1887
Volume 21, Issue 1
  • ISSN 1598-7647
  • E-ISSN: 2451-909X
USD
Buy:$35.00 + Taxes

Abstract

Abstract

The increasing use of multilingualism in audiovisual products, especially feature films, has attracted attention from audiovisual translation (AVT) scholars; however, such research is missing in the Chinese AVT context. This paper strived to fill this niche by exploring the common methods of the rendition of a third language (L3) in Chinese dubbing, subtitling, and fansubbing. The corpus of the study comprised six English-speaking feature films alongside their fan and professional-created Chinese subtitles and dubs available online, and its contents was mainly selected based on two criteria: (i) the L3s used, for example, French, Indian, Swahili, Xhosa, and Russian, and (ii) the availability of fan and pro-produced Chinese subtitles and dubs. For dubbing, the analysis of the corpus revealed that the Chinese professional dubbing team marked the L3s in a few cases but applied translational patterns inconsistently. the comparison of the pro- and fansubs demonstrated that both did not mark the L3s in their translations and that professional subtitlers performed better than the fansubbers in the rendition of multilingualism in terms of graphic codes and the original films’ storytelling.

Loading

Article metrics loading...

/content/journals/10.1075/forum.00028.meh
2023-07-06
2024-12-08
Loading full text...

Full text loading...

References

  1. Aloseviciene, Egle
    2020 ”Peculiarities of Multilingual Films in the Context of Audio Visual Translation”. Respectus Philologicus37 (42): 147–59. 10.15388/RESPECTUS.2020.37.42.46
    https://doi.org/10.15388/RESPECTUS.2020.37.42.46 [Google Scholar]
  2. Babayi, Ivankosi, Tessa Dowling, and Rethabile Possa-Mogoera
    2020 “The Language of Wakanda: An Analysis of the Use of IsiXhosa in the Hollywood Science-Fiction Film Black Panther.” South African Journal of African Languages40 (3): 249–56. 10.1080/02572117.2020.1855715
    https://doi.org/10.1080/02572117.2020.1855715 [Google Scholar]
  3. Badstübner-Kizik, Camilla
    2017 “Multilingualism in the Movies. Languages in Films Revisited.” InAudiovisual Translation: Research and Use, edited byMikołaj Deckert, 233–254. Frankfurt am Main: Peter Lang GmbH.
    [Google Scholar]
  4. Baldo, Michela
    2009 “Dubbing Multilingual Films: La Terra del Ritorno and the Italian Canadian Diaspora.” InTRAlinea. Online translation Journal.
    [Google Scholar]
  5. Bartoll, Eduard
    2006 “Subtitling Multilingual Films.” MuTra 2006 – Audiovisual Translation Scenarios: Conference Proceedings, 1–6.
    [Google Scholar]
  6. Berger, Verena, and Miya Komori
    2010Polyglot Cinema: Migration and Transcultural Narration in France, Italy, Portugal and Spain. Vol.21. Münster, Germany: LIT Verlag.
    [Google Scholar]
  7. Beseghi, Micol
    . n.d. “WTF! Taboo Language in TV Series: An Analysis of Professional and Amateur Translation.” Altre Modernità151: 215–31.
    [Google Scholar]
  8. Bleichenbacher, Lukas
    2008Multilingualism in the Movies: Hollywood Characters and Their Language Choices. Tübingen: Francke.
    [Google Scholar]
  9. Braun, Sabine, and Pilar Orero
    2010 “Audio Description with Audio Subtitling – an Emergent Modality of Audiovisual Localisation.” Perspectives18 (3): 173–88. 10.1080/0907676X.2010.485687
    https://doi.org/10.1080/0907676X.2010.485687 [Google Scholar]
  10. Bréan, Samuel, and Jean-François Cornu
    2012 “The Translation and Reception of Multilingual Films.” InMedia, no.2. 10.4000/inmedia.486
    https://doi.org/10.4000/inmedia.486 [Google Scholar]
  11. Chaume, Frederic
    2004 “Film Studies and Translation Studies: Two Disciplines at Stake in Audiovisual Translation.” Meta: Journal Des Traducteurs/Meta: Translators’ Journal491: 12–24. 10.7202/009016ar
    https://doi.org/10.7202/009016ar [Google Scholar]
  12. 2012Audiovisual Translation: Dubbing. Manchester, England: Jerome, St Publishing.
    [Google Scholar]
  13. Clark, Paul
    1987Chinese cinema: Culture and politics since 1949. Cambriegde, England: Cambriedge Univ. Press.
    [Google Scholar]
  14. Corrius, Montse
    2008 “Translating Multilingual Audiovisual Texts: Priorities, Restrictions, Theoretical Implications.” Unpublished PhD dissertation, Autonomous University of Barcelona.
    [Google Scholar]
  15. Corrius, Montse, and Patrick Zabalbeascoa
    2011 “Language Variation in Source Texts and Their Translations.” Target23 (1): 113–130. 10.1075/target.23.1.07zab
    https://doi.org/10.1075/target.23.1.07zab [Google Scholar]
  16. Cuarón, Alfonso
    dir. Roma 2018 Mexico and United States: Espectáculos Fílmicos El and Netflix.
    [Google Scholar]
  17. De Higes-Andino, Irene., Ana Maria Prats-Rodríguez, Juan José Martínez-Sierra and Frederic Chaume
    2013 “Subtitling Language Diversity in Spanish Immigration Films.” Meta581 (1): 134–145. 10.7202/1023813ar
    https://doi.org/10.7202/1023813ar [Google Scholar]
  18. Delabastita, Dirk
    2009 “Fictional Representations.” InRoutledge Encyclopedia of Translation Studies, edited byMona Baker and Gabriela Saldanha, 109–112. London, England: Routledge.
    [Google Scholar]
  19. Díaz-Cintas, Jorge
    2011 “Dealing with Multilingual Films in Audiovisual Translation.” InTranslation Sprachvariation Mehrsprachigkeit, edited byWolfgang Pöckl, Ingeborg Ohnheiser, and Peter Sandrini, 215–233. New York: Peter Lang GmbH.
    [Google Scholar]
  20. DisneyMusicVEVO
    DisneyMusicVEVO 2019 “Various Artists – Hakuna Matata (In 28 Languages) (From ‘The Lion King’)” 2019 https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=W2a_8FfW3WA
  21. Dore, Margherita
    2019 “Multilingual Humour in Audiovisual Translation. Modern Family Dubbed in Italian.” European Journal of Humour Research7 (1): 52–70. 10.7592/EJHR2019.7.1.dore2
    https://doi.org/10.7592/EJHR2019.7.1.dore2 [Google Scholar]
  22. Du, Weijia
    2018 “Exchanging Faces, Matching Voices: Dubbing Foreign Films in China.” Journal of Chinese Cinemas12 (3): 285–99. 10.1080/17508061.2018.1522802
    https://doi.org/10.1080/17508061.2018.1522802 [Google Scholar]
  23. Dwyer, Tessa
    2005 “Universally Speaking: Lost in Translation and Polyglot Cinema.” New Series–Themes in Translation Studies41: 295–310.
    [Google Scholar]
  24. Ebrahimzadeh Poustchi, Mahtab, and Zahra Amirian
    2019 “Strategies Used in Dubbing Multilingual Movies into Persian.” Journal of Multilingual and Multicultural Development, December, 1–14. 10.1080/01434632.2019.1702991
    https://doi.org/10.1080/01434632.2019.1702991 [Google Scholar]
  25. Favreau, Jon.
    dir. The Lion King 2019 United States: Walt Disney Studios and Motion Pictures.
  26. Haikuo, Yu
    2015 “Film Translation in China: Features and Technical Constraints of Dubbing and Subtitling English into Chinese.” Babel61 (4): 493–510. 10.1075/babel.61.4.03hai
    https://doi.org/10.1075/babel.61.4.03hai [Google Scholar]
  27. Hanes, William Travis, and Frank Sanello
    2002The Opium Wars: The Addiction of One Empire and the Corruption of Another. Naperville: Sourcebooks, Inc.
    [Google Scholar]
  28. Heiss, Christine
    2021 “Dubbing Multilingual Films : A New Challenge ? Dubbing Multilingual Films : A New Challenge ? Christine Heiss.”
    [Google Scholar]
  29. De Higes Andino, Irene
    2014 “The Translation of Multilingual Films: Modes, Strategies, Constraints and Manipulation in the Spanish Translations of It’s a Free World ….” Linguistica Antverpiensia, New Series – Themes in Translation Studies131: 211–231. 10.52034/lanstts.v13i.47
    https://doi.org/10.52034/lanstts.v13i.47 [Google Scholar]
  30. Khoshsaligheh, Masood, Saeed Ameri, and Milad Mehdizadkhani
    2018 “A Socio-Cultural Study of Taboo Rendition in Persian Fansubbing: An Issue of Resistance.” Language and Intercultural Communication18 (6): 663–80. 10.1080/14708477.2017.1377211
    https://doi.org/10.1080/14708477.2017.1377211 [Google Scholar]
  31. Khoshsaligheh, Masood, Saeed Ameri, Farzaneh Shokoohmand, and Milad Mehdizadkhani
    2020 “Subtitling in the Iranian Mediascape: Towards a Culture-Specific Typology.” International Journal of Society, Culture & Language8 (2): 55–74. www.ijscl.net/article_44604.html
    [Google Scholar]
  32. Khoshsaligheh, Masood, Azadeh Eriss, Milad Mehdizadkhani and Elnaz Pakar
    (2022) “Translation of Multilingual Films in Iran in Persian Dubbing.” International Journal of Multilingualism. 10.1080/14790718.2022.2155171
    https://doi.org/10.1080/14790718.2022.2155171 [Google Scholar]
  33. Lee, Ang.
    dir. Life of Pi 2012 United States: 20th Century Fox.
  34. Li, Dang
    2018 “Chinese-Dialect Film and Its Translation: A Case Study of The World (2004).” Journal of Chinese Cinemas12 (3): 267–84. 10.1080/17508061.2018.1522806
    https://doi.org/10.1080/17508061.2018.1522806 [Google Scholar]
  35. Lippi-Green, Rosina
    2012English with an Accent: Language, Ideology, and Discrimination in the United States. New York: Routledge. 10.4324/9780203348802
    https://doi.org/10.4324/9780203348802 [Google Scholar]
  36. Liu, Jin
    2006 “The Rhetoric of Local Languages as the Marginal: Chinese Underground and Independent Films by Jia Zhangke and Others.” Modern Chinese Literature and Culture18 (2): 163–205.
    [Google Scholar]
  37. Lu, Hsiao-peng Sheldon., and Emilie Yueh-yu Yeh
    (eds.) 2005Chinese-Language Film: Historiography, Poetics, Politics. Honolulu: University of Hawai’i Press.
    [Google Scholar]
  38. Massidda, Serenella
    2015Audiovisual Translation in the Digital Age: The Italian Fansubbing Phenomenon. Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan. 10.1057/9781137470379
    https://doi.org/10.1057/9781137470379 [Google Scholar]
  39. 2020 “Fansubbing: Latest Trends and Future Prospects.” InThe Palgrave Handbook of Audiovisual Translation and Media Accessibility, edited byŁukasz Bogucki and Mikołaj Deckert, 189–208. Cham, Germany: Palgrave Macmillan. 10.1007/978‑3‑030‑42105‑2_10
    https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-42105-2_10 [Google Scholar]
  40. Mangold, James.
    dir. Logan 2017 United States: 20th Century Fox.
  41. Mehdizadkhani, Milad, and Masood Khoshsaligheh
    2017 “Translation of Graphic Codes: The Case Study of Two Official Persian Dubbed Versions.” Language and Translation Studies (JLTS)50 (3): 49–69. 10.22067/lts.v50i3.63480
    https://doi.org/10.22067/lts.v50i3.63480 [Google Scholar]
  42. 2021 “Insertion or Voice-off in Rendition of Graphic Codes: An Experiment in Persian Dubbing.” Visual Communication20 (1): 81–99. 10.1177/1470357219838599
    https://doi.org/10.1177/1470357219838599 [Google Scholar]
  43. Minkoff, Rob.
    dir. The Forbidden Kingdom 2008 United States and China: Lionsgate and The Weinstein Company.
  44. O’Sullivan, Carol
    2011Translating Popular Films. Springer. 10.1057/9780230317543
    https://doi.org/10.1057/9780230317543 [Google Scholar]
  45. Pérez-González, Luis
    2012 “Co-Creational Subtitling in the Digital Media: Transformative and Authorial Practices.” International Journal of Cultural Studies16 (1): 3–21. 10.1177/1367877912459145
    https://doi.org/10.1177/1367877912459145 [Google Scholar]
  46. 2014Audiovisual Translation: Theories, Methods and Issues. London: Routledge. 10.4324/9781315762975
    https://doi.org/10.4324/9781315762975 [Google Scholar]
  47. Pollack, Sydney
    2005The Interpreter. United Kingdom and United states: United International Pictures.
    [Google Scholar]
  48. Russo, Anthony, and Joe Russo
    dirs. Captain America: Civil War 2016 United States: Walt Disney Studios and Motion Pictures.
  49. Sasamoto, Ryoko
    2014 “Impact Caption as a Highlighting Device: Attempts at Viewer Manipulation on TV.” Discourse, Context & Media61: 1–10. 10.1016/j.dcm.2014.03.003
    https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dcm.2014.03.003 [Google Scholar]
  50. Sepielak, Katarzyna
    2014 “Translation Techniques in Voiced-over Multilingual Feature Movies.” Linguistica Antverpiensia, New Series. Themes in Translation Studies, 131: 251–72.
    [Google Scholar]
  51. Şerban, Adriana
    2012 “Translation as alchemy: The aesthetics of multilingualism in film” MonTI.Monografías de Traducción e Interpretación41: 39–63. 10.6035/MonTI.2012.4.2
    https://doi.org/10.6035/MonTI.2012.4.2 [Google Scholar]
  52. Sofia Coppola
    dir. Lost in Translation 2005 United States: Focus Features.
  53. Sun, Hongkai, Hu, Zengyi, and Huang, Xing
    (eds.) 2007The Languages of China. Beijing, China: The Commercial Press.
    [Google Scholar]
  54. Stahelski, Chad.
    dir. John Wick: Chapter 3 – Parabellum 2019 United States: Lionsgate.
  55. Szarkowska, Agnieszka, and Julianna Boczkowska
    2020 “Colour Coding Subtitles in Multilingual Films – a Reception Study.” Perspectives0 (0): 1–17. 10.1080/0907676X.2020.1853186
    https://doi.org/10.1080/0907676X.2020.1853186 [Google Scholar]
  56. Szarkowska, Agnieszka, Jagoda Żbikowska, and Izabela Krejtz
    2014 “Strategies for Rendering Multilingualism in Subtitling for the Deaf and Hard of Hearing.” Linguistica Antverpiensia, New Series. Themes in Translation Studies131: 273–91.
    [Google Scholar]
  57. Szarkowska, Agnieszka, Jagoda Zbikowska, and Izabela Krejtz
    2013 “Subtitling for the Deaf and Hard of Hearing in Multilingual Films.” International Journal of Multilingualism10 (3): 292–312. 10.1080/14790718.2013.766195
    https://doi.org/10.1080/14790718.2013.766195 [Google Scholar]
  58. Taylor, C.
    2000 “The subtitling of film: reaching another community.” InDiscourse and Community; Doing Functional Linguistics, edited byEija Ventola, 309–330, Tübingen, Germany: Gunter Narr Verlag.
    [Google Scholar]
  59. Toury, Gideon
    2012 (1st edtion: 1995) Descriptive Translation Studies and beyond: Revised Edition. Amsterdam, Netherlands: John Benjamins Publishing. 10.1075/btl.100
    https://doi.org/10.1075/btl.100 [Google Scholar]
  60. Wahl, Chris
    2005 “Discovering a Genre: The Polyglot Film.” Cinemascope-Independent Film Journal1 (10): 1–8.
    [Google Scholar]
  61. Waley, Arthur
    2005The Analects of Confucius. London and New York: Routledge.
    [Google Scholar]
  62. Wang, Dingkun
    2017 “Fansubbing in China – With Reference to the Fansubbing Group Yyets.” Jostrans: The Journal of Specialised Translation281: 165–90.
    [Google Scholar]
  63. Wang, Dingkun, and Xiaochun Zhang
    2017 “Fansubbing in China: Technology-Facilitated Activism in Translation.” Target. International Journal of Translation Studies29 (2): 301–18. 10.1075/target.29.2.06wan
    https://doi.org/10.1075/target.29.2.06wan [Google Scholar]
  64. Yves, Gambier, and Haina Jin
    2018 “Audiovisual Translation in China: A Dialogue Between Yves Gambier and Haina Jin”. Journal of Audiovisual Translation1 (1):26–39. 10.47476/jat.v1i1.42
    https://doi.org/10.47476/jat.v1i1.42 [Google Scholar]
  65. Zabalbeascoa, Patrick
    2010 “Translation in Constrained Communication and Entertainment.” InNew Insights into Audiovisual Translation and Media Accessibility: Media for All21, edited byJorge Díaz Cintas, Anna Matamala and Josélia Neves, 153–175. Amsterdam, The Netherlands: Rodopi. 10.1163/9789042031814_004
    https://doi.org/10.1163/9789042031814_004 [Google Scholar]
  66. 2018 “Solution-Types for Representing Dubbed Film and TV Multilingual Humour.” InLinguistic and Cultural Representation in Audiovisual Translation, edited byIrene Ranzato and Serenella Zanotti, 165–83. New York: Routledge. 10.4324/9781315268552‑10
    https://doi.org/10.4324/9781315268552-10 [Google Scholar]
  67. 2019 “‘That’s Just What We Need, a Fourth Language’. Multilingual Humour in Film and Television Translation.” Multilingualism in Film, 15–34.
    [Google Scholar]
  68. Zabalbeascoa, Patrick, and Elena Voellmer
    2014 “Accounting for Multilingual Films in Translation Studies. Intratextual Translation in Dubbing.” Media and Translation. An Interdisciplinary Approach, no.July: 288.
    [Google Scholar]
  69. Zhang, Xiaochun
    2015 “Cinematic Multilingualism in China and Its Subtitling.” Quaderns, Revista de Traducció221: 385–398.
    [Google Scholar]
  70. Zhang, Yingjin
    1997 “From “Minority Film” to “Minority Discourse”: Questions of Nationhood and Ethnicity in Chinese Cinema.” InTransnational Chinese Cinemas, edited bySheldon Hsiao-peng Lu, 81–104. Honolulu: University of Hawaii Press.
    [Google Scholar]
  71. Zhou, Qingsheng
    2020Ethnic Minority Languages in China. Boston: De Gruyter Academic Publishing. 10.1515/9781501511837
    https://doi.org/10.1515/9781501511837 [Google Scholar]
/content/journals/10.1075/forum.00028.meh
Loading
/content/journals/10.1075/forum.00028.meh
Loading

Data & Media loading...

  • Article Type: Research Article
Keyword(s): Chinese; chinois; doublage; dubbing; fansubbing; multilingualism; multilinguisme; sous-titrage; subtitling
This is a required field
Please enter a valid email address
Approval was successful
Invalid data
An Error Occurred
Approval was partially successful, following selected items could not be processed due to error