
  97. Sommerer, Lotte & Elena Smirnova
    2017Workshop proposal for the 50th Annual Meeting of the Societas Linguistica Europaea.
    [Google Scholar]
  98. Swan, Michael
    2005Practical English usage. Oxford University Press, Oxford.
    [Google Scholar]
  99. Szmrecsanyi, Benedikt
    2010 The genitive alternation in a cognitive sociolinguistics perspective. InDirk Geeraerts, Gitte Kristiansen & Yves Peirsman (eds.), Advances in cognitive sociolinguistics, 141–166. Berlin: De Gruyter. 10.1515/9783110226461.139
    https://doi.org/10.1515/9783110226461.139 [Google Scholar]
  100. Tajima, Matsuji
    1985The syntactic development of the gerund in Middle English. Tokyo: Nan’un-do.
    [Google Scholar]
  101. 1996 The common-/objective-case subject of the gerund in Middle English. Nowele29. 569–578. 10.1075/nowele.28‑29.39taj
    https://doi.org/10.1075/nowele.28-29.39taj [Google Scholar]
  102. 1999 The compound gerund in Early Modern English. InSheila Embleton, John E. Joseph & Hans-Joseph Niederehe (eds.), The emergence of the modern language sciences: Studies on the transition from historical-comparative to structural linguistics in honour of E.F.K. Koerner, 265–276. Amsterdam: John Benjamins. 10.1075/z.emls2.23taj
    https://doi.org/10.1075/z.emls2.23taj [Google Scholar]
  103. Talmy, Leonard
    1988 The relation of grammar to cognition. InBrygida Rudzka-Ostyn (ed.), Topics in Cognitive Linguistics, 165–205. Amsterdam: John Benjamins. 10.1075/cilt.50.08tal
    https://doi.org/10.1075/cilt.50.08tal [Google Scholar]
  104. Taylor, John R.
    2000Possessives in English: An exploration in Cognitive Grammar. New York: Oxford University Press.
    [Google Scholar]
  105. 2004 The ecology of constructions. InGünther Radden & Klaus-Uwe Panther (eds.), Studies in linguistic motivation, 49–74. Berlin: Mouton De Gruyter.
    [Google Scholar]
  106. Traugott, Elizabeth C.
    Forthcoming. Modeling language change with constructional networks.
    [Google Scholar]
  107. van de Velde, Freek
    2014 Degeneracy: The maintenance of constructional networks. InRonny Boogaart, Timothy Colleman & Gijsbert Rutten (eds.), The extending scope of Construction Grammar, 141–179. Berlin: Mouton De Gruyter.
    [Google Scholar]
  108. Vennemann, Theo
    1972 Rule Inversion. Lingua29. 209–242. 10.1016/0024‑3841(72)90025‑3
    https://doi.org/10.1016/0024-3841(72)90025-3 [Google Scholar]
  109. Visser, Frederik Th
    1973An historical syntax of the English language. Leiden: Brill.
    [Google Scholar]
  110. Wurff, Wim van der
    1993 Gerunds and their objects in the Modern English period. InJaap van Marle (ed.), Historical linguistics 1991, 363–375. Amsterdam: John Benjamins. 10.1075/cilt.107.24wur
    https://doi.org/10.1075/cilt.107.24wur [Google Scholar]
  111. Wurzel, Wolfgang
    1987 System-dependent morphological naturalness in inflection. InWolfgang U. Dressler, Willie Mayerthaler, Oswald Panagl & Wolfgang U. Wurzel (eds.), Leitmotifs in Natural Morphology, 59–98. Amsterdam: John Benjamins. 10.1075/slcs.10.22wur
    https://doi.org/10.1075/slcs.10.22wur [Google Scholar]
  112. 1989Inflectional morphology and naturalness. Dordrecht: Kluwer.
    [Google Scholar]
  113. Zehentner, Eva
    2014 From phrase to clause(-like): On the development of present participle and verbal noun in Middle Scots. VIEWS23, (anglistik.univie.ac.at/research/views/current-issues/).
    [Google Scholar]
/content/journals/10.1075/dia.17015.fon
Loading
/content/journals/10.1075/dia.17015.fon
Loading

Data & Media loading...

This is a required field
Please enter a valid email address
Approval was successful
Invalid data
An Error Occurred
Approval was partially successful, following selected items could not be processed due to error