1887
Volume 5, Issue 2
  • ISSN 2215-1478
  • E-ISSN: 2215-1486
USD
Buy:$35.00 + Taxes

Abstract

Abstract

The present study investigates the use of filled pauses in the by 1,244 learners/second-language speakers of English at different proficiency levels (viz. B1-C2) from six different mother-tongue backgrounds, including speech communities in which English is spoken as a Foreign language (Italy, Mexico, Russia and Spain) and two speech communities where English is spoken as a second language (China/Hong Kong, India). Apart from the speakers’ country of origin and their proficiency levels, other learning context variables gathered from the learner profiles of the corpus sample are also taken into consideration. The study revealed that, while the number of filled pauses is indeed significantly different across proficiency levels, other learning context variables, such as the country of origin, the age of acquisition or the examiners’ experience turn out to have a much stronger effect on the learners’/speakers’ use of filled pauses. These findings are discussed with regard to their implications for learner corpus research in general, as well as the relevance of including such performance phenomena in current descriptor scales such as the Common European Framework of Reference for Languages in particular.

Loading

Article metrics loading...

/content/journals/10.1075/ijlcr.17018.got
2019-09-24
2024-12-11
Loading full text...

Full text loading...

References

  1. Alderson, J. C.
    2007 “The CEFR and the need for more research”. The Modern Language Journal91(4), 659–663. 10.1111/j.1540‑4781.2007.00627_4.x
    https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1540-4781.2007.00627_4.x [Google Scholar]
  2. Biber, D. , Johannson, S. , Leech, G. , Conrad, S. , and Finegan, E.
    1999Longman Grammar of Spoken and Written English. Harlow: Pearson Education.
    [Google Scholar]
  3. Callies, M. & Götz, S.
    (Eds.) 2015 “Learner corpora in language testing and assessment: Prospects and challenges”. In M. Callies & S. Götz (Eds.), Learner Corpora in Language Testing and Assessment. Amsterdam: John Benjamins, 1–9.
    [Google Scholar]
  4. Capitani, E. , Laiacona, M. & Basso, A.
    1998 “Phonetically cued word-fluency, gender differences and aging: A reappraisal”. Cortex34(5), 779–783. 10.1016/S0010‑9452(08)70781‑0
    https://doi.org/10.1016/S0010-9452(08)70781-0 [Google Scholar]
  5. Clark, H. H. & Fox Tree, J. E.
    2002 “Using uh and um in spontaneous speaking”. Cognition84, 73–111. 10.1016/S0010‑0277(02)00017‑3
    https://doi.org/10.1016/S0010-0277(02)00017-3 [Google Scholar]
  6. Council of Europe
    Council of Europe 2017Common European Framework of Reference for Languages: Learning, Teaching, Assessment. Companion Volume with new descriptors. Provisional Version. Avaliable at: rm.coe.int/common-european-framework-of-reference-for-languages-learning-teaching/168074a4e2 (accessedSeptember 2017).
    [Google Scholar]
  7. Csépes, I.
    2009Measuring Oral Proficiency Through Paired-task Performance. Frankfurt: Peter Lang. 10.3726/978‑3‑653‑01227‑9
    https://doi.org/10.3726/978-3-653-01227-9 [Google Scholar]
  8. De Jong, N. , Steinel, M. P. , Florijn, A. , Schoonen, R. & Hulstijn, J. H.
    2013 “Linguistic skills and speaking fluency in a second language”. Applied Psycholinguistics34(5), 893–916. 10.1017/S0142716412000069
    https://doi.org/10.1017/S0142716412000069 [Google Scholar]
  9. De Jong, N. , Groenhout, R. , Schoonen, R. & Hulstijn, J. H.
    2015 “Second language fluency: Speaking style or proficiency? Correcting measures of second language fluency for first language behavior”. Applied Psycholinguistics36(2), 223–243. 10.1017/S0142716413000210
    https://doi.org/10.1017/S0142716413000210 [Google Scholar]
  10. Derwing, T. M. , Munro, M. J. , Thomson, R. I. & Rossiter, M. J.
    2009 “The relationship between L1 fluency and L2 fluency development”. Studies in Second Language Acquisition31(4), 533–557. 10.1017/S0272263109990015
    https://doi.org/10.1017/S0272263109990015 [Google Scholar]
  11. Díez-Bedmar, M. B.
    2012 “The use of the Common European Framework of Reference for Languages to evaluate compositions in the English exam section of the university admission examination”. Revista de Educación357, 55–80.
    [Google Scholar]
  12. 2015 “Article use and criterial features in Spanish EFL writing: A pilot study from CEFRR A2 to B2 levels”. In M. Callies & S. Götz (Eds.), Learner Corpora in Language Testing and Assessment. Amsterdam: John Benjamins, 163–190.
    [Google Scholar]
  13. 2018 “Fine-tuning descriptors for CEFRR B1 level: Insights from learner corpora”. English Language Teaching Journal72(2), 199–209. 10.1093/elt/ccx052
    https://doi.org/10.1093/elt/ccx052 [Google Scholar]
  14. Dumont, A.
    2017a “The contribution of learner corpora to the substantiation of fluency levels”. In P. De Haan , R. De Vries & S. Van Vuuren (Eds.), Language, Learners and Levels: Progression and Variation. Louvain-la-neuve: Presses Universitaires de Louvain, 281–308.
    [Google Scholar]
  15. 2017b The effects of speaking task on L2 fluency. Paper presented at the3rd Learner Corpus Research Conference , EURAC Research Bolzano/Italy, 5–7 October 2017.
    [Google Scholar]
  16. Ellis, R.
    1994The Study of Second Language Acquisition. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
    [Google Scholar]
  17. Freed, B. , Segalowitz, N. & Dewy, D. P.
    2004 “Context of learning and second language fluency in French: Comparing regular classroom, study abroad, and intensive domestic immersion programs”. Studies in Second Language Acquisition26(2), 275–301. 10.1017/S0272263104262064
    https://doi.org/10.1017/S0272263104262064 [Google Scholar]
  18. Gilquin, G.
    2008 “Hesitation markers among EFL learners: Pragmatic deficiency or difference?”. In J. Romero-Trillo (Ed.), Pragmatics and Corpus Linguistics: A Mutualistic Entente. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter, 119–149.
    [Google Scholar]
  19. Götz, S.
    2013Fluency in Native and Nonnative English Speech. Amsterdam: John Benjamins. 10.1075/scl.53
    https://doi.org/10.1075/scl.53 [Google Scholar]
  20. 2015a “Tense and aspect errors in spoken learner language: Implications for language testing and assessment”. In M. Callies & S. Götz (Eds.), Learner Corpora in Language Testing and Assessment. Amsterdam: John Benjamins, 191–215.
    [Google Scholar]
  21. 2015b “Fluency in ENL, ESL and EFL: A corpus-based pilot study”. In R. Lickley (Ed.), Proceedings of Disfluency in Spontaneous Speech 2015. An ICPhS Satellite Meeting. University of Edinburgh.
    [Google Scholar]
  22. 2019 “Do learning context variables have an effect on learners’ (dis)fluency? Language-specific vs. universal patterns in advanced learners’ use of filled pauses”. In L. Degand , G. Gilquin , L. Meurant , A. C. Simon (Eds.), Fluency and Disfluency across Languages and Language Varieties. Louvain-la-neuve: Presses Universitaires de Louvain. 177–196.
    [Google Scholar]
  23. Götz, S. & Mukherjee, J.
    2012Er, erm, uh and uhm: Filled pauses in ENL, ESL and EFL. Paper presented at the33rd Annual Conference of the International Computer Archive of Modern and Medieval English (ICAME 33), University of Leuven/Belgium, 30 May – 3 June, 2012.
    [Google Scholar]
  24. 2018 “The effect of the study abroad variable in spoken learner language: A pseudo-longitudinal study on spoken German learner English”. In V. Brezina & L. Flowerdew (Eds.), Learner Corpus Research: New Perspectives and Applications. London: Bloomsbury, 47–65.
    [Google Scholar]
  25. Gráf, T.
    2019 “Speech rate revisited: The effect of task design on speech rate”. In S. Götz & J. Mukherjee (Eds.), Learner Corpora and Language Teaching. Amsterdam: John Benjamins, 175–189. 10.1075/scl.92.09gra
    https://doi.org/10.1075/scl.92.09gra [Google Scholar]
  26. Granger, S.
    2015 “The contribution of learner corpora to reference and instructional materials design”. In S. Granger , G. Gilquin & F. Meunier (Eds.), Cambridge Handbook of Learner Corpus Research. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 485–510. 10.1017/CBO9781139649414.022
    https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9781139649414.022 [Google Scholar]
  27. Grosjean, F. & Deschamps, A.
    1975 “Analyse des variables temporelles de l’anglais et du français: Vitesse de parole et variables composantes, phénomènes d’hésitation”. Phonetica31(3–4), 144–184. 10.1159/000259667
    https://doi.org/10.1159/000259667 [Google Scholar]
  28. Gries, S. Th.
    2013aStatistics for Linguistics with R: A Practical Introduction, 2nd rev. and ext. ed.Berlin: De Gruyter Mouton. 10.1515/9783110307474
    https://doi.org/10.1515/9783110307474 [Google Scholar]
  29. 2013b “Statistical tests for the analysis of learner corpus data”. In A. Díaz-Negrillo , N. Ballier & P. Thompson (Eds.), Automatic Treatment and Analysis of Learner Corpus Data. Amsterdam: John Benjamins, 287–309. 10.1075/scl.59.17gri
    https://doi.org/10.1075/scl.59.17gri [Google Scholar]
  30. 2015a “Statistics for learner corpus research”. In G. Gilquin , S. Granger & F. Meunier (Eds.), The Cambridge Handbook of Learner Corpus Research. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 159–181. 10.1017/CBO9781139649414.008
    https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9781139649414.008 [Google Scholar]
  31. 2015b Statistics Bootcamp with R.University of Giessen.
    [Google Scholar]
  32. Gut, U. & Fuchs, R.
    2017 “Exploring speaker fluency with phonologically annotated ICE corpora”. World Englishes36(3), 387–403. 10.1111/weng.12278
    https://doi.org/10.1111/weng.12278 [Google Scholar]
  33. Hasselgren, A.
    2002 “Learner Corpora and language testing. Smallwords as markers of learner fluency”. In S. Granger , J. Hung & S. Petch-Tyson (Eds.), Computer Learner Corpora, Second Language Acquisition and Foreign Language Teaching. Amsterdam: John Benjamins, 143–174. 10.1075/lllt.6.11has
    https://doi.org/10.1075/lllt.6.11has [Google Scholar]
  34. Hawkins, J. A. & Buttery, P.
    2010 “Criterial features in learner corpora: Theory and illustrations”. English Profile Journal1(1), 1–23. 10.1017/S2041536210000036
    https://doi.org/10.1017/S2041536210000036 [Google Scholar]
  35. Hawkins, J. A. & Filipović, L.
    2012Criterial Features in L2 English. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
    [Google Scholar]
  36. Hulstijn, J. H.
    2007 “The shaky ground beneath the CEFR: Quantitative and qualitative dimensions of language proficiency”. The Modern Language Journal91(4), 663–667. 10.1111/j.1540‑4781.2007.00627_5.x
    https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1540-4781.2007.00627_5.x [Google Scholar]
  37. Iwashita, N. , Brown, A. , McNamara, T. & O’Hagan, S.
    2008 “Assessed levels of second language speaking proficiency: How distinct?”. Applied Linguistics29(1), 24–49. 10.1093/applin/amm017
    https://doi.org/10.1093/applin/amm017 [Google Scholar]
  38. Kilgarriff, A. , Baisa, V. , Bušta, J. , Jakubíček, M. , Kovář, V. , Michelfeit, J. , Rychly, P. & Suchomel, V.
    2014 “The Sketch Engine: Ten years on”. Lexicography1(1), 7–36. 10.1007/s40607‑014‑0009‑9
    https://doi.org/10.1007/s40607-014-0009-9 [Google Scholar]
  39. Kjellmer, G.
    2003 “Hesitation. In defence of ER and ERM”. English Studies84(2), 170–198. 10.1076/enst.84.2.170.14903
    https://doi.org/10.1076/enst.84.2.170.14903 [Google Scholar]
  40. Kormos, J.
    1999 “Simulating conversations in oral-proficiency assessment: A conversation analysis of role plays and non-scripted interviews in language exams”. Language Testing16(2), 163–188. 10.1177/026553229901600203
    https://doi.org/10.1177/026553229901600203 [Google Scholar]
  41. Leńko-Szymańska, A.
    2015 “ The English Vocabulary Profile as a benchmark for assigning proficiency levels to learner corpus data”. In M. Callies & S. Götz (Eds.), Learner Corpora in Language Testing and Assessment. Amsterdam: John Benjamins, 115–140.
    [Google Scholar]
  42. Lennon, P.
    1990 “Investigating fluency in EFL: A quantitative approach”. Language Learning40(3), 387–417. 10.1111/j.1467‑1770.1990.tb00669.x
    https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-1770.1990.tb00669.x [Google Scholar]
  43. McCarthy, M.
    2010 “Spoken fluency revisited”. English Profile Journal1(1), e4. 10.1017/S2041536210000012
    https://doi.org/10.1017/S2041536210000012 [Google Scholar]
  44. 2016 “Putting the CEFRR to good use: Designing grammars based on learner-corpus evidence”. Language Teaching49(1), 99–115. 10.1017/S0261444813000189
    https://doi.org/10.1017/S0261444813000189 [Google Scholar]
  45. Mora, J. C.
    2006 “Age effects on oral fluency development”. In C. Muñoz (Ed.), Age and the Rate of Foreign Language Learning. Clevedon: Multilingual Matters, 65–88. 10.21832/9781853598937‑005
    https://doi.org/10.21832/9781853598937-005 [Google Scholar]
  46. Mukherjee, J. & Götz, S.
    2015 “Learner corpora and learning context”. In S. Granger , G. Gilquin & F. Meunier (Eds.), Cambridge Handbook of Learner Corpus Research. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 423–442. 10.1017/CBO9781139649414.019
    https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9781139649414.019 [Google Scholar]
  47. Norris, J. M. & Ortega, L.
    2001 “Does type of instruction make a difference? Substantive findings from a meta-analytic review”. Language Learning51(s1), 157–213. 10.1111/j.1467‑1770.2001.tb00017.x
    https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-1770.2001.tb00017.x [Google Scholar]
  48. North, B.
    2000The Development of a Common Framework Scale of Language Proficiency. Bern: Peter Lang. 10.3726/978‑1‑4539‑1059‑7
    https://doi.org/10.3726/978-1-4539-1059-7 [Google Scholar]
  49. 2014 “Putting the Common European Framework of Reference to good use ”. Language Teaching47(2), 228–249. 10.1017/S0261444811000206
    https://doi.org/10.1017/S0261444811000206 [Google Scholar]
  50. O’Connell, D. C. & Kowal, S.
    2004 “The history of research on the filled pause as evidence of the written language bias in linguistics”. Journal of Psycholinguistic Research33(4), 459–474. 10.1007/s10936‑004‑2666‑6
    https://doi.org/10.1007/s10936-004-2666-6 [Google Scholar]
  51. O’Sullivan, B.
    2000 “Exploring gender and oral proficiency interview performance”. System28(3), 373–386. 10.1016/S0346‑251X(00)00018‑X
    https://doi.org/10.1016/S0346-251X(00)00018-X [Google Scholar]
  52. Osborne, J.
    2011 “Oral learner corpora and the assessment of fluency in the Common European Framework”. In A. Frankenberg-Garcia , L. Flowerdew & G. Aston (Eds.), New Trends in Corpora and Language Learning. London: Continuum, 251–256.
    [Google Scholar]
  53. Paquot, M. & Plonsky, L.
    2017 “Quantitative research methods and study quality in learner corpus research”. International Journal of Learner Corpus Research3(1), 61–94. 10.1075/ijlcr.3.1.03paq
    https://doi.org/10.1075/ijlcr.3.1.03paq [Google Scholar]
  54. Park, K.
    2014 “Corpora and language assessment: The state of the art”. Language Assessment Quarterly11(1), 27–42. 10.1080/15434303.2013.872647
    https://doi.org/10.1080/15434303.2013.872647 [Google Scholar]
  55. Peltonen, P.
    2018 “Exploring connections between first and second language fluency: A mixed methods approach”. The Modern Language Journal102(4), 676–692.
    [Google Scholar]
  56. Porter, D.
    1991 “Affective factors in language testing”. In J. C. Alderson & B. North (Eds.), Language Testing in the 1990s. London: Macmillan, 32–40.
    [Google Scholar]
  57. Préfontaine, Y. , Kormos, J. , & Johnson, D. E.
    2016 “How do utterance measures predict raters’ perceptions of fluency in French as a second language?”. Language Testing33(1), 53–73. 10.1177/0265532215579530
    https://doi.org/10.1177/0265532215579530 [Google Scholar]
  58. R Development Core Team
    R Development Core Team 2017R: A Language and Environment for Statistical Computing. Vienna: R Foundation for Statistical Computing. www.r-project.org (last accessedMarch 2018).
    [Google Scholar]
  59. Rose, R.
    2008 “Filled pauses in language teaching: why and how”. Bulletin of Gunma Prefectural Women’s University29, 47–64.
    [Google Scholar]
  60. Rühlemann, C.
    2006 “Coming to terms with conversational grammar: ‘Dislocation’ and ‘dysfluency’”. International Journal of Corpus Linguistics11(4), 385–409. 10.1075/ijcl.11.4.03ruh
    https://doi.org/10.1075/ijcl.11.4.03ruh [Google Scholar]
  61. Safa, A. E. , Roy, E. A. & Sharratt, M. T.
    2011 “Age and verbal fluency: The mediating effect of speed of processing”. Canadian Geriatrics Journal14(3), 65–72.
    [Google Scholar]
  62. Schneider, G. & North, B.
    2000Fremdsprachen können – was heisst das? Skalen zur Beschreibung, Beurteilung und Selbsteinschätzung der fremdsprachlichen Kommunikationsfähigkeit. Zürich: Rüegger.
    [Google Scholar]
  63. Thewissen, J.
    2011 “Capturing L2 accuracy developmental patterns: Insights from an error-tagged EFL learner corpus”. Modern Language Journal97(S1), 77–101. 10.1111/j.1540‑4781.2012.01422.x
    https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1540-4781.2012.01422.x [Google Scholar]
  64. 2016Accuracy across Proficiency Levels. A Learner Corpus Approach. Louvain-la-Neuve: Presses Universitaires de Louvain.
    [Google Scholar]
  65. Timofeev, R.
    2007 Classification and Regression Trees (CART): Theory and Applications. Master Thesis, Humboldt University Berlin.
    [Google Scholar]
  66. Tottie, G.
    2011 “ Uh and Um as sociolinguistic markers in British English”. International Journal of Corpus Linguistics16(2), 173–197. 10.1075/ijcl.16.2.02tot
    https://doi.org/10.1075/ijcl.16.2.02tot [Google Scholar]
  67. Wisniewski, K.
    2014Die Validität der Skalen des Gemeinsamen europäischen Referenzrahmens für Sprachen. Eine empirische Untersuchung der Flüssigkeits- und Wortschatzskalen des GeRS am Beispiel des Italienischen und des Deutschen. Frankfurt: Peter Lang. 10.3726/978‑3‑653‑03925‑2
    https://doi.org/10.3726/978-3-653-03925-2 [Google Scholar]
  68. 2017 “Empirical learner language and the levels of the Common European Framework of Reference ”. Language Learning67(S1), 232–253. 10.1111/lang.12223
    https://doi.org/10.1111/lang.12223 [Google Scholar]
  69. Wray, A.
    2002Formulaic Language and the Lexicon. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 10.1017/CBO9780511519772
    https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511519772 [Google Scholar]
/content/journals/10.1075/ijlcr.17018.got
Loading
/content/journals/10.1075/ijlcr.17018.got
Loading

Data & Media loading...

  • Article Type: Research Article
Keyword(s): filled pauses; fluency; learning context; proficiency
This is a required field
Please enter a valid email address
Approval was successful
Invalid data
An Error Occurred
Approval was partially successful, following selected items could not be processed due to error