1887
  1. Home
  2. e-Journals
  3. English World-Wide
  4. Volume 40, Issue 2
  5. Article
Volume 40, Issue 2
  • ISSN 0172-8865
  • E-ISSN: 1569-9730
USD
Buy:$35.00 + Taxes

Abstract

Abstract

The decline of central modal and the increase in frequency of the semi-modals , and is one of the most conspicuous grammatical changes that inner-circle varieties of English underwent in the second half of the 20th century. Such a replacement correlates with the increasing grammaticalization of the semi-modals in terms of semantic and quantitative developments. The current paper explores the differential grammaticalization of these items in four Asian varieties of English – those spoken in India, Hong Kong, Singapore, and the Philippines – with the aim of building a grammaticalization index that will allow us to measure the extent to which the replacement of modal with the semi-modals is completed in each of the varieties as compared to British English. After analyzing data from the private dialogue sections of the corresponding ICE corpora, Hong Kong English is shown to be the variety in which the replacement is closest to British English, followed by the Philippines, Singapore and India.

© John Benjamins Publishing Company
Loading

Article metrics loading...

/content/journals/10.1075/eww.00025.lou
2019-06-13
2024-10-03

  • From This Site

    /content/journals/10.1075/eww.00025.lou
    dcterms_title,dcterms_subject,pub_keyword
    -contentType:Journal -contentType:Contributor -contentType:Concept -contentType:Institution
    10
    5
Loading full text...

Full text loading...

References

  1. Anthony, Laurence
    2014 AntConc (Version 3.2.4). Tokyo: Waseda University www.laurenceanthony.net/software.
     [Google Scholar]
  2. Bailey, Guy, Tom Wilke, Jan Tillery, and Lori Sand
    1991 “The Apparent Time Construct”. Language Variation and Change3: 241–264. 10.1017/S0954394500000569
     https://doi.org/10.1017/S0954394500000569 [Google Scholar]
  3. Baker, Philip, and Anand Syea
    eds. 1996 Changing Meaning, Changing Functions: Papers Relating to Grammaticalization in Contact Languages. London: University of Westminster Press.
     [Google Scholar]
  4. Bao, Zhiming
    2010 “Must in Singapore English”. Lingua120: 1727–1737. 10.1016/j.lingua.2010.01.001
     https://doi.org/10.1016/j.lingua.2010.01.001 [Google Scholar]
  5. Bautista, Maria L. S.
    2001 “Studies of Philippine English: Implications for English Language Teaching in the Philippines”. Journal of Southeast Asian Education2: 271–293.
     [Google Scholar]
  6. Borlongan, Ariane Macalinga
    2009 “A Survey on Language Use, Attitudes, and Identity in Relation to Philippine English among Young Generation Filipinos: An Initial Sample from a Private University”. Philippine ESL Journal3: 74–107.
     [Google Scholar]
  7. Brems, Lieselotte
    2012 Layering of Size and Type Noun Constructions in English. Berlin: De Gruyter.
     [Google Scholar]
  8. Bruyn, Adrienne
    2009 “Grammaticalization in Creoles. Ordinary and Not-So-Ordinary Cases”. Studies in Language33: 312–337. 10.1075/sl.33.2.04bru
     https://doi.org/10.1075/sl.33.2.04bru [Google Scholar]
  9. Bybee, Joan, Revere Perkins, and William Pagliuca
    1994 The Evolution of Grammar. Tense, Aspect and Modality in the Languages of the World. Chicago: The University of Chicago Press.
     [Google Scholar]
  10. Bybee, Joan
    2003 “Mechanisms of Change in Grammaticization: The Role of Frequency”. InBrian D. Joseph, and Richard D. Janda, eds.The Handbook of Historical Linguistics. Oxford: Blackwell, 602–623. 10.1002/9780470756393.ch19
     https://doi.org/10.1002/9780470756393.ch19 [Google Scholar]
  11. 2011 “Usage-Based Theory and Grammaticalization”. InBernd Heine, and Heiko Narrog, eds.Handbook of Grammaticalization. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 69–78.
     [Google Scholar]
  12. Collins, Peter
    2009 “Modals and Quasi-Modals in World Englishes”. World Englishes28: 281–292. 10.1111/j.1467‑971X.2009.01593.x
     https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-971X.2009.01593.x [Google Scholar]
  13. 2013a “Grammatical Colloquialism and the English Quasi-Modals: A Comparative Study”. InJuana I. Marín-Arrese, Marta Carretero, Jorge Arús Hita, and Johan van der Auwera, eds.English Modality. Core, Periphery and Evidentiality. Berlin: De Gruyter, 155–169. 10.1515/9783110286328.155
     https://doi.org/10.1515/9783110286328.155 [Google Scholar]
  14. 2013b “Grammatical Variation in English Worldwide: The Role of Colloquialization”. Linguistics and the Human Sciences8: 289–306. 10.1558/lhs.v8i3.289
     https://doi.org/10.1558/lhs.v8i3.289 [Google Scholar]
  15. Collins, Peter, Ariane Macalinga Borlongan, and Xinyue Yao
    2014 “Modality in Philippine English: A Diachronic Study”. Journal of English Linguistics42: 68–88. 10.1177/0075424213511462
     https://doi.org/10.1177/0075424213511462 [Google Scholar]
  16. Friginal, Eric
    2011 “The Modal Verb Would in Spoken and Written Philippine English”. InMaria Lourdes Bautista, ed.Studies of Philippine English: Exploring the Philippine Component of the International Corpus of English. Manila: Anvil Publishing, 51–74.
     [Google Scholar]
  17. Hansen, Beke
    2017 “The ICE Metadata and the Study of Hong Kong English”. World Englishes36: 471–486. 10.1111/weng.12282
     https://doi.org/10.1111/weng.12282 [Google Scholar]
  18. Heine, Bernd
    1993 Auxiliaries. Cognitive Forces and Grammaticalization. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
     [Google Scholar]
  19. Heine, Bernd, and Tania Kuteva
    2005 Language Contact and Grammatical Change. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 10.1017/CBO9780511614132
     https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511614132 [Google Scholar]
  20. Heine, Bernd, Ulrike Claudi, and Friederike Hünnemeyer
    1991 Grammaticalization: A Conceptual Framework. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
     [Google Scholar]
  21. Hopper, Paul J., and Elizabeth C. Traugott
    2003 Grammaticalization. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 10.1017/CBO9781139165525
     https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9781139165525 [Google Scholar]
  22. Hundt, Marianne
    2009 “Colonial Lag, Colonial Innovation or Simply Language Change?”. InGünter Rohdenburg, and Julia Schlütter, eds.One Language, Two Grammars? Differences between British and American English. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 13–37. 10.1017/CBO9780511551970.002
     https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511551970.002 [Google Scholar]
  23. 2015a “Do-Support in New Zealand and Australian English”. InPeter Collins, ed.Grammatical Change in English World-Wide. Amsterdam: John Benjamins, 65–86.
     [Google Scholar]
  24. 2015b “World Englishes”. InDouglas Biber, and Randi Reppen, eds.The Cambridge Handbook of English Corpus Linguistics. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 381–400. 10.1017/CBO9781139764377.022
     https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9781139764377.022 [Google Scholar]
  25. Kortmann, Bernd, and Kerstin Lunkenheimer
    eds. 2013 The Electronic World Atlas of Varieties of English. Leipzig: Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology ewave-atlas.org (accessedMarch 15, 2016).
     [Google Scholar]
  26. Krug, Manfred G.
    2000 Emerging English Modals: A Corpus-Based Study of Grammaticalization. Berlin: De Gruyter. 10.1515/9783110820980
     https://doi.org/10.1515/9783110820980 [Google Scholar]
  27. Krug, Manfred, and Ole Schützler
    2013 “Recent Change and Grammaticalization”. InBas Aarts, Geoffrey Leech, Joanne Close, and Jeremy Smith, eds.The Verb Phrase in English: Investigating Recent Language Change with Corpora. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 155–186. 10.1017/CBO9781139060998.008
     https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9781139060998.008 [Google Scholar]
  28. Labov, William
    1963 “The Social Motivation of a Sound Change”. Word19: 273–309. 10.1080/00437956.1963.11659799
     https://doi.org/10.1080/00437956.1963.11659799 [Google Scholar]
  29. 2010 Principles of Linguistic Change. Internal Factors. Oxford: Blackwell. 10.1002/9781444327496
     https://doi.org/10.1002/9781444327496 [Google Scholar]
  30. Leech, Geoffrey
    2003 “The English Modal Auxiliaries 1961–1992”. InRoberta Facchinetti, Manfred Krug, and Frank Robert Palmer, eds.Modality in Contemporary English. Berlin: De Gruyter, 223–240. 10.1515/9783110895339.223
     https://doi.org/10.1515/9783110895339.223 [Google Scholar]
  31. 2011 “The Modals ARE Declining”. International Journal of Corpus Linguistics16: 547–564. 10.1075/ijcl.16.4.05lee
     https://doi.org/10.1075/ijcl.16.4.05lee [Google Scholar]
  32. 2013 “Where Have All the Modals Gone? An Essay on the Declining Frequency of Core Modal Auxiliaries in Recent Standard English”. InJuana I. Marín-Arrese, Marta Carretero, Jorge Arús Hita, and Johan van der Auwera, eds.English Modality. Core, Periphery and Evidentiality. Berlin: De Gruyter, 95–115. 10.1515/9783110286328.95
     https://doi.org/10.1515/9783110286328.95 [Google Scholar]
  33. Leech, Geoffrey, Marianne Hundt, Christian Mair, and Nicholas Smith
    2009 Change in Contemporary English: A Grammatical Study. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 10.1017/CBO9780511642210
     https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511642210 [Google Scholar]
  34. Lehmann, Christian
    1985 “Grammaticalization: Synchronic Variation and Diachronic Change”. Lingua e stile20: 303–318.
     [Google Scholar]
  35. 1995 Thoughts on Grammaticalization. Munich: Lincom Europa.
     [Google Scholar]
  36. Loureiro-Porto, Lucía
    2009 The Semantic Predecessors of Need in the History of English (c750–1710). Hoboken: Wiley-Blackwell.
  37. 2016 “(Semi-)Modals of Necessity in Hong Kong and Indian Englishes”. InElena Seoane, and Cristina Suárez-Gómez, eds.World Englishes: New Theoretical and Methodological Considerations. Amsterdam: John Benjamins, 143–172.
     [Google Scholar]
  38. Mair, Christian
    2006 Twentieth Century English: History, Variation and Standardization. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 10.1017/CBO9780511486951
     https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511486951 [Google Scholar]
  39. 2007 “British English / American English Grammar: Convergence in Writing, Divergence in Speech?” Anglia125: 84–100. 10.1515/ANGL.2007.84
     https://doi.org/10.1515/ANGL.2007.84 [Google Scholar]
  40. 2015 “Cross-Variety Diachronic Drifts and Ephemeral Regional Contrasts. An Analysis of Modality in the Extended Brown Family of Corpora and what it Can Tell us about the New Englishes”. InPeter Collins, ed.Grammatical Change in English World-Wide. Amsterdam: John Benjamins, 119–146.
     [Google Scholar]
  41. Mufwene, Salikoko
    2008 Language Evolution. Contact, Competition and Change. London: Continuum.
     [Google Scholar]
  42. Mukherjee, Joybrato
    2007 “Steady States in the Evolution of New Englishes: Present-Day Indian English as an Equilibrium”. Journal of English Linguistics35: 157–187. 10.1177/0075424207301888
     https://doi.org/10.1177/0075424207301888 [Google Scholar]
  43. Mukherjee, Joybrato, and Stefan Th. Gries
    2009 “Collostructional Nativisation in New Englishes: Verb-Construction Associations in the International Corpus of English”. English World-Wide30: 27–51. 10.1075/eww.30.1.03muk
     https://doi.org/10.1075/eww.30.1.03muk [Google Scholar]
  44. Mukherjee, Joybrato, and Marco Schilk
    2012 “Exploring Variation and Change in New Englishes. Looking into the International Corpus of English (ICE) and Beyond”. InTerttu Nevalainen, and Elizabeth Closs Traugott, eds.The Oxford Handbook of the History of English. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 189–199.
     [Google Scholar]
  45. Nelson, Gerald
    2005 “Expressing Future Time in Philippine English”. InDanilo T. Dayak, and J. Stephen Quakenbush, eds.Linguistics and Language Education in the Philippines and Beyond: A Festschrift in Honor of Ma. Lourdes S. Bautista. Manila: Linguistic Society of the Philippines, 41–59.
     [Google Scholar]
  46. Noël, Dirk, Bertus van Rooy, and Johan van der Auwera
    eds. 2014 Special Issue on Diachronic Approaches to Modality in World Englishes. Journal of English Linguistics42: 3–88.
     [Google Scholar]
  47. Noël, Dirk, and Johan van der Auwera
    2015 “Recent Quantitative Changes in the Use of Modals and Quasi-Modals in the Hong Kong, British and American Printed Press. Exploring the Potential of Factiva® for the Diachronic Investigation of World Englishes”. InPeter Collins, ed.Grammatical Change in English World-Wide. Amsterdam: John Benjamins, 437–464.
     [Google Scholar]
  48. Pefianco Martin, Isabel
    2014 “English Language Teaching in the Philippines”. World Englishes33: 472–485. 10.1111/weng.12108
     https://doi.org/10.1111/weng.12108 [Google Scholar]
  49. Pietsch, Lukas
    2009 “Hiberno-English Medial-Object Perfects Reconsidered: A Case of Contact-Induced Grammaticalization”. Studies in Language33: 528–568. 10.1075/sl.33.3.02pie
     https://doi.org/10.1075/sl.33.3.02pie [Google Scholar]
  50. Quirk, Randolph, Sidney Greenbaum, Geoffrey Leech, and Jan Svartvik
    1985 A Comprehensive Grammar of the English Language. London: Longman.
     [Google Scholar]
  51. Rossouw, Ronel, and Bertus van Rooy
    2012 “Diachronic Changes in Modality in South African English”. English World-Wide33: 1–26. 10.1075/eww.33.1.01ros
     https://doi.org/10.1075/eww.33.1.01ros [Google Scholar]
  52. Schmied, Josef
    1994 “Syntactic Style Variation in Indian English”. InGünther Blaicher, and Brigitte Glaser, eds.Anglistentag 1993 Eichstätt: Proceedings. Tübingen: Niemeyer, 217–232.
     [Google Scholar]
  53. Schneider, Edgar W.
    2005 “The Subjunctive in Philippine English”. InDanilo T. Dayak, and J. Stephen Quakenbush, eds.Linguistics and Language Education in the Philippines and Beyond: A Festschrift in Honor of Ma. Lourdes S. Bautista. Manila: Linguistic Society of the Philippines, 27–40.
     [Google Scholar]
  54. 2007 Postcolonial Englishes: Varieties of English around the World. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 10.1017/CBO9780511618901
     https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511618901 [Google Scholar]
  55. Sedlatschek, Andreas
    2009 Contemporary Indian English. Variation and Change. Amsterdam: John Benjamins. 10.1075/veaw.g38
     https://doi.org/10.1075/veaw.g38 [Google Scholar]
  56. Smith, Nicholas
    2003 “Changes in the Modals and Semi-Modals of Strong Obligation and Epistemic Necessity in Recent British English”. InRoberta Facchinetti, Manfred Krug, and Frank Robert Palmer, eds.Modality in Contemporary English. Berlin: De Gruyter, 241–266. 10.1515/9783110895339.241
     https://doi.org/10.1515/9783110895339.241 [Google Scholar]
  57. Traugott, Elizabeth C.
    1989 “On the Rise of Epistemic Meanings in English: An Example of Subjectification in Semantic change”. Language65: 31–55. 10.2307/414841
     https://doi.org/10.2307/414841 [Google Scholar]
  58. 1999 “Review of Baker & Syea (1996)”. Journal of Pidgin and Creole Languages14: 208–213. 10.1075/jpcl.14.1.23clo
     https://doi.org/10.1075/jpcl.14.1.23clo [Google Scholar]
  59. Traugott, Elizabeth C., and Richard B. Dasher
    2002 Regularity in Semantic Change. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
     [Google Scholar]
  60. van der Auwera, Johan, Dirk Noël, and Astrid de Wit
    2012 “The Diverging Need (to)’s of Asian Englishes”. InMarianne Hundt, and Ulrike Gut, eds.Mapping Unity and Diversity World-Wide: Corpus-Based Studies of New Englishes. Amsterdam: John Benjamins, 54–75. 10.1075/veaw.g43.03van
     https://doi.org/10.1075/veaw.g43.03van [Google Scholar]
  61. Wälchli, Bernhard
    2012 “Grammaticalization Clines in Space: Zooming in on Synchronic Traces of Diffusion Processes”. InBjörn Wiemer, Bernhard Wälchli, and Björn Hansen, eds.Grammatical Replication and Borrowability in Language Contact. Berlin: De Gruyter, 233–272. 10.1515/9783110271973.233
     https://doi.org/10.1515/9783110271973.233 [Google Scholar]
  62. Warner, Anthony R.
    1993 English Auxiliaries. Structure and History. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 10.1017/CBO9780511752995
     https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511752995 [Google Scholar]
  63. Wasserman, Ronel, and Bertus van Rooy
    2014 “The Development of Modals of Obligation and Necessity in White South African English through Contact with Afrikaans”. Journal of English Linguistics42: 31–50. 10.1177/0075424213514588
     https://doi.org/10.1177/0075424213514588 [Google Scholar]
  64. Xiao, Richard
    2009 “Multidimensional Analysis and the Study of World Englishes”. World Englishes28: 421–450. 10.1111/j.1467‑971X.2009.01606.x
     https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-971X.2009.01606.x [Google Scholar]
  65. Ziegeler, Debra P.
    2000 Hypothetical Modality: Grammaticalisation in an L2 Dialect. Amsterdam: John Benjamins. 10.1075/slcs.51
     https://doi.org/10.1075/slcs.51 [Google Scholar]
  66. 2014 “Replica Grammaticalisation as Recapitulation. The Other Side of Contact”. Diachronica31: 106–141. 10.1075/dia.31.1.04zie
     https://doi.org/10.1075/dia.31.1.04zie [Google Scholar]
/content/journals/10.1075/eww.00025.lou
Loading
Grammaticalization of semi-modals of necessity in Asian Englishes
English World-Wide 40, 115 (2019); https://doi.org/10.1075/eww.00025.lou
/content/journals/10.1075/eww.00025.lou
/content/journals/10.1075/eww.00025.lou
Loading

Data & Media loading...

  • Article Type: Research Article
Keyword(s): Asian Englishes; grammaticalization; modal must; necessity; semi-modals

Most Cited

This is a required field
Please enter a valid email address
Approval was successful
Invalid data
An Error Occurred
Approval was partially successful, following selected items could not be processed due to error