1887
  1. Home
  2. e-Journals
  3. International Journal of Corpus Linguistics
  4. Volume 21, Issue 3
  5. Article
Compilation, transcription, markup and annotation of spoken corpora
  • ISSN 1384-6655
  • E-ISSN: 1569-9811
USD
Buy:$35.00 + Taxes

Abstract

This paper builds on the paradox whereby transcriptions are the object of study for investigations into the spoken language but yet omit so much of “what is heard” when an utterance is made. Transcriptions are agnostic with regard to Searlean notions of illocutionary force and perlocutionary effect. The paper proposes that the enhancement of transcriptions with pragmatic and prosodic annotation overcomes that paradox and captures the original utterance more objectively. It argues that annotation is part of transcription. It presents with examples a brief summary of each part of the Pragmatic Annotation Scheme developed for the SPICE-Ireland Corpus: speech acts, tone movements, discourse markers, utterance tags and quotatives.

© 2016 John Benjamins Publishing Company
Loading

Article metrics loading...

/content/journals/10.1075/ijcl.21.3.01kir
2016-09-19
2024-10-05

  • From This Site

    /content/journals/10.1075/ijcl.21.3.01kir
    dcterms_title,dcterms_subject,pub_keyword
    -contentType:Journal -contentType:Contributor -contentType:Concept -contentType:Institution
    10
    5
Loading full text...

Full text loading...

References

  1. Aijmer, K
    (1996) English Conversational Routines. London: Longman.
     [Google Scholar]
  2. (2002) English Discourse Particles. Amsterdam: John Benjamins. doi: 10.1075/scl.10
     https://doi.org/10.1075/scl.10 [Google Scholar]
  3. (2013) Understanding Pragmatic Markers: A Variational Pragmatic Approach. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press.
     [Google Scholar]
  4. (2014) Pragmatic markers. In K. Aijmer & C. Rühlemann (Eds.), Corpus Pragmatics (pp.195–218). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
     [Google Scholar]
  5. Aijmer K. , & Rühlemann, C
    (Eds.) (2014) Corpus Pragmatics. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
     [Google Scholar]
  6. Aijmer K. , & Simon-Vandenbergen, A.-M
    (Eds.) (2011) Pragmatic markers. In J. Zienkowski , J.-O. Östman & J. Verschueren (Eds.), Discursive Pragmatics (pp.205–240). Amsterdam: John Benjamins. doi: 10.1075/hoph.8.13aij
     https://doi.org/10.1075/hoph.8.13aij [Google Scholar]
  7. Andersen, G
    (2001) Pragmatic Markers and Sociolinguistic Variation. A Relevance-Theoretic Approach to the Language of Adolescents. Amsterdam: John Benjamins. doi: 10.1075/pbns.84
     https://doi.org/10.1075/pbns.84 [Google Scholar]
  8. (2011) Corpus-based pragmatics I: Qualitative studies. In W. Bublitz & N. Norrick . Foundations of Pragmatics (pp.587–627). Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter.
     [Google Scholar]
  9. Archer, D
    (2002) “Can innocent people be guilty?” A sociopragmatic analysis of examination transcripts from the Salem Witchcraft Trials. Journal of Historical Pragmatics, 3(1), 1–30. doi: 10.1075/jhp.3.1.02arc
     https://doi.org/10.1075/jhp.3.1.02arc [Google Scholar]
  10. Archer, D. , Culpeper, J. , & Davies, M
    (2008) Pragmatic annotation. In A. Lüdeling & M. Kytö (Eds.), Corpus Linguistics. An International Handbook (pp.642–663). Berlin: Walter de Gruyter.
     [Google Scholar]
  11. Archer, D. , Aijmer, K. , & Wichmann, A
    (2012) Pragmatics: An Introduction. London: Routledge.
     [Google Scholar]
  12. Austin, J.L
    (1962) How to Do Things with Words. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
     [Google Scholar]
  13. Barron, A
    (2015) “And your wedding is the twenty-second <.> of June is it?” Tag questions in Irish English. In C.P. Amador-Moreno , K. McCafferty & E. Vaughan (Eds.), Pragmatic Markers in Irish English (pp.203–228). Amsterdam: John Benjamins. doi: 10.1075/pbns.258.09bar
     https://doi.org/10.1075/pbns.258.09bar [Google Scholar]
  14. Beckman, M.E. , & Elam, G.A
    (1997) Guidelines for ToBI labelling. Version 3.0. Ohio State University Research Foundation. Retrieved fromwww.cs.columbia.edu/~agus/tobi/labelling_guide_v3.pdf (last accessedNovember 2015)
     [Google Scholar]
  15. Blakemore, D
    (1992) Understanding Utterances: An Introduction to Pragmatics. Oxford Blackwell.
     [Google Scholar]
  16. Cook, G
    (1995) Theoretical issues: Transcribing the untranscribable. In G. Leech , G. Myers , & J. Thomas (Eds.), Spoken English on Computer: Transcription, Mark-up and Application (pp.35–53). London: Longman.
     [Google Scholar]
  17. De Felice, R
    (2013) A corpus-based classification of commitments in Business English. In J. Romero-Trillo (Ed.), Yearbook of Corpus Linguistics and Pragmatics 2013 (pp.153–171). Dordrecht: Springer. doi: 10.1007/978‑94‑007‑6250‑3_8
     https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-007-6250-3_8 [Google Scholar]
  18. De Felice, R. , Darby, J. , Fisher, A. , & Peplow, D
    (2013) A classification scheme for annotating speech acts in a business email corpus. ICAME Journal, 37, 71–105.
     [Google Scholar]
  19. Edwards J.A. , & Lampert, M.D
    (Eds.) (1993) Talking Data: Transcription and Coding in Discourse Research. Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.
     [Google Scholar]
  20. Fraser, B
    (1999) What are discourse markers?Journal of Pragmatics, 31(7), 931–952. doi: 10.1016/S0378‑2166(98)00101‑5
     https://doi.org/10.1016/S0378-2166(98)00101-5 [Google Scholar]
  21. Garside R. , Leech G. , & Sampson, G
    (Eds.) (1987) The Computational Analysis of English. London: Longman.
     [Google Scholar]
  22. Garside, R. , Leech, G. , & McEnery, A
    (Eds.) 1997 Corpus Annotation: Linguistic Information from Computer Text Corpora. London: Longman.
     [Google Scholar]
  23. Goffman, E
    (1974) Frame Analysis: An Essay on the Organization of Experience. Boston, MA: Northeastern University Press.
     [Google Scholar]
  24. Greenbaum, S
    (Ed.) (1996) Exploring English World-wide. Oxford: Clarendon Press.
     [Google Scholar]
  25. Halliday, M.A.K
    (1975) Learning How to Mean: Explorations in the Development of Language. London: Edward Arnold.
     [Google Scholar]
  26. Kallen, J.L
    (2013) Irish English: Vol. 2: The Republic of Ireland. Berlin: de Gruyter Mouton. doi: 10.1515/9781614511298
     https://doi.org/10.1515/9781614511298 [Google Scholar]
  27. (2015) “Actually, it’s unfair to say that I was throwing stones”: Comparative perspectives on uses of actually in ICE-Ireland. In C.P. Amador-Moreno , K. McCafferty , & E. Vaughan (Eds.), Pragmatic Markers in Irish English (pp.135–155). Amsterdam: John Benjamins. doi: 10.1075/pbns.258.06kal
     https://doi.org/10.1075/pbns.258.06kal [Google Scholar]
  28. Kallen, J.L. , & Kirk, J.M
    (2008) ICE-Ireland: A User’s Guide. Belfast: Cló Ollscoil na Banríona. Retrieved fromwww.johnmkirk.co.uk/cgi-bin/generic?instanceID=11 (last accessedNovember 2015).
     [Google Scholar]
  29. (2012) SPICE-Ireland: A User’s Guide. Belfast: Cló Ollscoil na Banríona. Retrieved fromwww.johnmkirk.co.uk/cgi-bin/generic?instanceID=11 (last accessedNovember 2015).
     [Google Scholar]
  30. Kirk, J.M
    (2015a) Kind of and sort of: Pragmatic discourse markers in the SPICE-Ireland Corpus. In C.P. Amador-Moreno , K. McCafferty , & E. Vaughan (Eds.), Pragmatic Markers in Irish English (pp.89–113). Amsterdam: John Benjamins. doi: 10.1075/pbns.258.04kir
     https://doi.org/10.1075/pbns.258.04kir [Google Scholar]
  31. (2015b July). Corpus Annotation: Speech acts and the description of spoken registers. Paper presented at Corpus Linguistics 2015 Conference , Lancaster University, UK.
     [Google Scholar]
  32. . (in press) The evolution of spoken corpora within ICE. World Englishes.
     [Google Scholar]
  33. Kirk, J.M. , & J.L. Kallen
    (2009)  Just as a pragmatic discourse marker in the ICE-Ireland corpus. In R. Bowen , M. Mobärg & S. Ohlander (Eds.), Corpora and Discourse – and Stuff: Papers in Honour of Karin Aijmer (pp.149–158.). Gothenburg: Acta Universitatis Gothoburgensis.
     [Google Scholar]
  34. Kirk, J.M. , Kallen, J.L. , Lowry, O. , Rooney, A. , & Mannion, M
    (2011) The SPICE-Ireland Corpus: Systems of Pragmatic Annotation for the Spoken Component of ICE-Ireland. Version 1.2.2. Belfast: Queen’s University Belfast & Dublin: Trinity College Dublin.
     [Google Scholar]
  35. Leech, G
    (2005) Adding linguistic annotation. In M. Wynne (Ed.), Developing Linguistic Corpora: A Guide to Good Practice (pp.17–29). Oxford: Oxbow Books. Retrieved fromwww.ahds.ac.uk/guides/linguistic-corpora/index.htm (last accessedNovember 2015).
     [Google Scholar]
  36. Leech, G. , & Weisser, M
    (2003) Generic speech act annotation for task-oriented dialogue. In D. Archer , P. Rayson , A. Wilson & T. McEnery (Eds.), Proceedings of the Corpus Linguistics 2003 Conference (pp.441–446). Lancaster University: UCREL Technical Papers.
     [Google Scholar]
  37. (2013) The SPAADIA Annotation Scheme. Retrieved frommartinweisser.org/publications/SPAADIA_Annotation_Scheme.pdf (last accessedNovember 2015).
     [Google Scholar]
  38. Leech, G. , McEnery, T. , & Wynne, M
    (1997) Further levels of annotation. In R. Garside , G. Leech & T. McEnery (Eds.), Corpus Annotation: Linguistic Information from Computer Text Corpora (pp.85–101). London: Longman.
     [Google Scholar]
  39. Leech, G. , Myers, G. , & Thomas, J
    (Eds.) (1995) Spoken English on Computer: Transcription, Mark-up and Application. London: Longman.
     [Google Scholar]
  40. Lehmann, H.M
    (2015 May). ICE Online. Paper presented at the ICAME 36 Conference , Trier, Germany.
     [Google Scholar]
  41. Lehmberg, T ., & Wörner, K
    (2008) Annotation standards. In A. Lüdeling & M. Kytö (Eds.), Corpus Linguistics. An International Handbook (pp.484–501). Berlin: Walter de Gruyter.
     [Google Scholar]
  42. Nelson, G
    (1991) Markup for spoken texts. ICE Newsletter 10. London: Survey of English Usage.
     [Google Scholar]
  43. (1995) The International Corpus of English: Mark-up for spoken Language. In G. Leech , G. Myers & J. Thomas (Eds.), Spoken English on Computer: Transcription, Mark-up and Application (pp.220–223). London: Longman.
     [Google Scholar]
  44. (1996) Markup systems. In S. Greenbaum (Ed.), Exploring English World-wide (pp.36–53). Oxford: Clarendon Press.
     [Google Scholar]
  45. Portes, C
    (2003 November). How to assert while questioning: The pragmatic use of rising-falling contours in French debates. Paper presented at the 6th NWCL International Conference: Prosody and Pragmatics , Preston, UK.
     [Google Scholar]
  46. Rehbein, I. , Schalowski, S. , & Wiese, H
    (2014) Annotating spoken language. In Ş. Ruhi , M. Haugh , T. Schmidt & K. Wörner, K . (Eds.), Best Practices for Spoken Corpora in Linguistic Research (pp.75–94). Newcastle-upon-Tyne: Cambridge Scholars Press.
     [Google Scholar]
  47. Ronan, P
    (2015) Categorizing expressive speech acts in the pragmatically annotated SPICE Ireland corpus. ICAME Journal, 39, 25–45. doi: 10.1515/icame‑2015‑0002
     https://doi.org/10.1515/icame-2015-0002 [Google Scholar]
  48. Rühlemann, C
    (2010) What can a corpus tell us about pragmatics?In A. O’Keeffe & M. McCarthy (Eds.), The Routledge Handbook of Corpus Linguistics (pp.288–301). London: Routledge.
     [Google Scholar]
  49. (2011) Corpus-based pragmatics II: Quantitative studies. In W. Bublitz & N. Norrick . Foundations of Pragmatics (pp.629–656). Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter.
     [Google Scholar]
  50. Sauer S. , & Kirk, J.M
    (2015 May). How to get more out of a corpus: A generic multilayer corpus query interface. Paper presented at the ICAME 36 Conference , Trier, Germany.
     [Google Scholar]
  51. Schiffrin, D
    (1987) Discourse Markers. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. doi: 10.1017/CBO9780511611841
     https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511611841 [Google Scholar]
  52. Schweinberger, M
    (2011) The discourse marker LIKE: A corpus-based analysis of selected varieties of English. (Unpublished doctoral dissertation). Hamburg University, Germany.
     [Google Scholar]
  53. (2012) The discourse marker LIKE in Irish English. In B. Migge & M. Ní Chiosáin (Eds.), New Perspectives on Irish English (pp.179–201). Amsterdam: John Benjamins. doi: 10.1075/veaw.g44.09sch
     https://doi.org/10.1075/veaw.g44.09sch [Google Scholar]
  54. (2015) A comparative study of the pragmatic marker like in Irish English and in south-eastern varieties of British English. In C.P. Amador-Moreno , K. McCafferty & E. Vaughan (Eds.), Pragmatic Markers in Irish English (pp.114–134). Amsterdam: John Benjamins. doi: 10.1075/pbns.258.05sch
     https://doi.org/10.1075/pbns.258.05sch [Google Scholar]
  55. Searle, J.R
    (1969) Speech Acts. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. doi: 10.1017/CBO9781139173438
     https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9781139173438 [Google Scholar]
  56. (1976) A Classification of illocutionary speech acts. Language in Society, 5(1), 1–23. doi: 10.1017/S0047404500006837
     https://doi.org/10.1017/S0047404500006837 [Google Scholar]
  57. Silverman, K. , Beckman, M. Pitrelli, J. , Ostendorf, M. , Wightman, C. , Price, P. Pierrehumbert, J. , & Hirschberg, J
    (1992) TOBI: A standard for labeling English prosody. Proceedings of the Second International Conference on Spoken Language Processing (ICSLP 1992), 867–870.
     [Google Scholar]
  58. Smith, N. , Hoffmann, S. , & Rayson, P
    (2008) Corpus tools and methods, today and tomorrow: Incorporating linguists manual annotations. Literary and Linguistic Computing, 23(2), 163–180. doi: 10.1093/llc/fqn004
     https://doi.org/10.1093/llc/fqn004 [Google Scholar]
  59. Sperber D. , & Wilson, D
    (1995) Relevance: Communication and Cognition. Oxford: Blackwell.
     [Google Scholar]
  60. Stenström, A.-B
    (1990) Lexical items peculiar to spoken discourse. In J. Svartvik (Ed.), The London Corpus of Spoken English: Description and Research (pp.137–175). Lund: Lund University Press.
     [Google Scholar]
  61. Stiles, W.B
    (1992) Describing Talk: A Taxonomy of Verbal Response Modes. Newbury Park, CA: Sage Publications.
     [Google Scholar]
  62. Strevens, P
    (1985) Standards and the standard language. English Today, 1(2), 5–8. doi: 10.1017/S0266078400000055
     https://doi.org/10.1017/S0266078400000055 [Google Scholar]
  63. Thompson, P
    (2005) Spoken language corpora. In M. Wynne (Ed.), Developing Linguistic Corpora: A Guide to Good Practice (pp.59–70). Oxford: Oxbow Books. Retrieved fromwww.ahds.ac.uk/guides/linguistic-corpora/index.htm (last accessedNovember 2015).
     [Google Scholar]
  64. (2010) Building a specialised audio-visual corpus. In A. O’Keeffe & M. McCarthy (Eds.), The Routledge Handbook of Corpus Linguistics (pp.93–103). London: Routledge.
     [Google Scholar]
  65. Trudgill, P
    (1999) Standard English: What it isn’t. In T. Bex , & R.J. Watts (Eds.), Standard English: The Widening Debate (pp.117–128). London: Routledge.
     [Google Scholar]
  66. Vaughan, E. , & Clancy, B
    (2011) The pragmatics of Irish English. English Today, 27(2), 47–52. doi: 10.1017/S0266078411000204
     https://doi.org/10.1017/S0266078411000204 [Google Scholar]
  67. (2013) Small corpora and pragmatics. In Romero-Trillo (Ed.), Yearbook of Corpus Linguistics and Pragmatics 2013 (pp.53–73) Dordrecht: Springer. doi: 10.1007/978‑94‑007‑6250‑3_4
     https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-007-6250-3_4 [Google Scholar]
  68. Weisser, M
    (2003) SPAACy: A semi-automated tool for annotating dialogue acts. International Journal of Corpus Linguistics, 8(1), 63–74. doi: 10.1075/ijcl.8.1.03wei
     https://doi.org/10.1075/ijcl.8.1.03wei [Google Scholar]
  69. (2010) Annotating dialogue corpora semi-automatically: A corpus-linguistic approach to pragmatics(Unpublished Post-doctoral Dissertation). University of Bayreuth, Germany.
     [Google Scholar]
  70. (2014) Speech act annotation. In K. Aijmer & C. Rühlemann (Eds.), Corpus Pragmatics (pp.84–113). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
     [Google Scholar]
  71. Wilson, D. , & Sperber, D
    (1992) On verbal irony. Lingua, 87(1-2). 53–76. doi: 10.1016/0024‑3841(92)90025‑E
     https://doi.org/10.1016/0024-3841(92)90025-E [Google Scholar]
/content/journals/10.1075/ijcl.21.3.01kir
Loading
  • Article Type: Research Article
Keyword(s): annotation; markup; pragmatics; prosody; SPICE-Ireland Corpus

Most Cited

This is a required field
Please enter a valid email address
Approval was successful
Invalid data
An Error Occurred
Approval was partially successful, following selected items could not be processed due to error