How real has the long-anticipated fast-growing influence of American English on Kenyan English been?

References

1. Davies, Mark
   2013 Corpus of Global Web-Based English: 1.9 billion words from speakers in 20 countries (GloWbE) https://corpus.byu.edu/glowbe/.
   [Google Scholar]
2. ICE East Africa: Kenyan Component (ICE-EA-K)
   ICE East Africa: Kenyan Component (ICE-EA-K). International Corpus of English. Compiled atChemnitz University of Technology.
   [Google Scholar]
3. Abdulaziz, Mohamed H.
   1991 “East Africa (Tanzania and Kenya)”. InJennifer Cheshire, ed.English Around the World: Sociolinguistics Perspectives. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 393–401. 10.1017/CBO9780511611889.027
   https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511611889.027 [Google Scholar]
4. Algeo, John
   2006 British or American English? A Handbook of Word and Grammar Patterns. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 10.1017/CBO9780511607240
   https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511607240 [Google Scholar]
5. Awonusi, Victor O.
   1994 “The Americanization of Nigerian English”. World Englishes13: 75–82. 10.1111/j.1467‑971X.1994.tb00284.x
   https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-971X.1994.tb00284.x [Google Scholar]
6. Baker, Paul
   2017 American and British English: Divided by A Common Language?Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 10.1017/9781316105313
   https://doi.org/10.1017/9781316105313 [Google Scholar]
7. Brato, Thorsten
   2019 “Lexical Expansion in Ghanaian English from a Diachronic Perspective”. InAlexandra U. Esimaje, Ulrike Gut, and Bassey E. Antia, eds.Corpus Linguistics and African Englishes. Amsterdam: John Benjamins, 259–291. 10.1075/scl.88.12bra
   https://doi.org/10.1075/scl.88.12bra [Google Scholar]
8. Buregeya, Alfred
   2019 Kenyan English. Berlin: De Gruyter Mouton. 10.1515/9781614516255
   https://doi.org/10.1515/9781614516255 [Google Scholar]
9. Crystal, David
   2003 The Cambridge Encyclopedia of the English Language (2nd ed.). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
   [Google Scholar]
10. Crystal, David
    2019 The Cambridge Encyclopedia of the English Language (3rd ed.). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
    [Google Scholar]
11. Davies, Mark
    2013 “Introducing the 1.9 Billion Word Global Web-Based English Corpus (GloWbE)”. The 21st Century Text. https://21centurytext.wordpress.com/introducing-the-1-9-billion-word-global-web-based-english-corpus-glowbe/ (accessedMay 17, 2020).
    [Google Scholar]
12. Davies, Mark, and Robert Fuchs
    2015 “Expanding Horizons in the Study of World Englishes with the 1.9 Billion Word Global Web-based English Corpus (GloWbE)”. English World-Wide36: 1–28. 10.1075/eww.36.1.01dav
    https://doi.org/10.1075/eww.36.1.01dav [Google Scholar]
13. Ellis, Rod
    1985 “Sources of Variability in Interlanguage”. Applied Linguistics6: 118–131. 10.1093/applin/6.2.118
    https://doi.org/10.1093/applin/6.2.118 [Google Scholar]
14. Ellis, Rod
    1999 “Item Versus System Learning: Explaining Free Variation”. Applied Linguistics20: 460–480. 10.1093/applin/20.4.460
    https://doi.org/10.1093/applin/20.4.460 [Google Scholar]
15. Fuchs, Robert, Bertus van Rooy, and Ulrike Gut
    2019 “Corpus-Based Research on English in Africa”. InAlexandra U. Esimaje, Ulrike Gut, and Bassey E. Antia, eds.Corpus Linguistics and African Englishes. Amsterdam: John Benjamins, 37–69. 10.1075/scl.88.03fuc
    https://doi.org/10.1075/scl.88.03fuc [Google Scholar]
16. Gilquin, Gaëtanelle
    2018 “American and/or British Influence on L2 Englishes – Does Context Tip the Scale(s)?” InSandra C. Deshors, ed.Modeling World Englishes: Assessing the Interplay of Emancipation and Globalization of ESL Varieties. Amsterdam: John Benjamins, 187–216. 10.1075/veaw.g61.08gil
    https://doi.org/10.1075/veaw.g61.08gil [Google Scholar]
17. Gonçalves, Bruno, Lucia Loureiro-Porto, José J. Ramasco, and David Sánchez
    2018 “Mapping the Americanization of English in Space and Time”. PLoS ONE13 < 10.1371/journal.pone.0197741 (accessedApril 16, 2021).
    https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0197741 [Google Scholar]
18. Hancock, Ian F., and Rachel Angogo
    1982 “English in East Africa”. InRichard W. Bailey, and Manfred Görlach, eds.English as a World Language. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press, 306–323.
    [Google Scholar]
19. Hänsel, Eva C., and Dagmar Deuber
    2013 “Globalization, Postcolonial Englishes, and the English Language Press in Kenya, Singapore, and Trinidad and Tobago”. World Englishes32: 338–357. 10.1111/weng.12035
    https://doi.org/10.1111/weng.12035 [Google Scholar]
20. Hudson-Ettle, Diana M., and Josef Schmied
    1999 Manual to Accompany the East African Component of the International Corpus of English. Chemnitz: Chemnitz University of Technology Manuscript.
    [Google Scholar]
21. Longman Dictionary of Contemporary English
    Longman Dictionary of Contemporary English (6th ed.) 2014 Essex: Pearson. 10.5788/6‑1‑1042
    https://doi.org/10.5788/6-1-1042
22. Mair, Christian
    2013 “The World System of Englishes: Accounting for the Transnational Importance of Mobile and Mediated Vernaculars.” English World-Wide34: 253–278. 10.1075/eww.34.3.01mai
    https://doi.org/10.1075/eww.34.3.01mai [Google Scholar]
23. Mazrui, Alamin M., and Ali A. Mazrui
    1996 “A Tale of Two Englishes: The Imperial Language in Post-Colonial Kenya and Uganda”. InJoshua A. Fishman, Andrew W. Conrad, and Alma Rubal-Lopez, eds.Post-Imperial English: Status Change in Former British and American Colonies, 1940–1990. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter, 271–302. 10.1515/9783110872187.271
    https://doi.org/10.1515/9783110872187.271 [Google Scholar]
24. Mwangi, Phyllis, Henry Indangasi, Muchiri Mukanga, and Charles Gecaga
    2011 Flying Colours in English Composition for Secondary Schools. Nairobi: Kenya Literature Bureau.
    [Google Scholar]
25. Schneider, Edgar W.
    2003 “The Dynamics of New Englishes: From Identity Construction to Dialect Birth”. Language79: 233–281. 10.1353/lan.2003.0136
    https://doi.org/10.1353/lan.2003.0136 [Google Scholar]
26. Schneider, Edgar W.
    2007 Postcolonial English: Varieties around the World. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 10.1017/CBO9780511618901
    https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511618901 [Google Scholar]
27. Simo Bobda, Augustin
    1998 “British or American English: Does it Matter?” English Today14: 13–18. 10.1017/S0266078400010464
    https://doi.org/10.1017/S0266078400010464 [Google Scholar]
28. Skandera, Paul
    2000 “Research into Idioms and the International Corpus of English”. InChristian Mair, and Marianne Hundt, eds.Corpus Linguistics and Linguistic Theory: Papers from the Twentieth International Conference on English Language Research on Computerized Corpora (ICAME 20), Freiburg im Breisgau 1999. Amsterdam: Rodopi, 339–353.
    [Google Scholar]
29. Skandera, Paul
    2003 Drawing a Map of Africa: Idiom in Kenyan English. Tübingen: Gunter Narr Verlag.
    [Google Scholar]
30. Trudgill, Peter
    2000 Sociolinguistics: An Introduction to Language and Society (4th ed.). Harmondsworth: Penguin Books.
    [Google Scholar]
31. University of Nairobi
    University of Nairobi 2020 Student Information Handbook 2020/2021. https://uonbi.ac.ke/students-information-handbook-20202021 (accessedOctober 31, 2020).
    [Google Scholar]
32. Vine, Bernadette
    1999 “Americanisms in the New Zealand English Lexicon”. World Englishes18: 13–22. 10.1111/1467‑971X.00118
    https://doi.org/10.1111/1467-971X.00118 [Google Scholar]
33. Wardhaugh, Ronald
    2010 An Introduction to Sociolinguistics (6th ed.). Oxford: Wiley-Blackwell.
    [Google Scholar]