1887
Volume 38, Issue 2
  • ISSN 0172-8865
  • E-ISSN: 1569-9730
USD
Buy:$35.00 + Taxes

Abstract

This study examines the alternation between non-standard preterite and its standard counterpart in London English. A major component of the investigation centers on the comparison of variation in the speech of Anglo (British-heritage) and non-Anglo (migrant-heritage) youth. Rates of preterite vary markedly across different age cohorts and minority ethnic groups, foregrounding the importance of social factors as key determinants of variant use. By contrast, the internal conditioning of variant selection is not robust, as inferred from the paucity of significant linguistic effects. Similarities in variable patterning in elderly and adolescent Anglo speaker groups nevertheless suggest that shared structural affinities may be due to historical transmission. Conversely, comparison of Anglo and non-Anglo adolescents’ use of variation reveals fewer correspondences in the grammar underlying variable use. The results demonstrate that data from non-Anglo groups contribute to a fuller understanding of variation in an ethnically diverse metropolis.

Loading

Article metrics loading...

/content/journals/10.1075/eww.38.2.03lev
2017-09-19
2024-10-04
Loading full text...

Full text loading...

References

  1. A Corpus of English Dialogues 1560–1760 (CED)
    A Corpus of English Dialogues 1560–1760 (CED) 2006 Compiled under the supervision of Merja Kytö (Uppsala University) and Jonathan Culpeper (Lancaster University); www.engelska.uu.se/forskning/engelska-spraket/elektroniska-resurser/a-corpus (accessedFebruary 20, 2017).
  2. Kerswill, Paul , Jenny Cheshire , Sue Fox , and Eivind Torgersen
    2004–2007Linguistic Innovators: The English of Adolescents in London. Economic and Social Research Council Project RES-00023-0680
    [Google Scholar]
  3. Anderwald, Lieselotte
    2009The Morphology of English Dialects: Verb-Formation in Non-Standard English. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. doi: 10.1017/CBO9780511576539
    https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511576539 [Google Scholar]
  4. Britain, David
    2007 “Grammatical Variation in England”. In David Britain , ed.Language in the British Isles. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 75–104. doi: 10.1017/CBO9780511620782.006
    https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511620782.006 [Google Scholar]
  5. 2009 “One Foot in the Grave?: Dialect Death, Dialect Contact and Dialect Birth in England”. International Journal of the Sociology of Language196/197: 121–155.
    [Google Scholar]
  6. Bybee, Joan
    2007Frequency of Use and the Organization of Language. Oxford: Oxford University Press. doi: 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195301571.001.0001
    https://doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195301571.001.0001 [Google Scholar]
  7. 2015Language Change. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
    [Google Scholar]
  8. Chambers, Jack
    2009Sociolinguistic Theory. Revised ed.Oxford: Wiley Blackwell.
    [Google Scholar]
  9. Cheshire, Jenny
    1982Variation in an English Dialect. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
    [Google Scholar]
  10. Cheshire, Jenny , and Susan Fox
    2009 “ Was/Were Variation: A Perspective from London”. Language Variation and Change21: 1–38. doi: 10.1017/S0954394509000015
    https://doi.org/10.1017/S0954394509000015 [Google Scholar]
  11. Cheshire, Jenny , Paul Kerswill , Susan Fox , and Eivind Torgersen
    2011 “Contact, the Feature Pool and the Speech Community: The Emergence of Multicultural London English”. Journal of Sociolinguistics15: 151–196. doi: 10.1111/j.1467‑9841.2011.00478.x
    https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9841.2011.00478.x [Google Scholar]
  12. Cheshire, Jenny , Paul Kerswill , and Ann Williams
    2005 “Phonology, Grammar, and Discourse in Dialect Convergence”. In Peter Auer , Frans Hinskens , and Paul Kerswill , eds.Dialect Change: Convergence and Divergence in European Languages. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 135–167.
    [Google Scholar]
  13. Christian, Donna , Walt Wolfram , and Nanjo Dube
    1988Variation and Change in Geographically Isolated Communities: Appalachian English and Ozark English. Tuscaloosa: American Dialect Society.
    [Google Scholar]
  14. Comrie, Bernard
    1985Tense. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. doi: 10.1017/CBO9781139165815
    https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9781139165815 [Google Scholar]
  15. Eckert, Penelope
    1997 “Age as a Sociolinguistic Variable”. In Florian Coulmas , ed.The Handbook of Sociolinguistics. Oxford: Blackwell, 151–167.
    [Google Scholar]
  16. Eisikovits, Edina
    1991 “Variation in the Lexical Verb in Inner Sydney English”. In Peter Trudgill , and Jack Chambers , eds.Dialects of English: Studies in Grammatical Variation. London: Longman, 120–142.
    [Google Scholar]
  17. Erker, Daniel , and Gregory Guy
    2012 “The Role of Lexical Frequency in Syntactic Variability: Variable Subject Personal Pronoun Expression in Spanish”. Language88: 526–557. doi: 10.1353/lan.2012.0050
    https://doi.org/10.1353/lan.2012.0050 [Google Scholar]
  18. Feagin, Crawford
    1979Variation and Change in Alabama English: A Sociolinguistic Study of the White Community. Washington: Center for Applied Linguistics.
    [Google Scholar]
  19. Fox, Susan
    2015The New Cockney: New Ethnicities and Adolescent Speech in the Traditional East End of London. London: Palgrave MacMillan. doi: 10.1057/9781137318251
    https://doi.org/10.1057/9781137318251 [Google Scholar]
  20. Francis, W. Nelson , and Henry Kučera
    1982A Frequency Analysis of English. Boston: Houghton Mifflin.
    [Google Scholar]
  21. Jespersen, Otto
    1961A Modern English Grammar on Historical Principles. Vol. VI: Morphology. Copenhagen: Ejnar Munksgaard.
    [Google Scholar]
  22. Kerswill, Paul
    1996 “Children, Adolescents, and Language Change”. Language Variation and Change8: 177–202 doi: 10.1017/S0954394500001137
    https://doi.org/10.1017/S0954394500001137 [Google Scholar]
  23. Kerswill, Paul , Jenny Cheshire , Susan Fox , and Eivind Torgersen
    2013 “English as a Contact Language: The Role of Children and Adolescents”. In Daniel Schreier , and Marianne Hundt , eds.English as a Contact Language. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 258–282.
    [Google Scholar]
  24. Kortmann, Bernd
    2008 “Synopsis: Morphological and Syntactic Variation in the British Isles”. In Bernd Kortmann , and Clive Upton , eds.Varieties of English. Vol. 1: The British Isles. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter, 478–495.
    [Google Scholar]
  25. Labov, William
    1972Sociolinguistic Patterns. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press.
    [Google Scholar]
  26. 2001aPrinciples of Linguistic Change. Vol. 2: Social Factors. Oxford: Wiley-Blackwell.
    [Google Scholar]
  27. 2001b “The Anatomy of Style Shifting”. In Penelope Eckert , and John R. Rickford , eds.Style and Sociolinguistic Variation. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 85–108.
    [Google Scholar]
  28. Long, Mary McDonald
    1944The English Strong Verb from Chaucer to Caxton. Menasha: George Banta.
    [Google Scholar]
  29. McIntosh, Angus , Michael Samuels , and Michael Benskin
    1986A Linguistic Atlas of Late Mediaeval English. Aberdeen: Aberdeen University Press.
    [Google Scholar]
  30. Meissner, Fran , and Steven Vertovec
    2015 “Comparing Super-Diversity”. Ethnic and Racial Studies38: 541–555. doi: 10.1080/01419870.2015.980295
    https://doi.org/10.1080/01419870.2015.980295 [Google Scholar]
  31. Milroy, James , and Lesley Milroy
    2012Authority in Language: Investigating Standard English, 3rd ed.London: Routledge.
    [Google Scholar]
  32. Mitton, Lavinia , and Peter Aspinall
    2009 “Black Africans in England: A Diversity of Integration Experiences”. In John Stillwell , and Maarten van Ham , eds.Ethnicity and Integration: Understanding Population Trends and Processes. Vol.3. London: Springer, 179–202.
    [Google Scholar]
  33. Mufwene, Salikoko
    2001The Ecology of Language Evolution. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. doi: 10.1017/CBO9780511612862
    https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511612862 [Google Scholar]
  34. Mugglestone, Lynda
    2003Talking Proper: The Rise of Accent as a Social Symbol. 2nd ed.Oxford: Oxford University Press.
    [Google Scholar]
  35. Nevalainen, Terttu , and Helena Raumolin-Brunberg
    2003Historical Linguistics: Language Change in Tudor and Stuart England. London: Longman.
    [Google Scholar]
  36. Núñez Pertejo, Paloma
    2004 “Some Developments in the Semantics of the English Progressive from Old English to Early Modern English”. Revista Alicantina de Estudios Ingleses17: 6–39.
    [Google Scholar]
  37. Patrick, Peter
    2007 “Jamaican Patwa (Creole English)”. In John Holm , and Peter Patrick , eds.Comparative Creole Syntax. London: Battlebridge, 127–152.
    [Google Scholar]
  38. Pegge, Samuel
    1814Anecdotes of the English Language: Chiefly Regarding the Local Dialect of London and its Environs. London: J.B. Nichols and Son.
    [Google Scholar]
  39. Poplack, Shana , and Sali Tagliamonte
    2001African American English in the Diaspora. Oxford: Blackwell.
    [Google Scholar]
  40. Poplack, Shana , Gerard Van Herk , and Dawn Harvie
    2002 “Deformed in the Dialects: An Alternative History of Non-Standard English”. In Richard Watts , and Peter Trudgill , eds.Alternative Histories of English. London: Routledge, 87–110.
    [Google Scholar]
  41. Sankoff, David , Sali Tagliamonte , and Eric Smith
    2012Golvarb Lion: A Multivariate Application for Macintosh. Department of Linguistics, Toronto, and Department of Mathematics, University of Ottawa.
    [Google Scholar]
  42. Schleef, Erik , Miriam Meyerhoff , and Lynn Clark
    2011 “Teenagers’ Acquisition of Variation: A Comparison of Locally Born and Migrant Teens’ Realisation of English (ing) in Edinburgh and London”. English World-Wide32: 206–236. doi: 10.1075/eww.32.2.04sch
    https://doi.org/10.1075/eww.32.2.04sch [Google Scholar]
  43. Schreier, Daniel
    2003Isolation and Language Change: Contemporary and Sociohistorical Evidence from Tristan da Cunha English. Houndmills/Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan. doi: 10.1057/9780230505261
    https://doi.org/10.1057/9780230505261 [Google Scholar]
  44. Smith, Jennifer
    2000 “Synchrony and Diachrony in the Evolution of English: Evidence from the Far Reaches of Scotland”. Ph.D. dissertation, University of York.
  45. 2002 “Accounting for Vernacular Features in a Scottish Dialect: Relic, Innovation, Analogy and Drift”. In Christian Kay , Simon Horobin , and Jeremy Smith , eds.New Perspectives on English Historical Linguistics. Vol.1: Syntax and Morphology. Amsterdam: Benjamins, 177–193.
    [Google Scholar]
  46. Smith, Jeremy
    2012 “Middle English”. In Alexander Bergs , and Laurel Brinton , eds.English Historical Linguistics. An International Handbook. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter, 32–47.
    [Google Scholar]
  47. Szmrecsanyi, Benedikt
    2013Grammatical Variation in British English Dialects: A Study in Corpus-Based Dialectometry. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
    [Google Scholar]
  48. Tagliamonte, Sali
    2001 “ Come/Came Variation in English Dialects”. American Speech76: 42–61. doi: 10.1215/00031283‑76‑1‑42
    https://doi.org/10.1215/00031283-76-1-42 [Google Scholar]
  49. Tagliamonte, Sali , and Alexandra D’Arcy
    2009 “Peaks beyond Phonology: Adolescence, Incrementation and Language Change”. Language85: 58–108. doi: 10.1353/lan.0.0084
    https://doi.org/10.1353/lan.0.0084 [Google Scholar]
  50. Tagliamonte, Sali , and Shana Poplack
    1993 “The Zero-Marked Verb: Testing the Creole Hypothesis”. Journal of Pidgin and Creole Languages8: 171–206. doi: 10.1075/jpcl.8.2.02tag
    https://doi.org/10.1075/jpcl.8.2.02tag [Google Scholar]
  51. Van Herk, Gerard , and Shana Poplack
    2003 “Rewriting the Past: Bare Verbs in the Ottawa Repository of Early African American Correspondence”. Journal of Pidgin and Creole Languages18: 231–266. doi: 10.1075/jpcl.18.2.03her
    https://doi.org/10.1075/jpcl.18.2.03her [Google Scholar]
  52. Weinreich, Uriel , William Labov , and Marvin Herzog
    1968 “Empirical Foundations for a Theory of Language Change”. In Winfred P. Lehmann , and Yakov Malkiel , eds.Directions for Historical Linguistics. Austin: University of Texas Press, 95–195.
    [Google Scholar]
  53. Wełna, Jerzy
    2012 “Middle English Morphology”. In Alexander Bergs , and Laurel Brinton , eds.English Historical Linguistics. An International Handbook. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter, 415–434.
    [Google Scholar]
  54. Wolfram, Walt , and Natalie Schilling-Estes
    1998American English: Dialects and Variation. Oxford: Blackwell.
    [Google Scholar]
/content/journals/10.1075/eww.38.2.03lev
Loading
/content/journals/10.1075/eww.38.2.03lev
Loading

Data & Media loading...

  • Article Type: Research Article
Keyword(s): adolescents; come/came; London English; migrant-heritage speakers; variation
This is a required field
Please enter a valid email address
Approval was successful
Invalid data
An Error Occurred
Approval was partially successful, following selected items could not be processed due to error