1887
Volume 44, Issue 1
  • ISSN 0172-8865
  • E-ISSN: 1569-9730
USD
Buy:$35.00 + Taxes

Abstract

Abstract

Afrikaans English is seen as connected to White South African English (WSAfE), a Southern Hemisphere English. What makes Afrikaans-speakers’ English varieties distinctly WSAfE or distinctly Afrikaans in a context that has seen much convergence between English and Afrikaans? To answer this question, this study looks at experimental English and Afrikaans phonetic data simultaneously elicited from an informant sample representing three Afrikaans-speaking populations in Namibia, a former dependency of South Africa: the Afrikaners, Basters, and Coloureds. By comparing the informants’ English and Afrikaans vowels, the study establishes that their English varieties display unmistakable WSAfE features, especially found among the Whites, while some of their English vowels co-vary with their nearest Afrikaans equivalents. While generally showcasing the methodological benefits of bilingual data elicitation, the study concludes that postcolonial L2 English varieties are likely to mirror change-in-progress occurring in their historical L1 models, even where access to these models becomes disrupted.

Loading

Article metrics loading...

/content/journals/10.1075/eww.21071.ste
2022-08-19
2024-10-12
Loading full text...

Full text loading...

References

  1. Adank, Patti, Roel Smits, and Roeland van Hout
    2004 “A Comparison of Vowel Normalization Procedures for Language Variation Research”. The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America1161: 3099–3107. 10.1121/1.1795335
    https://doi.org/10.1121/1.1795335 [Google Scholar]
  2. Bekker, Ian
    2009 “The Vowels of South African English”. Ph. D. Dissertation, North-West University.
  3. 2012 “The Story of South African English: A Brief Linguistic Overview”. IJLTIC11: 139–150. 10.12681/ijltic.16
    https://doi.org/10.12681/ijltic.16 [Google Scholar]
  4. 2014 “The KIT-Split in South African English: A Critical Review”. Southern African Journal of Applied Language Studies321: 113–131.
    [Google Scholar]
  5. Bekker, Simon, and Anne Leildé
    2010 “Class, Race, and Language in Cape Town and Johannesburg”. InSimon Bekker, and Anne Leildé, eds.Reflections on Identity in four African Cities. Somerset West: African Minds, 145–170.
    [Google Scholar]
  6. Boersma, Paul, and David Weenink
    2018Praat: Doing Phonetics by Computer. Version 6.0.37. www.praat.org (accessed14 March, 2018)
    [Google Scholar]
  7. Bowerman, Sean
    2004 “White South African English: Phonology”. InBernd Kortmann, and Edgar W. Schneider, eds.A Handbook of English Varieties. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter, 931–942.
    [Google Scholar]
  8. Bruwer, J. P. van S.
    1964 “Kleurlinge in Suidwes-Afrika“. InErika Theron, and Marius J. Swart, eds.Die kleurlingbevolking van Suid-Afrika. Stellenbosch: University Publishers, 219–232.
    [Google Scholar]
  9. Cohen, Cynthia
    1994Administering Education in Namibia: The Colonial Period to the Present. Windhoek: Namibia Scientific Society.
    [Google Scholar]
  10. De Villiers, Meyer
    1958Afrikaanse klankleer. (1st ed.). Cape Town: Balkema.
    [Google Scholar]
  11. Giliomee, Herman
    2003The Afrikaners. Biography of a People. Cape Town: Tafelberg.
    [Google Scholar]
  12. Hopwood, David
    1928South African English Pronunciation. Cape Town: Juta.
    [Google Scholar]
  13. Horrell, Muriel
    1970The Education of the Coloured Community in South Africa, 1652–1970. Johannesburg: South African Institute of Race Relations.
    [Google Scholar]
  14. Labov, William
    1994Principles of Linguistic Change. Cognitive and Cultural Factors. London: Wiley-Blackwell.
    [Google Scholar]
  15. 2001Principles of Linguistic Change. Social Factors. London: Wiley-Blackwell.
    [Google Scholar]
  16. Lanham, Len W.
    1978 “South African English”. InLen W. Lanham, and Karel Prinsloo, eds.Language and Communication Studies in South Africa: Current Issues and Research. Cape Town: Oxford University Press, 138–165.
    [Google Scholar]
  17. Lanham, Len W., and Callum MacDonald
    1979The Standard in South African English and its Social History. Heidelberg: Groos. 10.1075/veaw.g1
    https://doi.org/10.1075/veaw.g1 [Google Scholar]
  18. Lass, Roger, and Susan Wright
    1985 “The South African Chain Shift: Order Out of Chaos?” InRoger Eaton, Olga Fischer, Willem F. Koopman, and Frederike van der Leek, eds.Papers from the 4th International Conference on English Historical Linguistics. Amsterdam: John Benjamins, 137–161. 10.1075/cilt.41.13las
    https://doi.org/10.1075/cilt.41.13las [Google Scholar]
  19. Lass, Roger
    1990 “A ‘Standard’ South African English Vowel System”. InSusan Ramsaran, ed.Studies in the Pronunciation of English: A Commemorative Volume in Honour of A.C. Gimson. London: Routledge, 272–285.
    [Google Scholar]
  20. 1995 “South African English”. InRajend Mesthrie, ed.Language and Social History: Studies in South African Sociolinguistics. Cape Town: Philip, 89–106.
    [Google Scholar]
  21. 2002 “South African English”. InRajend Mesthrie, ed.Language in South Africa. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 104–126. 10.1017/CBO9780511486692.006
    https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511486692.006 [Google Scholar]
  22. 2004 “South African English”. InRaymond Hickey, ed.Legacies of Colonial English: Studies in Transported Dialects. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 363–386.
    [Google Scholar]
  23. Le Roux, Thomas H., and Pierre de V. Pienaar
    1927Afrikaanse Fonetiek. Cape Town: Juta.
    [Google Scholar]
  24. Mesthrie, Rajend, and Rakesh Bhatt
    2008World Englishes: The Study of New Linguistic Varieties. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 10.1017/CBO9780511791321
    https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511791321 [Google Scholar]
  25. Mesthrie, Rajend
    2010 “Socio-Phonetics and Social Change: Deracialisation of the GOOSE Vowel in South African English”. Journal of Sociolinguistics141: 3–33. 10.1111/j.1467‑9841.2009.00433.x
    https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9841.2009.00433.x [Google Scholar]
  26. 2017 “Class, Gender, and Substrate Erasure in Sociolinguistic Change: A Sociophonetic Study of schwa in Deracializing South African English. Language931: 314–346. 10.1353/lan.2017.0016
    https://doi.org/10.1353/lan.2017.0016 [Google Scholar]
  27. Namibian Statistics Agency
    Namibian Statistics Agency 2017Namibia Inter-Censal Demographic Survey: 2016 Report. Windhoek: Namibian Statistics Agency.
    [Google Scholar]
  28. Ponelis, Fritz
    1993The Development of Afrikaans. Frankfurt am Main: Lang.
    [Google Scholar]
  29. Prinsloo, Karel P., D. J. Stoker, A. M. Lubbe, A. M. Strydom, H. A. Engelbrecht, and D. P. van Vuuren
    1982Aspekte van taal- en kommunikasie-aangeleenthede in SWA/Namibië. Deel XIII. Totale bevolking. Pretoria: Human Sciences Research Council.
    [Google Scholar]
  30. Raidt, Edith
    1994 Historiese perspektief op die normering van Afrikaans. InEdith Raidt (ed.), Historiese Taalkunde. Studies oor die geskiedenis van Afrikaans. 311–330. Johannesburg: University of the Witwatersrand Press.
    [Google Scholar]
  31. Scheffer, Pieter
    1983Afrikaans en Engels onder die Kleurlinge in die Kaapprovinsie en in besonder in die Skiereiland. Pretoria: HSRC.
    [Google Scholar]
  32. Schneider, Edgar W.
    2007Postcolonial English: Varieties around the World. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 10.1017/CBO9780511618901
    https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511618901 [Google Scholar]
  33. Schröder, Anne, Frederic Zähres, and Alexander Kautzsch
    2020 “Ethnic Variation in the Phonology of Namibian English. A First Approach to Baster English”. English World-Wide411: 193–224. 10.1075/eww.00046.sch
    https://doi.org/10.1075/eww.00046.sch [Google Scholar]
  34. 2021 “The Phonetics of Namibian English: Investigating Vowels as Local Features in a Global Context”. InAnne Schröder, ed.The Dynamics of English in Namibia. Perspectives on an Emerging Variety. Amsterdam: John Benjamins, 111–133. 10.1075/veaw.g65.06sch
    https://doi.org/10.1075/veaw.g65.06sch [Google Scholar]
  35. Stell, Gerald
    2014 “Uses and Functions of English in Namibia’s Multilingual Settings”. World Englishes331: 223–241. 10.1111/weng.12082
    https://doi.org/10.1111/weng.12082 [Google Scholar]
  36. 2016 “Trends in Linguistic Diversity in Post-Independence Windhoek: A Qualitative Appraisal”. Language Matters471: 326–348. 10.1080/10228195.2016.1229360
    https://doi.org/10.1080/10228195.2016.1229360 [Google Scholar]
  37. 2020 “The Founder Principle and Namibian English”. Journal of World Englishes401: 407–423. 10.1111/weng.12493
    https://doi.org/10.1111/weng.12493 [Google Scholar]
  38. 2021a “English in Namibia: A Socio-Historical Account”. InAnne Schröder, ed.The Dynamics of English in Namibia: Perspectives on an Emerging Variety. Amsterdam: John Benjamins, 21–41. 10.1075/veaw.g65.02ste
    https://doi.org/10.1075/veaw.g65.02ste [Google Scholar]
  39. 2021b “Indigenization in a Downgraded Continuum: Ideologies Behind Phonetic Variation in Namibian Afrikaans”. International Journal of the Sociology of Language2691: 227–252. 10.1515/ijsl‑2020‑2109
    https://doi.org/10.1515/ijsl-2020-2109 [Google Scholar]
  40. Stell, Gerald, and Robert Fuchs
    2019 “Intergroup Dynamics and Variation in Postcolonial ESL varieties: A Preliminary View of Namibian English Vowel Systems”. English World-Wide401: 144–169. 10.1075/eww.00026.ste
    https://doi.org/10.1075/eww.00026.ste [Google Scholar]
  41. Steyn, Jacob C.
    1980Tuiste in eie taal. Die behoud en bestaan van Afrikaans. Cape Town: Tafelberg.
    [Google Scholar]
  42. Toefy, Tracy
    2017 “Revisiting the kit-split in Coloured South African English”. English World-Wide381: 336–363. 10.1075/eww.38.3.05toe
    https://doi.org/10.1075/eww.38.3.05toe [Google Scholar]
  43. Torgersen, Eivind, and Paul Kerswill
    2004 “Internal and External Motivations in Phonetic Change: Dialect Levelling Outcomes for an English Vowel Shift”. Journal of Sociolinguistics81: 23–53. 10.1111/j.1467‑9841.2004.00250.x
    https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9841.2004.00250.x [Google Scholar]
  44. Trudgill, Peter
    2004New-Dialect Formation: The Inevitability of Colonial Englishes. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press.
    [Google Scholar]
  45. Van der Merwe, Johannes H.
    1983National Atlas of Southwest Africa (Namibia). Windhoek: Directorate of Development Co-Ordination.
    [Google Scholar]
  46. Van Rooy, Bertus
    2014 “Convergence and Endonormativity at Phase 4 of the Dynamic Model”. InSarah Buschfeld, Thomas Hoffmann, Magnus Huber, and Alexander Kautzsch, eds.The Evolution of Englishes: The Dynamic Model and Beyond. Amsterdam: Benjamins, 21–38. 10.1075/veaw.g49.02roo
    https://doi.org/10.1075/veaw.g49.02roo [Google Scholar]
  47. 2019 “Present-Day Afrikaans in Contact with English”. InRaymond Hickey, ed.English in Multilingual South Africa. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 241–264. 10.1017/9781108340892.012
    https://doi.org/10.1017/9781108340892.012 [Google Scholar]
  48. 2021 “Grammatical Changes in South African Englishes”. English World-Wide401: 24–37. 10.1111/weng.12470
    https://doi.org/10.1111/weng.12470 [Google Scholar]
  49. Watermeyer, Susan
    1996 “Afrikaans English”. InVivian de Klerk, ed.Focus on South Africa. Amsterdam: John Benjamins, 99–148. 10.1075/veaw.g15.08wat
    https://doi.org/10.1075/veaw.g15.08wat [Google Scholar]
  50. Wells, John C.
    1982Accents of English: Volume 1. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 10.1017/CBO9780511611759
    https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511611759 [Google Scholar]
  51. Wissing, Daan P.
    2013 “Akoestiese ontleding van die vokale van bruin en wit jong, vroulike sprekers van Afrikaans”. LitNet Akademies101: 304–340.
    [Google Scholar]
  52. 2014 “Fonetiek”. InWannie A. M. Carstens, and Nerina Bosman, eds.Kontemporêre Afrikaanse Taalkunde. Pretoria: Van Schaik, 91–125.
    [Google Scholar]
  53. 2019 “Perspektief op /ɛ/-verlaging in Afrikaans”. LitNet Akademies161: 166–206.
    [Google Scholar]
/content/journals/10.1075/eww.21071.ste
Loading
/content/journals/10.1075/eww.21071.ste
Loading

Data & Media loading...

  • Article Type: Research Article
Keyword(s): Afrikaans; language contact; Namibian English; sociophonetics; South African English
This is a required field
Please enter a valid email address
Approval was successful
Invalid data
An Error Occurred
Approval was partially successful, following selected items could not be processed due to error