1887
Volume 7, Issue 2
  • ISSN 2215-1478
  • E-ISSN: 2215-1486
USD
Buy:$35.00 + Taxes

Abstract

Abstract

This study examines the impact of two topic-related variables (i.e., valence polarity and everyday-life closeness) on the lexical diversity scores (i.e., MTLD) of learners of L2 Spanish at different proficiency levels. The analysis included 3,045 texts written in response to two pairs of prompts by 1,165 students enrolled in an L2 Spanish program. The first pair of prompts asked learners to narrate an event: prompt 1 focused on a perfect vacation (positive event), while prompt 2 asked participants to tell a terrible story (negative event). The second pair asked to describe a person: prompt 1 required that the subject be famous, thus not close to the writer, whereas prompt 2 required that the subject be special and close to the writer. Results indicate that lexical diversity scores were higher for the texts written about the positive event and the famous subject across all proficiency levels.

Loading

Article metrics loading...

/content/journals/10.1075/ijlcr.20017.fer
2021-10-11
2024-12-05
Loading full text...

Full text loading...

References

  1. Alonso-Ramos, M.
    (2016) Spanish learner corpus research: Current trends and future perspectives. Amsterdam: John Benjamins. 10.1075/scl.78
    https://doi.org/10.1075/scl.78 [Google Scholar]
  2. Anooshian, L. J., & Hertel, P. T.
    (1994) Emotionality in free recall: Language specificity in bilingual memory. Cognition & Emotion, 8(6), 503–514. 10.1080/02699939408408956
    https://doi.org/10.1080/02699939408408956 [Google Scholar]
  3. Bell, P., Collins, L., & Marsden, E.
    (2021) Building an oral and written learner corpus of a school programme : Methodological issues. InB. Le Bruyn & M. Paquot (Eds.), Learner corpus research meets second language acquisition (pp.214–242). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
    [Google Scholar]
  4. Buyse, K., & González Melón, E.
    (2012) El corpus de aprendices Aprescrilov y su utilidad para la didáctica de ELE en la Bélgica multilingüe. Congreso de ASELE: Multilingüismo y enseñanza de ELE en contextos multiculturales 2012, 247–261.
    [Google Scholar]
  5. Castañeda-Jiménez, G., & Jarvis, S.
    (2014) Exploring lexical diversity in second language Spanish. InK. Geeslin (Ed.), The handbook of Spanish second language acquisition (pp.498–513). Malden, MA: Wiley & Sons.
    [Google Scholar]
  6. Cestero, A., & Penadés, I.
    (2009) Corpus de textos escritos para el análisis de errores de aprendices de E/LE (CORANE) [CD-ROM]. Alcalá de Henares: Universidad de Alcalá.
    [Google Scholar]
  7. Cheng, Y.-S.
    (2008) Factors associated with foreign language writing anxiety. Foreign Language Annals, 35(5), 647–656. 10.1111/j.1944‑9720.2002.tb01903.x
    https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1944-9720.2002.tb01903.x [Google Scholar]
  8. Cho, M.
    (2019) The effects of prompts on L2 writing performance and engagement. Foreign Language Annals, 52(3), 576–594. 10.1111/flan.12411
    https://doi.org/10.1111/flan.12411 [Google Scholar]
  9. Conrad, M., Recio, G., & Jacobs, A.
    (2011) The time course of emotion effects in first and second language processing: A cross cultural ERP study with German–Spanish bilinguals. Frontiers in Psychology, 2, 351. 10.3389/fpsyg.2011.00351
    https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2011.00351 [Google Scholar]
  10. Cortes, V.
    (2004) Lexical bundles in published and student disciplinary writing: Examples from history and biology. English for Specific Purposes, 23(4), 397–423. 10.1016/j.esp.2003.12.001
    https://doi.org/10.1016/j.esp.2003.12.001 [Google Scholar]
  11. Crossley, S. A., Salsbury, T., McNamara, D. S., & Jarvis, S.
    (2010) Predicting lexical proficiency in language learner texts using computational indices. Language Testing, 28(4), 561–580. 10.1177/0265532210378031
    https://doi.org/10.1177/0265532210378031 [Google Scholar]
  12. Davidson, S., Yamada, A., Fernández-Mira, P., Carando, A., Sánchez-Gutiérrez, C. H., & Sagae, K.
    (2020) Developing NLP tools with a new corpus of learner Spanish. Proceedings of the 12th Language Resources and Evaluation Conference 2020, 7238–7243.
    [Google Scholar]
  13. Degner, J., Doycheva, C., & Wentura, D.
    (2012) It matters how much you talk: On the automaticity of affective connotations of first and second language words. Bilingualism: Language and Cognition, 15(1), 181–189. 10.1017/S1366728911000095
    https://doi.org/10.1017/S1366728911000095 [Google Scholar]
  14. Dewaele, J. M., & MacIntyre, P. D.
    (2014) The two faces of Janus? Anxiety and enjoyment in the foreign language classroom. Studies in Second Language Learning and Teaching, 4(2), 237–274. 10.14746/ssllt.2014.4.2.5
    https://doi.org/10.14746/ssllt.2014.4.2.5 [Google Scholar]
  15. D’Mello, S., & Mills, C.
    (2014) Emotions while writing about emotional and non-emotional topics. Motivation and Emotion, 38(1), 140–156. 10.1007/s11031‑013‑9358‑1
    https://doi.org/10.1007/s11031-013-9358-1 [Google Scholar]
  16. Ellis, R., & Yuan, F.
    (2004) The effects of planning on fluency, complexity, and accuracy in second language narrative writing. Studies in Second Language Acquisition, 26(1), 59–84. 10.1017/S0272263104261034
    https://doi.org/10.1017/S0272263104261034 [Google Scholar]
  17. Emmersion
    Emmersion (2020) WebCAPE/CEFR Equivalencies. Retrieved on27 July 2021fromhttps://support.emmersion.ai/support/solutions/articles/60000676566-webcape-cefr-equivalencies
  18. Frens, J.
    (2017) Lexical diversity [GitHub repository]. Retrieved on27 July 2021fromhttps://github.com/jennafrens/lexical_diversity
  19. Granger, S.
    (2011) How to use foreign and second language learner corpora?InA. Mackey & S. Gass (Eds.), A guide to research methods in second language acquisition (pp.7–29). Oxford: Basil Blackwell. 10.1002/9781444347340.ch2
    https://doi.org/10.1002/9781444347340.ch2 [Google Scholar]
  20. Granger, S., Gilquin, G., & Meunier, F.
    (2015) Introduction: Learner corpus research– past, present and future. InS. Granger, G. Gilquin, & F. Meunier (Eds.), The Cambridge handbook of learner corpus research (pp.1–5). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 10.1017/CBO9781139649414.001
    https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9781139649414.001 [Google Scholar]
  21. Gregori-Signes, C., & Clavel-Arroitia, B.
    (2015) Analysing lexical density and lexical diversity in university students’ written discourse. Procedia – Social and Behavioral Sciences, 198, 546–556. 10.1016/j.sbspro.2015.07.477
    https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sbspro.2015.07.477 [Google Scholar]
  22. Hashemian, M., & Heidari, A.
    (2013) The relationship between L2 learners’ motivation/attitude and success in L2 writing. Procedia – Social and Behavioral Sciences, 70, 476–489. 10.1016/j.sbspro.2013.01.085
    https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sbspro.2013.01.085 [Google Scholar]
  23. Instituto Cervantes
    Instituto Cervantes (2020) El español: Una lengua viva. Informe 2020. Madrid: Instituto Cervantes. Retrieved on27 July 2021fromhttps://cvc.cervantes.es/lengua/espanol_lengua_viva/pdf/espanol_lengua_viva_2020.pdf
    [Google Scholar]
  24. Ishikawa, T.
    (2006) The effect of task complexity and language proficiency on task-based language performance. Journal of Asia TEFL, 3(4), 193–225.
    [Google Scholar]
  25. Jarvis, S.
    (2002) Short texts, best-fitting curves and new measures of lexical diversity. Language Testing, 19(1), 57–84. 10.1191/0265532202lt220oa
    https://doi.org/10.1191/0265532202lt220oa [Google Scholar]
  26. Koizumi, R., & In’nami, Y.
    (2012) Effects of text length on lexical diversity measures: Using short texts with less than 200 tokens. System, 40(4), 554–564. 10.1016/j.system.2012.10.012
    https://doi.org/10.1016/j.system.2012.10.012 [Google Scholar]
  27. Kormos, J.
    (2011) Task complexity and linguistic and discourse features of narrative writing performance. Journal of Second Language Writing, 20(2), 148–161. 10.1016/j.jslw.2011.02.001
    https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jslw.2011.02.001 [Google Scholar]
  28. (2012) The role of individual differences in L2 writing. Journal of Second Language Writing, 21(4), 390–403. 10.1016/j.jslw.2012.09.003
    https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jslw.2012.09.003 [Google Scholar]
  29. Kormos, J., & Trebits, A.
    (2012) The role of task complexity, modality and aptitude in narrative task performance. Language Learning, 62(2), 439–472. 10.1111/j.1467‑9922.2012.00695.x
    https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9922.2012.00695.x [Google Scholar]
  30. Kousta, S. T., Vinson, D. P., & Vigliocco, G.
    (2009) Emotion words, regardless of polarity, have a processing advantage over neutral words. Cognition, 112(3), 473–481. 10.1016/j.cognition.2009.06.007
    https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cognition.2009.06.007 [Google Scholar]
  31. Kuiken, F., & Vedder, I.
    (2008) Cognitive task complexity and written output in Italian and French as a foreign language. Journal of Second Language Writing, 17(1), 48–60. 10.1016/j.jslw.2007.08.003
    https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jslw.2007.08.003 [Google Scholar]
  32. Kuperman, V., Estes, Z., Brysbaert, M., & Warriner, A. B.
    (2014) Emotion and language: Valence and arousal affect word recognition. Journal of Experimental Psychology: General, 143(3), 1065–1081. 10.1037/a0035669
    https://doi.org/10.1037/a0035669 [Google Scholar]
  33. Kyle, K.
    (2020) Measuring lexical richness. InS. Webb (Ed.), The Routledge handbook of vocabulary studies (pp.454–476). New York, NY: Routledge.
    [Google Scholar]
  34. Laufer, B., & Nation, P.
    (1995) Vocabulary size and use: Lexical richness in L2 written production. Applied linguistics, 16(3), 307–322. 10.1093/applin/16.3.307
    https://doi.org/10.1093/applin/16.3.307 [Google Scholar]
  35. Lozano, C.
    (2009) CEDEL2: Corpus Escrito del Español como L2. InC. M. Bretones Callejas, J. F. Fernández Sánchez, J. R. Ibáñez Ibáñez, M. E. García Sánchez, M. E. Cortés de los Ríos, S. Salaberri Ramiro, M. S. Cruz Martínez, N. Perdú Honeyman, & B. Cantizano Márquez (Eds.), Applied linguistics now: Understanding language and mind/La lingüística aplicada actual: Comprendiendo el lenguaje y la mente (pp.197–212) Almería: Universidad de Almería.
    [Google Scholar]
  36. Mavrou, I., & Bustos-López, F.
    (2019) La influencia de la memoria operativa y de la inteligencia emocional en la expresión de la emoción en español como segunda lengua. Revista de Lingüística y Lenguas Aplicadas, 14, 117–129. 10.4995/rlyla.2019.10007
    https://doi.org/10.4995/rlyla.2019.10007 [Google Scholar]
  37. McCarthy, P. M.
    (2005) An assessment of the range and usefulness of lexical diversity measures and the potential of the measure of textual, lexical diversity (MTLD) (Doctoral dissertation). Memphis: University of Memphis Retrieved from ProQuest Dissertations & Theses.
  38. McCarthy, P. M., & Jarvis, S.
    (2010) MTLD, vocd-D, and HD-D: A validation study of sophisticated approaches to lexical diversity assessment. Behavior Research Methods, 42(2), 381–392. 10.3758/BRM.42.2.381
    https://doi.org/10.3758/BRM.42.2.381 [Google Scholar]
  39. Mitchell, R., Tracy-Ventura, N., & McManus, K.
    (2017) Anglophone students abroad: Identity, social relationships, and language learning. New York, NY: Routledge. 10.4324/9781315194851
    https://doi.org/10.4324/9781315194851 [Google Scholar]
  40. Paquot, M.
    (2014) Cross-linguistic influence and formulaic language: Recurrent word sequences in French learner writing. InL. Roberts, I. Vedder, & J. Hulstijn (Eds.), EuroSLA Yearbook (pp.216–237). Amsterdam: John Benjamins. 10.1075/eurosla.14.10paq
    https://doi.org/10.1075/eurosla.14.10paq [Google Scholar]
  41. (2017) L1 frequency in foreign language acquisition: Recurrent word combinations in French and Spanish EFL learner writing. Second Language Research33(1), 13–32. 10.1177/0267658315620265
    https://doi.org/10.1177/0267658315620265 [Google Scholar]
  42. Paquot, M., Naets, H., & Gries, S. T.
    (2021) Using syntactic co-occurrences to trace phraseological complexity development in learner writing: Verb + object structures in LONGDALE. InB. Le Bruyn & M. Paquot (Eds.), Learner corpus research meets second language acquisition (pp.122–147). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
    [Google Scholar]
  43. Pavlenko, A.
    (2012) Affective processing in bilingual speakers: Disembodied cognition?International Journal of Psychology, 47(6), 405–428. 10.1080/00207594.2012.743665
    https://doi.org/10.1080/00207594.2012.743665 [Google Scholar]
  44. Robinson, P.
    (2001) Task complexity, task difficulty, and task production: Exploring interactions in a componential framework. Applied Linguistics, 22(1), 27–57. 10.1093/applin/22.1.27
    https://doi.org/10.1093/applin/22.1.27 [Google Scholar]
  45. Rojo, G., & Palacios, I. M.
    (2016) Learner Spanish on computer: The CAES Corpus de Aprendices de Español project. InM. Alonso-Ramos (Ed.), Spanish learner corpus research: Current trends and future perspectives (pp.55–87). Amsterdam: John Benjamins. 10.1075/scl.78.03roj
    https://doi.org/10.1075/scl.78.03roj [Google Scholar]
  46. Sadeghi, K., & Dilmaghani, S.
    (2013) The relationship between lexical diversity and genre in Iranian EFL Learners’ writings. Journal of Language Teaching and Research, 4(2), 328–334. 10.4304/jltr.4.2.328‑334
    https://doi.org/10.4304/jltr.4.2.328-334 [Google Scholar]
  47. Schoonen, R.
    (2005) Generalizability of writing scores: An application of structural equation modeling. Language Testing, 22(1), 1–30. 10.1191/0265532205lt295oa
    https://doi.org/10.1191/0265532205lt295oa [Google Scholar]
  48. Schoonen, R., van Gelderen, A., de Glopper, K., Hulstijn, J., Simis, A., Snellings, P., & Stevenson, M.
    (2003) First language and second language writing: The role of linguistic knowledge, speed of processing, and metacognitive knowledge. Language Learning, 53 (1), 165–202. 10.1111/1467‑9922.00213
    https://doi.org/10.1111/1467-9922.00213 [Google Scholar]
  49. Segalowitz, N., Trofimovich, P., Gatbonton, E., & Sokolovskaya, A.
    (2008) Feeling affect in a second language: The role of word recognition automaticity. The Mental Lexicon, 3(1), 47–71. 10.1075/ml.3.1.05seg
    https://doi.org/10.1075/ml.3.1.05seg [Google Scholar]
  50. Sheikh, N. A., & Titone, D.
    (2016) The embodiment of emotional words in a second language: An eye-movement study. Cognition and Emotion, 30(3), 488–500. 10.1080/02699931.2015.1018144
    https://doi.org/10.1080/02699931.2015.1018144 [Google Scholar]
  51. Skehan, P.
    (1998) Task-based instruction. Annual Review of Applied Linguistics, 18, 268–286. 10.1017/S0267190500003585
    https://doi.org/10.1017/S0267190500003585 [Google Scholar]
  52. Stadthagen-Gonzalez, H., Imbault, C., Sánchez, M. A. P., & Brysbaert, M.
    (2017) Norms of valence and arousal for 14,031 Spanish words. Behavior Research Methods, 49(1), 111–123. 10.3758/s13428‑015‑0700‑2
    https://doi.org/10.3758/s13428-015-0700-2 [Google Scholar]
  53. Tabari, M., & Wang, Y.
    (2021) The effects of prompt types on L2 learners’ textual emotionality and lexical complexity. Journal of Second Language Studies.
    [Google Scholar]
  54. Tracy-Ventura, N., Mitchell, R., & McManus, K.
    (2016) The LANGSNAP Longitudinal Learner Corpus: Design and use. InAlonso Ramos, M. (Ed.), Spanish learner corpus research: Current trends and future perspectives (pp.117–142). Amsterdam: John Benjamins. 10.1075/scl.78.05tra
    https://doi.org/10.1075/scl.78.05tra [Google Scholar]
  55. Tracy-Ventura, N., & Myles, F.
    (2015) The importance of task variability in the design of learner corpora for SLA research. International Journal of Learner Corpus Research, 1(1), 58–95. 10.1075/ijlcr.1.1.03tra
    https://doi.org/10.1075/ijlcr.1.1.03tra [Google Scholar]
  56. Yamada, A., Davidson, S., Fernández-Mira, P., Carando, A., Sagae, K., & Sánchez-Gutiérrez, C.
    (2020) COWS-L2H: A corpus of Spanish learner writing. Research in Corpus Linguistics, 8(1), 17–32. 10.32714/ricl.08.01.02
    https://doi.org/10.32714/ricl.08.01.02 [Google Scholar]
  57. Yu, G.
    (2010) Lexical diversity in writing and speaking task performances. Applied Linguistics, 31(2), 236–259. 10.1093/applin/amp024
    https://doi.org/10.1093/applin/amp024 [Google Scholar]
  58. Zhan, J., Sun, Q., & Zhang, L. J.
    (2021) Effects of manipulating writing task complexity on learners’ performance in completing vocabulary and syntactic tasks. Language Teaching Research. 10.1177/13621688211024360
    https://doi.org/10.1177/13621688211024360 [Google Scholar]
/content/journals/10.1075/ijlcr.20017.fer
Loading
/content/journals/10.1075/ijlcr.20017.fer
Loading

Data & Media loading...

  • Article Type: Research Article
Keyword(s): L2 Spanish; learner corpus; lexical diversity; topic-related variables; writing
This is a required field
Please enter a valid email address
Approval was successful
Invalid data
An Error Occurred
Approval was partially successful, following selected items could not be processed due to error