1887
Volume 23, Issue 4
  • ISSN 1384-6655
  • E-ISSN: 1569-9811
USD
Buy:$35.00 + Taxes

Abstract

Abstract

The present study accounts for the use of general extenders (GEs) in spoken and written registers. The repertoire and usage of GEs is analysed in Lithuanian by focusing on their distribution across different registers, their structural properties, and discourse-pragmatic functions. The study is based on a reference corpus of Lithuanian, which includes four subcorpora of written discourse and a subcorpus of spoken discourse. The findings indicate that there are some significant cross-generic differences in GE frequency, but most frequently GEs in Lithuanian are used in written academic discourse. With regard to the structural types of GEs, adjunctives are considerably more frequent than disjunctives. GE structure allows for a large degree of variation, and in spoken interaction GEs can include deictic elements. Concerning discourse-pragmatic functions, GEs are predominantly used to serve textual and interpersonal functions, which appear to be strongly related to the structural type of the GE and discourse settings.

Loading

Article metrics loading...

/content/journals/10.1075/ijcl.17019.ruz
2018-12-27
2025-02-08
Loading full text...

Full text loading...

References

  1. Adolphs, S., Atkins, S., & Harvey, K.
    (2007) Caught between professional requirements and interpersonal needs: Vague language in healthcare contexts. InJ. Cutting (Ed.), Vague Language Explored (pp.62–78). New York, NY: Palgrave MacMillan. 10.1057/9780230627420_4
    https://doi.org/10.1057/9780230627420_4 [Google Scholar]
  2. Aijmer, K.
    (1985) What happens at the end of our utterances? – The use of utterance-final tags introduced by and and or. InO. Togeby (Ed.), Papers from the Eighth Scandinavian Conference (pp.366–389). Copenhagen: Institut for Nordisk Filologi Københavns Universitet.
    [Google Scholar]
  3. (2002) English Discourse Particles. Amsterdam/Philadelphia, PA: John Benjamins. 10.1075/scl.10
    https://doi.org/10.1075/scl.10 [Google Scholar]
  4. (2004) Pragmatic markers in spoken interlanguage. Nordic Journal of English Studies, 3(1), 173–190.
    [Google Scholar]
  5. Ambrazas, V., Garšva, K., Girdenis, A., Jakaitienė, E., Kniūkšta, P., Krinickaitė, … Valiulytė, E.
    (2005) Dabartinės lietuvių kalbos gramatika. Vilnius: Mokslo ir enciklopedijų leidybos institutas.
    [Google Scholar]
  6. Andrews, B.
    (1989) Terminating devices in spoken French. International Review of Applied Linguistics in Language Teaching, 27(3), 193–216. 10.1515/iral.1989.27.3.193
    https://doi.org/10.1515/iral.1989.27.3.193 [Google Scholar]
  7. Biber, D., Johansson, S., Leech, G., Conrad, S., & Finegan, E.
    (1999) Longman Grammar of Spoken and Written English. London: Longman.
    [Google Scholar]
  8. Bielinskienė, A.
    (2010) Sujungiamojo ryšio semantika, pragmatika ir vartosenos ypatumai (Unpublished doctoral dissertation). Vytautas Magnus University, Kaunas.
  9. Buysse, L.
    (2014) ‘We went to the restroom or something’: general extenders ‘and stuff’ in the speech of Dutch learners of English. InJ. Romero-Trillo (Ed.), The Yearbook of Corpus Linguistics and Pragmatics 2014: New Empirical and Theoretical Paradigms (pp.213–237). Berlin/New York, NY: Springer.
    [Google Scholar]
  10. Channell, J.
    (1994) Vague Language. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
    [Google Scholar]
  11. Cheshire, J.
    (2007) Discourse variation, grammaticalization, and stuff like that. Journal of Sociolinguistics, 11(2), 155–193. 10.1111/j.1467‑9841.2007.00317.x
    https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9841.2007.00317.x [Google Scholar]
  12. Cook, G.
    (2007) ‘This we have done’: The vagueness of poetry and public relations. InJ. Cutting (Ed.), Vague Language Explored (pp.21–39). New York, NY: Palgrave MacMillan. 10.1057/9780230627420_2
    https://doi.org/10.1057/9780230627420_2 [Google Scholar]
  13. Cotterill, J.
    (2007) ‘I think he was kind of shouting or something’: Uses and abuses of vagueness in the British courtroom. InJ. Cutting (Ed.), Vague Language Explored (pp.97–116). New York, NY: Palgrave MacMillan. 10.1057/9780230627420_6
    https://doi.org/10.1057/9780230627420_6 [Google Scholar]
  14. Crystal, D., & Davy, D.
    (1979) Advanced Conversational English. New York, NY: Longman.
    [Google Scholar]
  15. Cucchi, C. A.
    (2007) An investigation of general extenders in a corpus of EU parliamentary debates. InM. Davies, P. Rayson, & S. Hunston (Eds.), Proceedings of the Corpus Linguistics Conference CL2007, University of Birmingham, 27–30July, (pp.1–13). Retrieved from: ucrel.lancs.ac.uk/publications/CL2007/article/242_article.pdf (last accessedJune 2016).
    [Google Scholar]
  16. De Cock, S.
    (2004) Preferred sequences of words in NS and NNS speech. BELL: Belgian Journal of English Language and Literatures, 2, 225–246.
    [Google Scholar]
  17. Denis, D.
    (2011) Innovators and innovation: Tracking the innovators of ‘and stuff’ in York English. University of Pennsylvania Working Papers in Linguistics: Selected Papers from NWAV 39, 17(2), 59–70.
    [Google Scholar]
  18. Dines, E. R.
    (1980) Variation in discourse – ‘and stuff like that’. Language in Society, 9(1), 13–31. 10.1017/S0047404500007764
    https://doi.org/10.1017/S0047404500007764 [Google Scholar]
  19. Drave, N.
    (2002) Vaguely speaking: A corpus approach to vague language in intercultural conversations. InP. Peters, P. Colins, & A. Smith (Eds.), Language and Computers, New Frontiers of Corpus Research. Papers from the Twenty First International Conference on English Language Research on Computerized Corpora (pp.25–40). Amsterdam/New York, NY: Rodopi.
    [Google Scholar]
  20. Dubois, S.
    (1992) Extension particles, etc., Language Variation and Change, 16(4), 179–203. 10.1017/S0954394500000740
    https://doi.org/10.1017/S0954394500000740 [Google Scholar]
  21. Grzybek, P., & Verdonik, D.
    (2014) General extenders: From interaction to mode. InV. Jesenšek, P. Grzybek (Eds.), Phraseology in Dictionaries and Corpora (pp.113–130). Maribor: Bielsko Biała.
    [Google Scholar]
  22. Ediger, A. M.
    (1995) An Analysis of Set-Marking Tags in the English Language (Unpublished doctoral dissertation). The University of California, Los Angeles, CA.
  23. Evison, J., McCarthy, M., & O’Keeffe, A.
    (2007) ‘‘Looking out for love and all the rest of it’’: Vague category markers as shared social space. InJ. Cutting (Ed.), Vague Language Explored (pp.138–157). New York, NY: Palgrave MacMillan. 10.1057/9780230627420_8
    https://doi.org/10.1057/9780230627420_8 [Google Scholar]
  24. Fernández, J.
    (2015) General extender use in spoken Peninsular Spanish: Metapragmatic awareness and pedagogical implications. Journal of Spanish Language Teaching, 2(1), 1–17. 10.1080/23247797.2015.1010846
    https://doi.org/10.1080/23247797.2015.1010846 [Google Scholar]
  25. Koester, A.
    (2007) ‘About twelve thousand or so’: Vagueness in North American and UK offices’. InJ. Cutting (Ed.), Vague Language Explored (pp.40–61). New York, NY: Palgrave MacMillan. 10.1057/9780230627420_3
    https://doi.org/10.1057/9780230627420_3 [Google Scholar]
  26. Lin, Y. L.
    (2013) Vague language and interpersonal communication: An analysis of adolescent intercultural conversation. International Journal of Society, Culture and Language, 1(2), 69–81.
    [Google Scholar]
  27. Martínez, I. M. P.
    (2011) “I might, I might go I mean it depends on money things and stuff”: A preliminary analysis of general extenders in British teenagers’ discourse. Journal of Pragmatics, 43(9), 2452–2470. 10.1016/j.pragma.2011.02.011
    https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pragma.2011.02.011 [Google Scholar]
  28. Metsä-Ketelä, M.
    (2012) Frequencies of vague expressions in English as an academic lingua franca. Journal of English as a Lingua Franca, 1(2), 263–285. 10.1515/jelf‑2012‑0019
    https://doi.org/10.1515/jelf-2012-0019 [Google Scholar]
  29. O’Keeffe, A.
    (2004) ‘Like the wise virgins and all that jazz’: Using a corpus to examine vague categorisation and shared knowledge. Language and Computers, 52(1), 1–20.
    [Google Scholar]
  30. Overstreet, M.
    (1995) The Form and Function of General Extenders in English Interactive Discourse (Unpublished doctoral dissertation). University of Hawaii, Honolulu, HI.
    [Google Scholar]
  31. (1999) Whales, Candlelight and Stuff like that: General Extenders in English Discourse. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
    [Google Scholar]
  32. (2005) And stuff ‘und so’: Investigating pragmatic expressions in English and German. Journal of Pragmatics, 37(11), 1845–1864. 10.1016/j.pragma.2005.02.015
    https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pragma.2005.02.015 [Google Scholar]
  33. (2014) The role of pragmatic function in the grammaticalization of English general extenders. Pragmatics, 24(1), 105–129. 10.1075/prag.24.1.05ove
    https://doi.org/10.1075/prag.24.1.05ove [Google Scholar]
  34. Overstreet, M., & Yule, G.
    (1997) On being inexplicit and stuff in contemporary American English. Journal of English Linguistics, 25(3), 250–58. 10.1177/007542429702500307
    https://doi.org/10.1177/007542429702500307 [Google Scholar]
  35. Parvaresh, V., & Tavangar, M.
    (2010) The metapragmatics of ‘and everything’ in Persian. Linguagem em (Dis)curso, 10(1), 133–150. 10.1590/S1518‑76322010000100007
    https://doi.org/10.1590/S1518-76322010000100007 [Google Scholar]
  36. Parvaresh, V., & Tayebi, T.
    (2014) Vaguely speaking in Persian. Discourse Processes, 51(7), 565–600. 10.1080/0163853X.2013.874545
    https://doi.org/10.1080/0163853X.2013.874545 [Google Scholar]
  37. Parvaresh, V., Tavangar, M., Eslami Rasekh, A., & Izadi, D.
    (2012) About his friend, how good she is, ‘and this and that’: General extenders in Persian and EFL discourse. Journal of Pragmatics, 44(3), 261–279. 10.1016/j.pragma.2011.12.003
    https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pragma.2011.12.003 [Google Scholar]
  38. Pichler, H., & Levey, S.
    (2011) In search of grammaticalization in synchronic dialect data: General extenders in north-east England. English Language and Linguistics, 15(3), 441–71. 10.1017/S1360674311000128
    https://doi.org/10.1017/S1360674311000128 [Google Scholar]
  39. Rayson, P.
    (2016) Log-likelihood and Effect Size Calculator. Retrieved fromucrel.lancs.ac.uk/llwizard.html (last accessedAugust 2018).
    [Google Scholar]
  40. Roth-Gordon, J.
    (2007) Youth, slang, and pragmatic expressions: Examples from Brazilian Portuguese. Journal of Sociolinguistics, 11(3), 322–345. 10.1111/j.1467‑9841.2007.00326.x
    https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9841.2007.00326.x [Google Scholar]
  41. Ruzaitė, J.
    (2010) Translation equivalents of vague language items: A study of general extenders in a parallel corpus. Studies about Languages16, 33–38.
    [Google Scholar]
  42. Secova, M.
    (2008) Discourse-Pragmatic Features of Spoken French: Analysis and Pedagogical Implications (Unpublished doctoral dissertation). University of London, London.
  43. Simpson, R. C.
    (2004) Formulaic expressions in academic speech. InU. Connor & T. A. Upton (Eds.), Discourse in the Professions (pp.37–64). Amsterdam/Philadelphia, PA: John Benjamins. 10.1075/scl.16.03sim
    https://doi.org/10.1075/scl.16.03sim [Google Scholar]
  44. Stenström, A.-B., Andersen, G., & Hasund, I. K.
    (2002) Trends in Teenage Talk: Corpus Compilation, Analysis and Findings. Amsterdam/Philadelphia, PA: John Benjamins. 10.1075/scl.8
    https://doi.org/10.1075/scl.8 [Google Scholar]
  45. Stubbe, M., & Holmes, J.
    (1995) ‘You know, eh’ and other exasperating expressions: An analysis of social and stylistic variation in the use of pragmatic devices in a sample of New Zealand English. Language and Communication, 15(1), 63–88. 10.1016/0271‑5309(94)00016‑6
    https://doi.org/10.1016/0271-5309(94)00016-6 [Google Scholar]
  46. Tagliamonte, S., & Denis, D.
    (2010) The stuff of change: General extenders in Toronto, Canada. Journal of English Linguistics, 38(4), 335–368. 10.1177/0075424210367484
    https://doi.org/10.1177/0075424210367484 [Google Scholar]
  47. Terraschke, A., & Holmes, J.
    (2007) ‘Und tralala’: Vagueness and general extenders in German and New Zealand English. InJ. Cutting (Ed.), Vague Language Explored (pp.198–220). New York, NY: Palgrave MacMillan. 10.1057/9780230627420_11
    https://doi.org/10.1057/9780230627420_11 [Google Scholar]
  48. Verdonik, D.
    (2015) Internal variety in the use of Slovene general extenders in different spoken discourse settings. International Journal of Corpus Linguistics, 20(4), 445–468. 10.1075/ijcl.20.4.02ver
    https://doi.org/10.1075/ijcl.20.4.02ver [Google Scholar]
  49. Wagner, S. E., Hesson, A., Bybel, K., & Little, H.
    (2015) Quantifying the referential function of general extenders in North American English. Language in Society, 44(5), 705–731. 10.1017/S0047404515000603
    https://doi.org/10.1017/S0047404515000603 [Google Scholar]
  50. Walsh, S., O’Keeffe, A., & McCarthy, M.
    (2008) ‘…post-colonialism, multi-culturalism, structuralism, feminism, post-modernism and so on and so forth’: A comparative analysis of vague category markers in academic discourse. InA. Ädel & R. Reppen (Eds.), Corpora and Discourse: The Challenges of Different Settings (pp.9–30). Amsterdam/Philadelphia, PA: John Benjamins. 10.1075/scl.31.03wal
    https://doi.org/10.1075/scl.31.03wal [Google Scholar]
  51. Ward, G., & Birner, B.
    (1993) The semantics and pragmatics of ‘and everything’. Journal of Pragmatics, 19(3), 205–214. 10.1016/0378‑2166(93)90028‑N
    https://doi.org/10.1016/0378-2166(93)90028-N [Google Scholar]
  52. Wierzbicka, A.
    (1991) Cross-cultural Pragmatics: The Semantics of Human Interaction. Berlin: de Gruyter.
    [Google Scholar]
  53. Winter, J., & Norrby, C.
    (1999) Set marking tags ‘and stuff’. InHenderson, J. (ed.) Proceedings of the 1999 Conference of the Australian Linguistic Society. Perth: University of Western Australia. Retrieved fromwww.als.asn.au/proceedings/als1999/proceedings.html (last accessedDecember 2016).
    [Google Scholar]
  54. Youssef, V.
    (1993) Marking solidarity across the Trinidad speech community: The use of ‘an ting’ in medical counselling to break down power differentials. Discourse & Society, 4(3), 291–306. 10.1177/0957926593004003001
    https://doi.org/10.1177/0957926593004003001 [Google Scholar]
/content/journals/10.1075/ijcl.17019.ruz
Loading
/content/journals/10.1075/ijcl.17019.ruz
Loading

Data & Media loading...

  • Article Type: Research Article
Keyword(s): discourse variation; general extenders; spoken Lithuanian; vague language
This is a required field
Please enter a valid email address
Approval was successful
Invalid data
An Error Occurred
Approval was partially successful, following selected items could not be processed due to error