1887
  1. Home
  2. e-Journals
  3. EUROSLA Yearbook
  4. Volume 16, Issue 1
  5. Article
Volume 16, Issue 1
  • ISSN 1568-1491
  • E-ISSN: 1569-9749
USD
Buy:$35.00 + Taxes

Abstract

Cognitive research has established that there exists a significant difference between L1 and L2 with regard to emotional speech processing. Harris, Ayçiçeĝi and Gleason (2003) and Dewaele (2004) have shown that L1 taboo words evoke greater emotional arousal than their L2 counterparts. According to Harris (2004), an L2 acquired early and in a naturalistic setting gains the features of L1 in terms of emotional interference. However, the data from one of the areas of emotional speech processing in bilinguals, i.e. the experimental data about late bilinguals, is still scarce. The present study aims to trace the effects of proficiency and language exposure on the perceived emotional charge of L2 taboo and curse words by late bilinguals. 106 highly proficient Polish-English bilinguals, who were students on an English Studies program at the time of testing, took part in the Emotional Stroop task (Williams, Mathews & MacLeod 1996) and their reaction times were measured. The results discussed with reference to previous findings in the literature suggest that the emotional input provided during second language acquisition is too weak to effectively form affective connotations to L2 utterances.

© 2016 John Benjamins Publishing Company
Loading

Article metrics loading...

/content/journals/10.1075/eurosla.16.02leo
2016-08-11
2023-03-22

  • From This Site

    /content/journals/10.1075/eurosla.16.02leo
    dcterms_title,dcterms_subject,pub_keyword
    -contentType:Journal -contentType:Contributor -contentType:Concept -contentType:Institution
    10
    5
Loading full text...

Full text loading...

References

  1. Abutalebi, J. and Della Rosa, P.A
    2012 “How the brain acquires, processes, and controls a second language”. InThe Handbook of the Neuropsychology of Language2, Faust, M . (ed), 516–561. Chicester: John Wiley & Sons. doi: 10.1002/9781118432501.ch25
     https://doi.org/10.1002/9781118432501.ch25 [Google Scholar]
  2. Adolphs, R
    2003 “Cognitive neuroscience of human social behaviour”. Nature Reviews Neuroscience4: 165–178. doi: 10.1038/nrn1056
     https://doi.org/10.1038/nrn1056 [Google Scholar]
  3. Altarriba, J
    2003 “Does cariño equal ‘liking’? A theoretical approach to conceptual nonequivalence between languages”. International Journal of Bilingualism7: 305–322. doi: 10.1177/13670069030070030501
     https://doi.org/10.1177/13670069030070030501 [Google Scholar]
  4. Altarriba, J. , Bauer, L.M. and Benvenuto, C
    1999 “Concreteness, context availability and imageability ratings and word associations for abstract, concrete, and emotion words”. Behavior Research Methods, Instruments & Computers31 (4): 578–602. doi: 10.3758/BF03200738
     https://doi.org/10.3758/BF03200738 [Google Scholar]
  5. Altarriba, J. and Canary, T.M
    2004 “The influence of emotional arousal on affective priming in monolingual and bilingual speakers”. Journal of Multilingual and Multicultural Development25 (2–3): 248–265. doi: 10.1080/01434630408666531
     https://doi.org/10.1080/01434630408666531 [Google Scholar]
  6. Altarriba, J. and Basnight-Brown, D.M
    2012 “The acquisition of concrete, abstract, and emotion words in a second language”. International Journal of Bilingualism16: 446–452. doi: 10.1177/1367006911429511
     https://doi.org/10.1177/1367006911429511 [Google Scholar]
  7. Anooshian, L.J. and Hertel, P.T
    1994 “Emotionality in free recall: Language specificity in bilingual memory”. Cognition and Emotion8: 503–514. doi: 10.1080/02699939408408956
     https://doi.org/10.1080/02699939408408956 [Google Scholar]
  8. Ayçiçeği-Dinn, A. and Caldwell-Harris, C.L
    2009 “Emotion memory effects in bilingual speakers: A levels-of-processing approach”. Bilingualism: Language and Cognition12: 291–303. doi: 10.1017/S1366728909990125
     https://doi.org/10.1017/S1366728909990125 [Google Scholar]
  9. Bar-Haim, Y. , Lamy,D. , Bakermans-Kranenburg, M.J. and van IJzendoorn, M.H
    2007 “Threat-related attentional bias in anxious and nonanxious individuals: A meta-analytic study”. Psychological Bulletin133 (1): 1–24. doi: 10.1037/0033‑2909.133.1.1
     https://doi.org/10.1037/0033-2909.133.1.1 [Google Scholar]
  10. Beck, A.T. , Steer, R.A. and Brown, G.K
    1996 BDI-II: Beck depression inventory manual (2nd ed.). Boston: Harcourt, Brace. (www.wojciechrachel.pl). Date of access: 12.10.2013
     [Google Scholar]
  11. Bond, M.H. and Lai, T.M
    1986 “Embarrassment and code-switching into a second language”. Journal of Social Psychology126: 179–186.
     [Google Scholar]
  12. Bradley, M.M. and Lang, P.J
    1999 Affective Norms for English Words (ANEW): Stimuli, Instruction Manual and Affective Ratings (Tech. Rep. C-1). Gainesville: University of Florida, Center for Research in Psychophysiology.
     [Google Scholar]
  13. Cannon, W.B
    1927 “The James-Lange theory of emotion: A critical examination and an alternative theory”. American Journal of Psychology39: 10–124. doi: 10.2307/1415404
     https://doi.org/10.2307/1415404 [Google Scholar]
  14. Cervantes, Christi A
    2002 “Explanatory emotion talk in Mexican immigrant and Mexican American families”, Hispanic Journal of Behavioral Sciences24, 2: 138–163. doi: 10.1177/0739986302024002003
     https://doi.org/10.1177/0739986302024002003 [Google Scholar]
  15. Clachar, A
    1999 “It’s not just cognition: The effect of emotion on multiple-level discourse processing in second-language writing”. Language Sciences21: 31–60. doi: 10.1016/S0388‑0001(98)00014‑X
     https://doi.org/10.1016/S0388-0001(98)00014-X [Google Scholar]
  16. Cook, V
    2002 Portraits of the L2 User. Clevdon: Multilingual Matters.
     [Google Scholar]
  17. 2003 “Introduction: The changing L1 in the L2 user’s mind”. InEffects of Second Language on the First, V. Cook (ed), 1–18. Clevdon: Multilingual Matters.
     [Google Scholar]
  18. Costa, A. , Camarazza,A. and Sebatian-Galles, N
    2000 “The cognate facilitation effect: Implications for model of lexical access”. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition26 (5): 1283–1296. doi: 10.1037/0278‑7393.26.5.1283
     https://doi.org/10.1037/0278-7393.26.5.1283 [Google Scholar]
  19. Crossley, S.A. , Salsbury, T. , McNamara,D.S. and Jarvis, S
    2011 “What is lexical proficiency? Some answers from computational models of speech data”. TESOL Quarterly45, 1: 182–193. doi: 10.5054/tq.2010.244019
     https://doi.org/10.5054/tq.2010.244019 [Google Scholar]
  20. Damasio, A.R
    1994 Descartes’ Error: Emotion, Reason, and the Human Brain. New York: Putnam.
     [Google Scholar]
  21. Dewaele, J.-M
    2004 “The emotional force of swearwords and taboo words in the speech of multilinguals”. Journal of Multilingual and Multicultural Development25 (2): 204–222. doi: 10.1080/01434630408666529
     https://doi.org/10.1080/01434630408666529 [Google Scholar]
  22. 2008 “The emotional weight of ‘I love you’ in multilinguals’ languages. Journal of Pragmatics40 (10): 1753–1780. doi: 10.1016/j.pragma.2008.03.002
     https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pragma.2008.03.002 [Google Scholar]
  23. 2010a “Christ fucking shit merde! Language preferences for swearing among maximally proficient multilinguals”. Sociolinguistic Studies4 (3): 595–614.
     [Google Scholar]
  24. 2010b Emotions in Multiple Languages. Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan. doi: 10.1057/9780230289505
     https://doi.org/10.1057/9780230289505 [Google Scholar]
  25. 2011 “The differences in self-reported use and perception of the L1 and L2 of maximally proficient bi- and multilinguals: A quantitative and qualitative investigation”. Special Issue of the International Journal of the Sociology of Language208: 25–51.
     [Google Scholar]
  26. 2013 Emotions in Multiple Languages. 2nd edition. Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan.
     [Google Scholar]
  27. Dewaele, J.-M. and Pavlenko, A
    2001–2003 Web questionnaire bilingualism and emotions. University of London.
     [Google Scholar]
  28. Dewaele, J.-M. and Costa, B
    2013 “Multilingual clients’ experience of psychotherapy”. Language and Psychoanalysis, 2 (2): 31–50. doi: 10.7565/landp.2013.005
     https://doi.org/10.7565/landp.2013.005 [Google Scholar]
  29. DreslerT. , Ehlis, A.C. , Hindi Attar, C. , Ernst, L.H. , Tupak, S.V. , Hahn, T. , Warrings, B. , Markulin, F. , Spitzer, C. , Löwe, B. , Deckert, J. and Fallgatter, A.J
    2012 “Reliability of the emotional Stroop task: An investigation of patients with panic disorder”. Journal of Psychiatric Research46: 1243–1248. doi: 10.1016/j.jpsychires.2012.06.006
     https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpsychires.2012.06.006 [Google Scholar]
  30. Eilola, T.M. , Havelka, J. and Sharma, D
    2007 “Emotional activation in the first and second language”, Cognition and Emotion21: 1064–1076. doi: 10.1080/02699930601054109
     https://doi.org/10.1080/02699930601054109 [Google Scholar]
  31. Eilola, T.M. and Havelka, J
    2010 “Affective norms for 210 British English and Finnish nouns”. Behavior Research Methods42 (1): 134–140. doi: 10.3758/BRM.42.1.134
     https://doi.org/10.3758/BRM.42.1.134 [Google Scholar]
  32. 2011 “Behavioural and physiological responses to the emotional and taboo Stroop tasks in native and non-native speakers of English”. International Journal of Bilingualism15 (3): 353–369. doi: 10.1177/1367006910379263
     https://doi.org/10.1177/1367006910379263 [Google Scholar]
  33. Eisenberg, A.R
    1999 “Emotion talk among Mexican American and Anglo American mothers and children from two social classes”. Merrill–Palmer Quarterly45 (2): 267–284.
     [Google Scholar]
  34. Ellis, N.C
    2005 “Introduction to part 1: Acquisition”. InHandbook of Bilingualism: Psycholinguistic Approaches, J.F. Kroll and A.M.B. DeGroot (eds), 3–7, Oxford: Oxford University Press.
     [Google Scholar]
  35. Ervin-Tripp, S
    1964 “Language and TAT content in bilinguals”. Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology68: 500–507. doi: 10.1037/h0044803
     https://doi.org/10.1037/h0044803 [Google Scholar]
  36. Harris, C.L
    2004 “Bilingual speakers in the lab: Psychophysiological measures of emotional reactivity”. Journal of Multilingual and Multicultural Development2: 223–247. doi: 10.1080/01434630408666530
     https://doi.org/10.1080/01434630408666530 [Google Scholar]
  37. Harris, C.L. , Ayçiçeĝi, A. and Gleason, J.B
    2003 “Taboo words and reprimands elicit greater autonomic reactivity in a first language than in a second language”. Applied Psycholinguistics24 (4): 561–579. doi: 10.1017/S0142716403000286
     https://doi.org/10.1017/S0142716403000286 [Google Scholar]
  38. Ishihara, S
    1939 Tests for Colour-blindness. Tokyo: Kanehara.
     [Google Scholar]
  39. Jay, T
    1999 Why We Curse: A Neuro-psycho-social Theory of Speech. Philadelphia: John Benjamins North America. doi: 10.1075/z.91
     https://doi.org/10.1075/z.91 [Google Scholar]
  40. Jay, T. and Janschewitz, K
    2008 “The pragmatics of swearing”. Journal of Politeness Research4: 267–288. doi: 10.1515/JPLR.2008.013
     https://doi.org/10.1515/JPLR.2008.013 [Google Scholar]
  41. Jay, Timothy
    2009 “The utility and ubiquity of taboo words”. Perspectives on Psychological Science4 (2): 153–161. doi: 10.1111/j.1745‑6924.2009.01115.x
     https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1745-6924.2009.01115.x [Google Scholar]
  42. Javier, R.A. and Marcos, R.L
    1989 “The role of stress on the language independence and code-switching phenomena”. Journal of Psycholinguistic Research18 (6): 449–472. doi: 10.1007/BF01067310
     https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01067310 [Google Scholar]
  43. Jung-Beeman, M
    2005 “Bilateral brain processes for comprehending natural language”. Trends in Cognitive Sciences9: 512–518. doi: 10.1016/j.tics.2005.09.009
     https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tics.2005.09.009 [Google Scholar]
  44. Justin, T. , Campbell, C. , Altareb, B. and Yousif, A
    2010 “Emotional Stroop interference for depression-related stimuli in a United Arab Emirates student population”. Social Behavior and Personality: An International Journal38 (5): 597–603. doi: 10.2224/sbp.2010.38.5.597
     https://doi.org/10.2224/sbp.2010.38.5.597 [Google Scholar]
  45. Kosinski, R.J
    2012 A literature review on reaction time. (biae.clemson.edu/bpc/bp/lab/110/reaction.htm). Date of access: 07.04.2014
  46. Koven, M
    2001 “Comparing bilinguals’ quoted performances of self and others in tellings of the same experience in two languages”. Language in Society30: 513–58.
     [Google Scholar]
  47. 2004 “Getting ‘emotional’ in two languages: Bilinguals’ verbal performance of affect in narratives of personal experience”. Text24 (4): 471–515.
     [Google Scholar]
  48. Kroll, J.F. and Stewart, E
    1994 “Category interference in translation and picture naming: Evidence for asymmetric connections between bilingual memory representations”. Journal of Memory and Language33: 149–174. doi: 10.1006/jmla.1994.1008
     https://doi.org/10.1006/jmla.1994.1008 [Google Scholar]
  49. Kučera, M. and Francis,W
    1967 Computational Analysis of Present-day American English. Providence: Brown University Press.
     [Google Scholar]
  50. LaBar, K. and Phelps, E
    1998 “Arousal-mediated memory consolidation: Role of the medial temporal lobe in humans”. Psychological Science9: 490–493. doi: 10.1111/1467‑9280.00090
     https://doi.org/10.1111/1467-9280.00090 [Google Scholar]
  51. LeDoux, J.E
    1996 The Emotional Brain. New York: Simon and Schuster.
     [Google Scholar]
  52. Lund, K. and Burgess, C
    1996 “Producing high-dimensional semantic spaces from lexical co-occurrence”. Behavior Research Methods, Instruments, and Computers28: 203–208. doi: 10.3758/BF03204766
     https://doi.org/10.3758/BF03204766 [Google Scholar]
  53. Mägiste, E
    1986 “Learning a third language: Selected issues in second and third language learning”. InLanguage processing in bilinguals: Psycholinguistic and neuropsychological perspectives, J. Vais (ed), 97–122. Hillsdale: Erlbaum.
     [Google Scholar]
  54. Marian, V. , Blumenfeld, H.K. and Kaushanskaya, M
    2007 “The language experience and proficiency questionnaire (LEAP-Q): Assessing language profiles in bilinguals and multilinguals”. Journal of Speech Language and Hearing Research50: 940–967. doi: 10.1044/1092‑4388(2007/067)
     https://doi.org/10.1044/1092-4388(2007/067) [Google Scholar]
  55. Meara, P
    2005 “Designing vocabulary tests for English, Spanish, and other languages”, InThe Dynamics of Language Use, C.S. Butler , M.A.Gómez González and S.M. Doval-Suárez (eds), 271–285. Amsterdam: John Benjamins Press. doi: 10.1075/pbns.140.19mea
     https://doi.org/10.1075/pbns.140.19mea [Google Scholar]
  56. Mowrer, O.H
    1960 Learning Theory and the Symbolic Process. New York: Wiley. doi: 10.1037/10772‑000
     https://doi.org/10.1037/10772-000 [Google Scholar]
  57. Osgood, C.E
    1963 “On understanding and creating sentences”. American Psychologist18: 735–751. doi: 10.1037/h0047800
     https://doi.org/10.1037/h0047800 [Google Scholar]
  58. Ożańska-Ponikwia, K. and Dewaele, J.-M
    2012 “Personality and L2 use. The advantage of being openminded and self-confident in an immigration context”. Eurosla Yearbook12, 112–134. doi: 10.1075/eurosla.12.07oza
     https://doi.org/10.1075/eurosla.12.07oza [Google Scholar]
  59. Panksepp, Jaak
    1998 Affective Neuroscience: The Foundations of Human and Animal Emotions. New York: Oxford University Press.
     [Google Scholar]
  60. Paradis, M
    1998 “Neurolinguistics of bilingualism and the teaching of languages”. www.semioticon.com/virtuals/talks/paradis_txt.htmDate of access: 16:05.2016
  61. 2004 A Neurolinguistic Theory of Bilingualism. Amsterdam: John Benjamins. doi: 10.1075/sibil.18
     https://doi.org/10.1075/sibil.18 [Google Scholar]
  62. 2007 “The neurofunctional components of the bilingual cognitive system”. InCognitive aspects of bilingualism, I. Kecskes and L. Albertazzi (eds), 3–28. Dordrecht: Springer. doi: 10.1007/978‑1‑4020‑5935‑3_1
     https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4020-5935-3_1 [Google Scholar]
  63. Pavlenko, A
    1998 “Second language learning by adults: Testimonies of bilingual writers”. Issues in Applied Linguistics9 (1): 3–19.
     [Google Scholar]
  64. 2002 “Bilingualism and emotions”. Multilingua21 (1): 45–78. doi: 10.1515/mult.2002.004
     https://doi.org/10.1515/mult.2002.004 [Google Scholar]
  65. 2005 Emotions and Multilingualism. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
     [Google Scholar]
  66. 2008 “Emotion and emotion-laden words in the bilingual lexicon”. Bilingualism: Language and Cognition11 (2): 147–164.
     [Google Scholar]
  67. 2012 “Affective processing in bilingual speakers: Disembodied cognition?” International Journal of Psychology47: 405–428. doi: 10.1080/00207594.2012.743665
     https://doi.org/10.1080/00207594.2012.743665 [Google Scholar]
  68. Pinker, S
    2007 The Stuff of Thought: Language as a Window into Human Nature. New York: Viking Adult.
     [Google Scholar]
  69. Potts, C
    2007 “The expressive dimension”. Theoretical Linguistics33: 165–198.
     [Google Scholar]
  70. Pratto, F. and John, O.P
    1991 “Automatic vigilance: The attention-grabbing power of negative social information”. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology61 (3): 380–391. doi: 10.1037/0022‑3514.61.3.380
     https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.61.3.380 [Google Scholar]
  71. Read, J
    1998 “Validating a test to measure depth of vocabulary knowledge”. InValidation in Language Assessment, A.J. Kunnan (ed.), 41–60. Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.
     [Google Scholar]
  72. Rintell, E
    1984 “But how did you feel about that? The learner’s perception of emotion in speech”. Applied Linguistics5 (3): 255–264. doi: 10.1093/applin/5.3.255
     https://doi.org/10.1093/applin/5.3.255 [Google Scholar]
  73. 1990 That’s incredible: Stories of emotion told by second language learners and native speakers. InDeveloping communicative competence in a second language, R. –Scarcella , E.Â. Andersen , and S. Krashen (eds), 75–94. Boston, MA: Heinle & Heinle Publishers.
     [Google Scholar]
  74. Rubin, D.C. and Friendly, M
    1986 “Predicting which words get recalled: Measures of free recall, availability, goodness, emotionality, and pronounciability for 925 nouns”. Memory and Cognition14: 79–94. doi: 10.3758/BF03209231
     https://doi.org/10.3758/BF03209231 [Google Scholar]
  75. Schrauf, R
    2000 “Bilingual autobiographical memory: Experimental studies and clinical cases”. Culture and Psychology6 (4): 387–417. doi: 10.1177/1354067X0064001
     https://doi.org/10.1177/1354067X0064001 [Google Scholar]
  76. Schrauf, R.W. , Durazo-Arvizu, R
    2006 „Bilingual autobiographical memory and emotion: theory and methods”. InBilingual minds: Emotional Experience, Expression, and Representation, A. Pavlenko (ed), 284–311. Clevedon: Multilingual Matters.
     [Google Scholar]
  77. Sharma, D. and McKenna, F.P
    2001 “The role of time pressure on the emotional Stroop task”. British Journal of Psychology92: 471–481. doi: 10.1348/000712601162293
     https://doi.org/10.1348/000712601162293 [Google Scholar]
  78. Sherkina-Lieber, M
    2004 “The cognate facilitation effect in bilingual speech processing: The case of Russian-English bilingualism”. Proceedings of the Special Session on Slavic Psycholinguistics at the 12th Workshop on Formal Approaches to Slavic Linguistics , Cahiers Linguistiques d’Ottawa32: 108–121.
     [Google Scholar]
  79. Schumann, J.H. and Wood, L.A
    2004 “The neurobiology of motivation”, InThe Neuropsychology of Learning: Perspectives from Second Language Acquisition, J.H. Schumann , S.E. Crowell , N.E. Jones , N. Lee , S.A. Schuchert and L.A. Wood (eds), 23–42. Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum.
     [Google Scholar]
  80. Staats, A.M
    1971 “Linguistic-mentalistic theory versus an explanatory S-R learning theory of language development”, InThe Ontogenesis of Grammar, D.I. Slobin (ed), 103–150. New York: Academic Press.
     [Google Scholar]
  81. Stroop, J.R
    1935 “Studies of interference in serial verbal reactions”. Journal of Experimental Psychology18: 643–662. doi: 10.1037/h0054651
     https://doi.org/10.1037/h0054651 [Google Scholar]
  82. Sutton, T.M. , Altarriba, J. , Gianico, J.L. and Basnight-Brow, D.M
    2007 “The automatic access of emotion: Emotional Stroop effects in Spanish English bilingual speakers”. Cognition and Emotion21 (5): 1077–1090. doi: 10.1080/02699930601054133
     https://doi.org/10.1080/02699930601054133 [Google Scholar]
  83. Toya, M. and Kodis, M
    1996 “But I don’t want to be rude: On learning how to express anger in the L2”. JALT Journal18 (2): 279–295.
     [Google Scholar]
  84. Van Lancker, D
    1997 “Rags to riches: Our increasing appreciation of cognitive and communicative abilities of the human right cerebral hemisphere”. Brain and Language57: 1–11. doi: 10.1006/brln.1997.1850
     https://doi.org/10.1006/brln.1997.1850 [Google Scholar]
  85. Williams, J.M.G. , Mathews, A. and MacLeod, C.M
    1996 “The emotional Stroop task and psychopathology”. Psychological Bulletin120 (1): 3–24. doi: 10.1037/0033‑2909.120.1.3
     https://doi.org/10.1037/0033-2909.120.1.3 [Google Scholar]
  86. Winskel, H
    2013 “The emotional Stroop task and emotionality rating of negative and neutral words in late Thai–English bilinguals”, International Journal of Psychology48 (6): 1090–1098. doi: 10.1080/00207594.2013.793800
     https://doi.org/10.1080/00207594.2013.793800 [Google Scholar]
  87. Zimbardo, Philip George
    1980 Essentials of Psychology and Life. Glenview: Scott Foresman and Company.
     [Google Scholar]
http://instance.metastore.ingenta.com/content/journals/10.1075/eurosla.16.02leo
Loading
  • Article Type: Research Article

Most Cited

This is a required field
Please enter a valid email address
Approval was successful
Invalid data
An Error Occurred
Approval was partially successful, following selected items could not be processed due to error