1887
  1. Home
  2. e-Journals
  3. Gesture
  4. Volume 18, Issue 2
  5. Article
Volume 18, Issue 2-3
  • ISSN 1568-1475
  • E-ISSN: 1569-9773
USD
Buy:$35.00 + Taxes

Abstract

Abstract

Scientific interest in the diversity of gestural signalling dates back to the figure of Charles Darwin. More than a hundred years later, there is a considerable body of work describing human gestural diversity across languages and cultures. However, the question of communicative culture in our closest living relatives, the nonhuman primates, is relatively unexplored. Here, we will stir new interest into this topic by (i) briefly summarizing the current knowledge of animal culture, and (ii) presenting the current knowledge on gesture cultures, diversity and usage in the most common model for early hominid behaviour, the chimpanzee (). We will focus particularly on well-established behaviours being customary in some and absent in other chimpanzee communities, and recently discovered social customs that have been suggested to differ in their form, and/or meaning across populations. We also introduce latest findings on chimpanzees’ gestural diversity, providing further evidence for the role social negotiation plays in gestural acquisition. We conclude that the field has been hampered by misconstruing great ape gestures as fixed action patterns, a strong research bias on the perspective of signalers, and a lack of coherent methodology to assess the meaning and context of gestures across sites. We argue for systematic cross-site comparisons by viewing communicative exchanges as negotiations, enabling a unique perspective onto the evolutionary trajectory of culture and communication.

© John Benjamins Publishing Company
Loading

Article metrics loading...

/content/journals/10.1075/gest.19012.pik
2021-02-17
2025-04-23

  • From This Site

    /content/journals/10.1075/gest.19012.pik
    dcterms_title,dcterms_subject,pub_keyword
    -contentType:Journal -contentType:Contributor -contentType:Concept -contentType:Institution
    10
    5
Loading full text...

Full text loading...

References

  1. Bloch, M.
    (1991) Language, anthropology and cognitive science. Man, 26 (2), 183–198. doi:  10.2307/2803828
     https://doi.org/10.2307/2803828 [Google Scholar]
  2. Boesch, C.
    (1995) Innovation in wild chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes). International Journal of Primatology, 16 (1), 1–16. 10.1007/BF02700150
     https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02700150 [Google Scholar]
  3. Boyd, R. & Richerson, P. J.
    (1988) Culture and the evolutionary process. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
     [Google Scholar]
  4. Byrne, R. W. , Cartmill, E. , Genty, E. , Graham, K. E. , Hobaiter, C. , & Tanner, J.
    (2017) Great ape gestures: intentional communication with a rich set of innate signals. Animal Cognition, 20 (4), 755–769. doi:  10.1007/s10071‑017‑1096‑4
     https://doi.org/10.1007/s10071-017-1096-4 [Google Scholar]
  5. Byrne, R. W. , Hobaiter, C. , & Klailova, M.
    (2011) Local traditions in gorilla manual skill: Evidence for observational learning of behavioral organization. Animal Cognition, 14 (5), 683–693. doi:  10.1007/s10071‑011‑0403‑8
     https://doi.org/10.1007/s10071-011-0403-8 [Google Scholar]
  6. Call, J. , & Tomasello, M.
    (Eds.) (2007) The gestural communication of monkeys and apes. Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.
     [Google Scholar]
  7. Cartmill, E. A. & Byrne, R. W.
    (2010) Semantics of primate gestures: Intentional meanings of orangutan gestures. Animal Cognition, 13 (6), 793–804. 10.1007/s10071‑010‑0328‑7
     https://doi.org/10.1007/s10071-010-0328-7 [Google Scholar]
  8. Catchpole, C. K. & Slater, P. J. B.
    (1995) Bird song: Biological themes and variation. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
     [Google Scholar]
  9. Cavalli-Sforza, L. L. & Feldman, M. W.
    (1981) Cultural transmission and evolution: A quantitative approach. Princeton: Princeton University Press.
     [Google Scholar]
  10. Count, E. W.
    (1973) On the idea of protoculture. In E. W. Menzel (Ed.), Precultural primate behaviour (pp. 1–25). Basel: Karger.
     [Google Scholar]
  11. Darwin, C.
    (1872a) The descent of man, and selection in relation to sex. New York: Appleton.
     [Google Scholar]
  12. (1872b) The expression of emotion in man and animals. London: Murray. 10.1037/10001‑000
     https://doi.org/10.1037/10001-000 [Google Scholar]
  13. de Waal, F. B. M.
    (2003) Darwinʼs legacy and the study of primate visual communication. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, 1000 (1), 7–31. 10.1196/annals.1280.003
     https://doi.org/10.1196/annals.1280.003 [Google Scholar]
  14. de Waal, F. B. M. & Seres, M.
    (1997) Propagation of handclasp grooming among captive chimpanzees. American Journal of Primatology, 43, 339–346. 10.1002/(SICI)1098‑2345(1997)43:4<339::AID‑AJP5>3.0.CO;2‑Y
     https://doi.org/10.1002/(SICI)1098-2345(1997)43:4<339::AID-AJP5>3.0.CO;2-Y [Google Scholar]
  15. Evans, N. & Levinson, S. C.
    (2009) The myth of language universals: Language diversity and its importance for cognitive science. Behavioral and Brain Sciences, 32 (5), 429–448. doi:  10.1017/S0140525X0999094X
     https://doi.org/10.1017/S0140525X0999094X [Google Scholar]
  16. Fröhlich, M. & Hobaiter, C.
    (2018) The development of gestural communication in great apes. Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology, 72 (12), 194. 10.1007/s00265‑018‑2619‑y
     https://doi.org/10.1007/s00265-018-2619-y [Google Scholar]
  17. Fröhlich, M. , Kuchenbuch, P. , Müller, G. , Fruth, B. , Furuichi, T. , Wittig, R. M. , & Pika, S.
    (2016) Unpeeling the layers of language: Bonobos and chimpanzees engage in cooperative turn-taking sequences. Scientific Reports, 6, 25887. doi:  10.1038/srep25887
     https://doi.org/10.1038/srep25887 [Google Scholar]
  18. Fröhlich, M. , Müller, G. , Zeiträg, C. , Wittig, R. M. , & Pika, S.
    (2017) Gestural development of chimpanzees in the wild: The impact of interactional experience. Animal Behaviour, 134 (Special Issue: Communicative Complexity), 271–282. Retrieved fromwww.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S000334721630361X. doi:  10.1016/j.anbehav.2016.12.018
     https://doi.org/10.1016/j.anbehav.2016.12.018 [Google Scholar]
  19. Fröhlich, M. , Wittig, R. M. , & Pika, S.
    (2016a) Play-solicitation gestures in chimpanzees in the wild: Flexible adjustment to social circumstances and individual matrices. Royal Society Open Science, 3 (8), 160278. doi:  10.1098/rsos.160278
     https://doi.org/10.1098/rsos.160278 [Google Scholar]
  20. (2016b) Should I stay or should I go? Initiation of joint travel in mother–infant dyads of two chimpanzee communities in the wild. Animal Cognition, 19 (3), 483–500. doi:  10.1007/s10071‑015‑0948‑z
     https://doi.org/10.1007/s10071-015-0948-z [Google Scholar]
  21. Galef, B. G., Jr.
    (1988) Imitation in animals: History, definition, and interpretation of data from the psychological laboratory. In T. R. Zentall & B. G. Galef, Jr. (Eds.), Social learning: Psychological and biological perspectives (pp. 3–28). Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.
     [Google Scholar]
  22. (1992) The question of animal culture. Human Nature, 3 (2), 157–178. 10.1007/BF02692251
     https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02692251 [Google Scholar]
  23. Gardner, R. A. & Gardner, B. T.
    (1969) Teaching sign language to a chimpanzee. Science, 165, 664–672. doi:  10.1126/science.165.3894.664
     https://doi.org/10.1126/science.165.3894.664 [Google Scholar]
  24. Goodall, J.
    (1971) In the shadow of man. London: William Collins.
     [Google Scholar]
  25. (1986) The chimpanzees of Gombe: Patterns of behaviour. Cambridge, MA: Belknap Press of Harvard University Press.
     [Google Scholar]
  26. Haviland, J. B.
    (1993) Anchoring, iconicity, and orientation in Guugu Yimithirr pointing gestures. Journal of Linguistic Anthropology, 3 (1), 3–45. 10.1525/jlin.1993.3.1.3
     https://doi.org/10.1525/jlin.1993.3.1.3 [Google Scholar]
  27. Hayes, C.
    (1951) The ape in our house. New York: Harper.
     [Google Scholar]
  28. Heyes, C. M. & Galef, B. G., Jr.
    (Eds.) (1996) Social learning in animals: The roots of culture. San Diego: Academic Press.
     [Google Scholar]
  29. Hirschfeld, L. A.
    (2018) The Rutherford atom of culture. Journal of Cognition and Culture, 18 (3/4), 231–261. 10.1163/15685373‑12340029
     https://doi.org/10.1163/15685373-12340029 [Google Scholar]
  30. Hobaiter, C. & Byrne, Richard W.
    (2014) The meanings of chimpanzee gestures. Current Biology, 24 (14), 1596–1600. doi:  10.1016/j.cub.2014.05.066
     https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cub.2014.05.066 [Google Scholar]
  31. Hoyt, A. M. D.
    (1941) Toto and I: A gorilla in the family. New York: Lippincott.
     [Google Scholar]
  32. Huxley, J. S.
    (1914) The courtship-habits of the great crested grebe (Podiceps cristatus), with an addition to the theory of sexual selection. Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London, 35, 491–562. 10.1111/j.1469‑7998.1914.tb07052.x
     https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-7998.1914.tb07052.x [Google Scholar]
  33. Kalan, A. K. & Boesch, C.
    (2018) Re-emergence of the leaf clip gesture during an alpha takeover affects variation in male chimpanzee loud calls. PeerJ, 6 (e5079), 22. doi:  10.7717/peerj.5079
     https://doi.org/10.7717/peerj.5079 [Google Scholar]
  34. Kamil, A. C.
    (1987) A synthetic approach to the study of animal intelligence. Nebraska Symposium on Motivation, 35, 257–308.
     [Google Scholar]
  35. Kawai, M.
    (1965) Newly acquired pre-cultural behaviour of the natural troop of Japanese monkeys on Koshima Islet. Primates, 6 (1), 1–30. 10.1007/BF01794457
     https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01794457 [Google Scholar]
  36. Kawamura, S.
    (1959) The process of sub-culture propagation among Japanese macaques. Primates, 2, 43–60. 10.1007/BF01666110
     https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01666110 [Google Scholar]
  37. Kellog, W. N. & Kellog, L. A.
    (1933) The ape and the child: A study of environmental influence upon early behavior. New York: McGraw-Hill. 10.1097/00006324‑193311000‑00009
     https://doi.org/10.1097/00006324-193311000-00009 [Google Scholar]
  38. Kendon, A.
    (1981a) Current issues in the study of nonverbal communication. In A. Kendon (Ed.), Nonverbal communication, interaction, and gesture (pp. 1–56). The Hague: Mouton. 10.1515/9783110880021.1
     https://doi.org/10.1515/9783110880021.1 [Google Scholar]
  39. (1981b) Geography of gesture. Semiotica, 37 (1/2), 129–163.
     [Google Scholar]
  40. (1993) Human gesture. In K. R. Gibson & T. Ingold (Eds.), Tools, language and cognition in human evolution (pp. 43–62). New York: Cambridge University Press.
     [Google Scholar]
  41. King, J. A.
    (1955) Social behavior, social organization, and population dynamics in a black-tailed prairiedog town in the Black Hills of South Dakota. Michigan: University of Michigan.
     [Google Scholar]
  42. Kita, S.
    (Ed.) (2003) Pointing: Where language, culture, and cognition meet. Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates. 10.4324/9781410607744
     https://doi.org/10.4324/9781410607744 [Google Scholar]
  43. Kroeber, A. L. & Kluckhohn, C.
    (1952) Culture: A critical review of concepts and definitions. Cambridge, MA: Peabody Museum of American Archaeology and Ethnology.
     [Google Scholar]
  44. Kummer, H.
    (1971) Primate societies: Group techniques of ecological adaptation. Chicago: Aldine-Atherton.
     [Google Scholar]
  45. Laland, K. N. & Hoppitt, W.
    (2003) Do animals have culture?Evolutionary Anthropology, 12, 150–159. doi:  10.1002/evan.10111
     https://doi.org/10.1002/evan.10111 [Google Scholar]
  46. Laland, K. N. & Janik, V. M.
    (2006) The animal cultures debate. Trends in Ecology and Evolution, 21 (10), 542–547. doi:  10.1016/j.tree.2006.06.005
     https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tree.2006.06.005 [Google Scholar]
  47. Laland, K. N. , Odling-Smee, J. , & Myles, S.
    (2010) How culture shaped the human genome: Bringing genetics and the human sciences together. Nature Reviews Genetics, 11, 137–148. 10.1038/nrg2734
     https://doi.org/10.1038/nrg2734 [Google Scholar]
  48. Levinson, S. C. & Holler, J.
    (2014) The origin of human multi-modal communication. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B Biological Sciences, 369 (20130302), 9. doi:  10.1098/rstb.2013.0302
     https://doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2013.0302 [Google Scholar]
  49. Liebal, K. & Oña, L.
    (2018) Different approaches to meaning in primate gestural and vocal communication. Frontiers in Psychology, 9 (478), 7. doi:  10.3389/fpsyg.2018.00478
     https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2018.00478 [Google Scholar]
  50. Liebal, K. , Waller, B. , Burrows, A. , & Slocombe, K.
    (2013) Primate communication: A multimodal approach. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 10.1017/CBO9781139018111
     https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9781139018111 [Google Scholar]
  51. Lorenz, K.
    (1927) Beobachtungen an Dohlen. Journal für Ornithologie, 75, 511–519. 10.1007/BF01908252
     https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01908252 [Google Scholar]
  52. (1950) The comparative method in studying innate behaviour patterns. In J. F. Danielli & R. Brown (Eds.), Physiological mechanism in animal behaviour (Vol.4, pp. 221–268). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
     [Google Scholar]
  53. Marler, P. & Tamura, M.
    (1962) Song “Dialects” in three populations of white-crowned sparrows. The Condor, 64 (5), 368–377. 10.2307/1365545
     https://doi.org/10.2307/1365545 [Google Scholar]
  54. McGrew, W. C.
    (1992) Chimpanzee material culture: Implications for human evolution. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 10.1017/CBO9780511565519
     https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511565519 [Google Scholar]
  55. McGrew, W. C. , Marchant, L. F. , & Nishida, T.
    (Eds.) (1996) Great ape societies. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 10.1017/CBO9780511752414
     https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511752414 [Google Scholar]
  56. McGrew, W. C. , Marchant, L. F. , Scott, S. E. , & Tutin, C. E. G.
    (2001) Intergroup differences in a social custom of wild chimpanzees: The grooming hand-clasp of the Mahale Mountains. Current Anthropology, 42 (1), 148–153. 10.1086/318441
     https://doi.org/10.1086/318441 [Google Scholar]
  57. McGrew, W. C. & Tutin, C. E. G.
    (1978) Evidence for a social custom in wild chimpanzees?Man, 13 (2), 234–251. 10.2307/2800247
     https://doi.org/10.2307/2800247 [Google Scholar]
  58. Menzel, E. W.
    (1972) Spontaneous invention of ladders in a group of young chimpanzees. Folia Primatologica, 17 (1/2), 87–106. 10.1159/000155417
     https://doi.org/10.1159/000155417 [Google Scholar]
  59. Morris, D.
    (1979) Gestures, their origins and distribution. New York: Stein & Day.
     [Google Scholar]
  60. Mundinger, P. C.
    (1980) Animal cultures and a general theory of cultural evolution. Ethology and Sociobiology, 1 (3), 183–223. doi:  10.1016/0162‑3095(80)90008‑4
     https://doi.org/10.1016/0162-3095(80)90008-4 [Google Scholar]
  61. Murray, J.
    (1884) Oxford English dictionary. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
     [Google Scholar]
  62. Nakamichi, M. , Kato, E. , Kojima, Y. , & Itoigawa, N.
    (1998) Carrying and washing of grass roots by free-ranging Japanese macaques at Katsuyama. Folia Primatologica, 69 (1), 35–40. 10.1159/000021561
     https://doi.org/10.1159/000021561 [Google Scholar]
  63. Nakamura, M. , McGrew, W. C. , Marchant, L. F. , & Nishida, T.
    (2000) Social scratch: Another custom in wild chimpanzees?Primates, 41 (3), 237–248. 10.1007/BF02557594
     https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02557594 [Google Scholar]
  64. Nishida, T.
    (1968) The social group of wild chimpanzees in the Mahali Mountains. Primates, 9, 167–224. 10.1007/BF01730971
     https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01730971 [Google Scholar]
  65. (1970) Social behavior and relationships among wild chimpanzees of the Mahali mountains. Primates, 11 (1), 47–87. 10.1007/BF01730675
     https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01730675 [Google Scholar]
  66. (1974) The ecology of wild chimpanzees. In R. Ohtsuka , J. Tanaka , & T. Nishida (Eds.), Human ecology. Tokyo: Kyoritsu-Shuppan.
     [Google Scholar]
  67. (1980) The leaf-clipping display: A newly-discovered expressive gesture in wild chimpanzees. Journal of Human Evolution, 9 (2), 117–128. 10.1016/0047‑2484(80)90068‑8
     https://doi.org/10.1016/0047-2484(80)90068-8 [Google Scholar]
  68. Nishida, T. , Matsusaka, T. , & McGrew, W. C.
    (2009) Emergence, propagation or disappearance of novel behavioral patterns in the habituated chimpanzees of Mahale: A review. Primates, 50 (Special contributions to commemorate the 60th anniversary of Japanese primatology), 23–36. doi:  10.1007/s10329‑008‑0109‑y
     https://doi.org/10.1007/s10329-008-0109-y [Google Scholar]
  69. Nishida, T. , Mitani, J. C. , & Watts, D. P.
    (2004) Variable grooming behaviours in wild chimpanzees. Folia Primatologica, 75, 31–36. doi:  10.1159/000073429
     https://doi.org/10.1159/000073429 [Google Scholar]
  70. Núñez, R. E. & Sweetser, E.
    (2006) With the future behind them: Convergent evidence from Aymara language and gesture in the crosslinguistic comparison of spatial construals of time. Cognitive Science, 30 (3), 401–450. 10.1207/s15516709cog0000_62
     https://doi.org/10.1207/s15516709cog0000_62 [Google Scholar]
  71. Payne, K. & Payne, R.
    (1985) Large scale changes over 19 years in songs of humpback whales in Bermuda. Zeitschrift für Tierpsychologie, 68 (2), 89–114. 10.1111/j.1439‑0310.1985.tb00118.x
     https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1439-0310.1985.tb00118.x [Google Scholar]
  72. Perlman, M. , Tanner, J. E. , & King, B. J.
    (2012) A mother gorilla’s variable use of touch to guide her infant: insights into inconicty and the relationship between gesture and action. In S. Pika & K. Liebal (Eds.), Current developments in primate gesture research (pp. 55–71). Amsterdam, The Netherlands: John Benjamins Publishing Company. 10.1075/gs.6.04per
     https://doi.org/10.1075/gs.6.04per [Google Scholar]
  73. Pika, S.
    (2014) Chimpanzee grooming gestures and sounds: What might they tell us about how language evolved?. In D. Dor , C. Knight , & J. Lewis (Eds.), The social origins of language: Early society, communication and polymodality (pp. 129–140). Oxford: Oxford University Press. 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199665327.003.0010
     https://doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199665327.003.0010 [Google Scholar]
  74. (2015) Gestural communication in nonhuman species. In R. Scott & S. Kosslyn (Eds.), Emerging trends in the social and behavioral sciences: An interdisciplinary, searchable, and linkable Resource (pp. 1–11). New York, NY: Wiley Online Library. 10.1002/9781118900772.etrds0147
     https://doi.org/10.1002/9781118900772.etrds0147 [Google Scholar]
  75. (2016) Response to: Commentary: The use of referential gestures in ravens (Corvus corax) in the wild. Frontiers in Ecology and Evolution, 4 (121), 4. doi: 10.3389/fevo.2016.00121neu22
     https://doi.org/10.3389/fevo.2016.00121neu22 [Google Scholar]
  76. Pika, S. & Fröhlich, M.
    (2019) Gestural acquisition in great apes: The social negotiation hypothesis. Animal Cognition, 22 (4), 551–565. doi:  10.1007/s10071‑017‑1159‑6
     https://doi.org/10.1007/s10071-017-1159-6 [Google Scholar]
  77. Pika, S. & Mitani, J. C.
    (2006) Referential gestural communication in wild chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes). Current Biology, 16 (6), R191–R192. 10.1016/j.cub.2006.02.037
     https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cub.2006.02.037 [Google Scholar]
  78. Pika, S. & Tomasello, M.
    (2001) ʻSeparating the wheat from the chaffʼ: A novel food processing technique in captive gorillas (Gorilla g. gorilla). Primates, 42 (2), 167–170. 10.1007/BF02558144
     https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02558144 [Google Scholar]
  79. Pika, S. , Wilkinson, R. , Kendrick, K. H. , & Vernes, S. C.
    (2018) Taking turns: Bridging the gap between human and animal communication. Proceedings of the Royal Society B Biological Sciences, 285 (20180598), 9. doi:  10.1098/rspb.2018.0598
     https://doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2018.0598 [Google Scholar]
  80. Plooij, F. X.
    (1978) Some basic traits of language in wild chimpanzees?In A. Lock (Ed.), Action, gesture, and symbol: The emergence of language (pp. 111–131). New York: Academic Press.
     [Google Scholar]
  81. Rendell, L. & Whitehead, H.
    (2001) Culture in whales and dolphins. Behavioral and Brain Sciences, 24, 309–382. 10.1017/S0140525X0100396X
     https://doi.org/10.1017/S0140525X0100396X [Google Scholar]
  82. Roberts, A. I. , Vick, S.-J. , & Buchanan-Smith, H. M.
    (2012) Usage and comprehension of manual gestures in wild chimpanzees. Animal Behaviour, 84 (2), 459–470. doi:  10.1016/j.anbehav.2012.05.022
     https://doi.org/10.1016/j.anbehav.2012.05.022 [Google Scholar]
  83. Smith, W. J.
    (1965) Message, meaning, and context in ethology. American Naturalist, 908, 405–409. 10.1086/282382
     https://doi.org/10.1086/282382 [Google Scholar]
  84. Sugiyama, Y.
    (1981) Observations on the population dynamics and behavior of wild chimpanzees at Bossou, Guinea, 1979–1980. Primates, 22, 432–444. 10.1007/BF02381236
     https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02381236 [Google Scholar]
  85. Tennie, C. , Call, J. , & Tomasello, M.
    (2009) Ratcheting up the ratchet: on the evolution of cumulative culture. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B Biological Sciences, 364, 2405–2415. doi:  10.1098/rstb.2009.0052
     https://doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2009.0052 [Google Scholar]
  86. Tennie, C. & Hedwig, D.
    (2009) How latent solution experiments can help to study differences between human culture and primate traditions. In E. Potocki & J. Krasinski (Eds.), Primatology: Theories, methods and research (pp. 95–112). New York: Nova Science Publishers.
     [Google Scholar]
  87. Tinbergen, N.
    (1951) The study of instinct. New York: Oxford University Press.
     [Google Scholar]
  88. (1963) On aims and methods in ethology. Zeitschrift für Tierpsychologie, 20 (4), 410–433. 10.1111/j.1439‑0310.1963.tb01161.x
     https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1439-0310.1963.tb01161.x [Google Scholar]
  89. Tomasello, M. & Call, J.
    (1997) Primate cognition. New York: Oxford University Press.
     [Google Scholar]
  90. (2018) Thirty years of great ape gestures. Animal Cognition, 20 (4), 1–9. doi:  10.1007/s10071‑018‑1167‑1
     https://doi.org/10.1007/s10071-018-1167-1 [Google Scholar]
  91. van Hooff, J. A. R. A. M.
    (1973) A structural analysis of the social behaviour of a semi-captive group of chimpanzees. In M. von Cranach & I. Vine (Eds.), Social communication and movement: Studies of interaction and expression in man and chimpanzee (pp. 75–162). London: Academic Press.
     [Google Scholar]
  92. Van Lawick-Goodall, J.
    (1968) The behavior of free-ranging chimpanzees in the Gombe Stream Reserve. Animal Behaviour Monographs, 1 (3), 161–311. 10.1016/S0066‑1856(68)80003‑2
     https://doi.org/10.1016/S0066-1856(68)80003-2 [Google Scholar]
  93. (1973) Cultural elements in a chimpanzee community. In E. W. Menzel (Ed.), Precultural primate behavior (Vol.1, pp. 144–184). Basel: Karger.
     [Google Scholar]
  94. van Leeuwen, E. J. C. , Cronin, K. A. , Haun, D. B. M. , Mundry, R. , & Bodamer, M. D.
    (2012) Neighbouring chimpanzee communities show different preferences in social grooming behaviour. Proceedings of the Royal Society B Biological Sciences, 279, 4362–4367. doi:  10.1098/rspb.2012.1543
     https://doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2012.1543 [Google Scholar]
  95. Van Leeuwen, E. J. C. , Mundry, R. , Cronin, K. A. , Bodamer, M. , & Haun, D. B. M.
    (2017) Chimpanzee culture extends beyond matrilineal family units. Current Biology, 27 (12), R588–R590. 10.1016/j.cub.2017.05.003
     https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cub.2017.05.003 [Google Scholar]
  96. van Schaik, C. P. , Ancrenaz, M. , Borgen, G. , Galdikas, B. , Knott, C. D. , Singleton, I. , [&], & Merrill, M.
    (2003) Orangutan cultures and the evolution of material culture. Science, 299, 102–105. doi:  10.1126/science.1078004
     https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1078004 [Google Scholar]
  97. West, M. J. , King, A. P. , & White, D. K.
    (2003) Discovering culture in birds: The role of learning and development. In F. B. M. de Waal & P. L. Tyack (Eds.), Animal social complexity: Intelligence, culture and individualized societies (pp. 470–491). Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
     [Google Scholar]
  98. Whiten, A.
    (2018) Social, Machiavellian and cultural cognition: A golden age of discovery in comparative and evolutionary psychology. Journal of Comparative Psychology, 132 (4), 437–441. doi:  10.1037/com0000135
     https://doi.org/10.1037/com0000135 [Google Scholar]
  99. Whiten, A. , Goodall, J. , McGrew, C. , Nishida, T. , Reynolds, V. , Sugiyama, Y. , [&], & Boesch, C.
    (1999) Cultures in chimpanzees. Nature, 399, 682–685. doi:  10.1038/21415
     https://doi.org/10.1038/21415 [Google Scholar]
  100. Whiten, A. , Goodall, J. , McGrew, W. C. , Nishida, T. , Reynolds, V. , Sugiyama, Y. , [&], & Boesch, C.
    (2001) Charting cultural variation in chimpanzees. Behaviour, 138, 1489–1525.
     [Google Scholar]
  101. Whiten, A. & Ham, R.
    (1992) On the nature and evolution of imitation in the animal kingdom: Reappraisal of a century of research. Advances in the Study of Behavior, 21, 239–283. 10.1016/S0065‑3454(08)60146‑1
     https://doi.org/10.1016/S0065-3454(08)60146-1 [Google Scholar]
  102. Wickler, W.
    (1967) Vergleichende Verhaltensforschung und Phylogenetik. In G. Heberer (Ed.), Die Evolution der Organismen (Vol.1, pp. 420–508). Stuttgart: G. Fischer Verlag.
     [Google Scholar]
  103. Wittgenstein, L.
    (1953) Philosophical Investigations. Oxford: Basil Blackwell.
     [Google Scholar]
  104. Wrangham, R. W.
    (1975) The behavioural ecology of chimpanzees in Gombe National Park, Tanzania. (PhD dissertation), Cambridge University, Cambridge.
     [Google Scholar]
  105. (1986) Ecology and social relationships in two species of chimpanzees. In D. I. Rubenstein & R. W. Wrangham (Eds.), Ecological aspects of social evolution: Birds and mammals (pp. 352–278). Princeton: Princeton University Press.
     [Google Scholar]
  106. Wrangham, R. W. , Koops, K. , Machanda, Z. P. , Worthington, S. , Bernard, A. B. , Brazeau, N. F. , [&], & Muller, M. N.
    (2016) Distribution of a chimpanzee social custom is explained by matrilineal relationship rather than conformity. Current Biology, 26 (22), 3033–3037. doi:  10.1016/j.cub.2016.09.005
     https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cub.2016.09.005 [Google Scholar]
  107. Yerkes, R. M.
    (1943) Chimpanzees: A laboratory colony. New Haven: Yale University Press.
     [Google Scholar]
  108. Zentall, T. R. & Galef, B. G., Jr.
    (Eds.) (1988) Social learning: Psychological and biological perspectives. Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.
     [Google Scholar]
/content/journals/10.1075/gest.19012.pik
Loading
A new window onto animal culture
Gesture 18, 239 (2019); https://doi.org/10.1075/gest.19012.pik
/content/journals/10.1075/gest.19012.pik
/content/journals/10.1075/gest.19012.pik
Loading

Data & Media loading...

  • Article Type: Research Article
Keyword(s): chimpanzees; communicative culture; gestures; group-specific behaviour; social learning

Most Cited

This is a required field
Please enter a valid email address
Approval was successful
Invalid data
An Error Occurred
Approval was partially successful, following selected items could not be processed due to error