1887
Volume 11, Issue 1
  • ISSN 2215-1478
  • E-ISSN: 2215-1486
USD
Buy:$35.00 + Taxes

Abstract

Abstract

The present study aims to verify previous findings on the role of proficiency in the degree of complexity and accuracy of verbal morphemes in written essays from intermediate and advanced L2 Italian learners. In addition, by taking the perspective of usage-based theories on the distributional properties in the input, it investigates the extent to which contingency affects morphological complexity and accuracy by the emergence of cue-outcome associations. Hypotheses on the effects of contingency and proficiency on complexity and accuracy, and on their mutual relationships, are verified by adopting a confirmatory approach and by using Structural equation modeling. Results support the claims for non-universal mechanisms in the acquisition of verbal morphology: proficiency does not affect the morphological complexity of learner texts in the same way in inflectionally rich and poor languages, and the cue-outcome mechanisms of associative learning work to different extents depending on the inflectional systems of the target languages.

Loading

Article metrics loading...

/content/journals/10.1075/ijlcr.23032.spi
2024-10-18
2025-04-23
Loading full text...

Full text loading...

References

  1. Alexopoulou, T., Michel, M., Murakami, A., & Meurers, D.
    (2017) Task effects on linguistic complexity and accuracy: A large-scale learner corpus analysis employing natural language processing techniques. Language Learning, 67(S1), 180–208. 10.1111/lang.12232
    https://doi.org/10.1111/lang.12232 [Google Scholar]
  2. Bailey, N., Madden, C., & Krashen, S.
    (1974) Is there a “natural sequence” in adult second language learning?Language Learning, 211, 235–243. 10.1111/j.1467‑1770.1974.tb00505.x
    https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-1770.1974.tb00505.x [Google Scholar]
  3. Bardovi-Harlig, K.
    (1998) Narrative structure and lexical aspect: Conspiring factors in second language acquisition of tense-aspect morphology. Studies in Second Language Acquisition, 20(4), 471–508. 10.1017/S0272263198004021
    https://doi.org/10.1017/S0272263198004021 [Google Scholar]
  4. (1999) From morpheme studies to temporal semantics: Tense–aspect research in SLA. Studies in Second Language Acquisition, 211, 341–82. 10.1017/S0272263199003010
    https://doi.org/10.1017/S0272263199003010 [Google Scholar]
  5. Bernini, G., & Giacalone Ramat, A.
    (Eds.) (1990) La temporalità. nell’acquisizione di lingue seconde. FrancoAngeli.
    [Google Scholar]
  6. Berretta, M.
    (1995) Morphological markedness in L2 acquisition. InR. Simone (Ed.), Iconicity in language (pp.197–233). John Benjamins. 10.1075/cilt.110.15ber
    https://doi.org/10.1075/cilt.110.15ber [Google Scholar]
  7. Bulté, B., & Housen, A.
    (2012) Defining and operationalising L2 complexity. InA. Housen, F. Kuiken, & I. Vedder (Eds.), Dimensions of L2 performance and proficiency: Complexity, accuracy and fluency in SLA (pp.21–46). John Benjamins. 10.1075/lllt.32.02bul
    https://doi.org/10.1075/lllt.32.02bul [Google Scholar]
  8. Brezina, V., & Pallotti, G.
    (2019) Morphological complexity in written L2 texts. Second Language Research, 35(1), 99–119. 10.1177/0267658316643125
    https://doi.org/10.1177/0267658316643125 [Google Scholar]
  9. De Clercq, B., & Housen, A.
    (2019) The development of morphological complexity: A cross-linguistic study of L2 French and English. Second Language Research, 35(1), 71–97. 10.1177/0267658316674506
    https://doi.org/10.1177/0267658316674506 [Google Scholar]
  10. DeKeyser, R.
    (2005) What makes learning second-language grammar difficult? A review of issues. Language Learning, 55(S1), 1–25. 10.1111/j.0023‑8333.2005.00294.x
    https://doi.org/10.1111/j.0023-8333.2005.00294.x [Google Scholar]
  11. Dulay, H. C., & Burt, M. K.
    (1973) Should we teach children syntax?Language Learning, 23(2), 245–258. 10.1111/j.1467‑1770.1973.tb00659.x
    https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-1770.1973.tb00659.x [Google Scholar]
  12. Dulay, H., & Burt, M.
    (1974) Natural sequence in child second language acquisition. Language Learning, 24(1), 37–53. 10.1111/j.1467‑1770.1974.tb00234.x
    https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-1770.1974.tb00234.x [Google Scholar]
  13. Edmonds, A., & Gudmestad, A.
    (2023) Phraseological use and development during a stay abroad: Exploring sensitivity to frequency and cue contingency. Language Learning, 73(2), 475–507. 10.1111/lang.12547
    https://doi.org/10.1111/lang.12547 [Google Scholar]
  14. Ellis, N. C.
    (2002) Frequency effects in language processing: A review with implications for theories of implicit and explicit language acquisition. Studies in Second Language Acquisition, 24(2), 143–188. 10.1017/S0272263102002024
    https://doi.org/10.1017/S0272263102002024 [Google Scholar]
  15. (2022) Second language learning of morphology. Journal of the European Second Language Association, 6(1), 34–59. 10.22599/jesla.85
    https://doi.org/10.22599/jesla.85 [Google Scholar]
  16. Ellis, N., & Sagarra, N.
    (2011) Learned attention in adult language acquisition: A replication and generalization study and meta-analysis. Studies in Second Language Acquisition, 33(4), 589–624. 10.1017/S0272263111000325
    https://doi.org/10.1017/S0272263111000325 [Google Scholar]
  17. Giacalone Ramat, A.
    (Ed.) (2003) Verso l’italiano. Percorsi e strategie di acquisizione. Carocci.
    [Google Scholar]
  18. Giacalone Ramat, A., & Banfi, E.
    (1990) The acquisition of temporality: A second language perspective. Folia Linguistica, (XXIV)3–41, 405–428. 10.1515/flin.1990.24.3‑4.405
    https://doi.org/10.1515/flin.1990.24.3-4.405 [Google Scholar]
  19. Goldschneider, J. M., & DeKeyser, R.
    (2001) Explaining the “natural order of L2 morpheme acquisition” in English: A meta-analysis of multiple determinants. Language Learning, 51(1), 1–50. 10.1111/1467‑9922.00147
    https://doi.org/10.1111/1467-9922.00147 [Google Scholar]
  20. Gunnarsson, C.
    (2012) The development of complexity, accuracy and fluency in the written production of L2 French. InA. Housen, F. Kuiken, & I. Vedder (Eds.), Dimensions of L2 performance and proficiency: Complexity, accuracy and fluency in SLA (pp.247–276). John Benjamins. 10.1075/lllt.32.11gun
    https://doi.org/10.1075/lllt.32.11gun [Google Scholar]
  21. Guo, R., & Ellis, N. C.
    (2021) Language usage and second language morphosyntax: Effects of availability, reliability, and formulaicity. Frontiers in Psychology, 121. 10.3389/fpsyg.2021.582259
    https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2021.582259 [Google Scholar]
  22. Hancock, G. R., & Schoonen, R.
    (2015) Structural equation modeling: Possibilities for language learning researchers. Language Learning, 65(S1), 160–184. 10.1111/lang.12116
    https://doi.org/10.1111/lang.12116 [Google Scholar]
  23. Housen, A., & Kuiken, F.
    (2009) Complexity, accuracy, and fluency in second language acquisition. Applied Linguistics, 30(4), 461–73. 10.1093/applin/amp048
    https://doi.org/10.1093/applin/amp048 [Google Scholar]
  24. Housen, A., Kuiken, F., & Vedder, I.
    (Eds.) (2012) Dimensions of L2 performance and proficiency: Complexity, accuracy and fluency in SLA. John Benjamins. 10.1075/lllt.32
    https://doi.org/10.1075/lllt.32 [Google Scholar]
  25. Jia, G., & Fuse, A.
    (2007) Acquisition of English grammatical morphology by native Mandarin-speaking children and adolescents: Age-related differences. Journal of Speech Language and Hearing Research, 50(5), 1280–1299. 10.1044/1092‑4388(2007/090)
    https://doi.org/10.1044/1092-4388(2007/090) [Google Scholar]
  26. Jiang, N., Novokshanova, E., Masuda, K., & Wang, X.
    (2011) Morphological congruency and the acquisition of L2 morphemes. Language Learning, 61(3), 940–967. 10.1111/j.1467‑9922.2010.00627.x
    https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9922.2010.00627.x [Google Scholar]
  27. Johnson, J., & Newport, E. L.
    (1989) Critical period effects in second language learning and the influence of the maturational state on the acquisition of ESL. Cognitive Psychology, 21(1), 60–99. 10.1016/0010‑0285(89)90003‑0
    https://doi.org/10.1016/0010-0285(89)90003-0 [Google Scholar]
  28. Klein, W.
    (1993) The acquisition of temporality. InC. Perdue (Ed.), Adult language acquisition: Crosslinguistic perspectives: Vol. 2. The results (pp.73–118). Cambridge University Press.
    [Google Scholar]
  29. (1994) Learning how to express temporality in a second language. InA. Giacalone Ramat & M. Vedovelli (Eds.), Italiano lingua seconda / lingua straniera (pp.2271–248). Bulzoni.
    [Google Scholar]
  30. Larsen-Freeman, D.
    (1975) The acquisition of grammatical morphemes by adult learners of English as a second language (Unpublished doctoral dissertation). University of Michigan, Ann Arbor.
  31. Larsson, T., Plonsky, L., & Hancock, G. R.
    (2021) On the benefits of structural equation modeling for corpus linguists. Corpus Linguistics and Linguistic Theory, 17(3), 683–714. 10.1515/cllt‑2020‑0051
    https://doi.org/10.1515/cllt-2020-0051 [Google Scholar]
  32. (2022) On learner characteristics and why we should model them as latent variables. International Journal of Learner Corpus Research, 8(2), 237–260. 10.1075/ijlcr.21007.lar
    https://doi.org/10.1075/ijlcr.21007.lar [Google Scholar]
  33. Larsson, T., Biber, D., & Hancock, G. R.
    (forthcoming). On the role of cumulative knowledge building and specific hypotheses: The case of grammatical complexity. Corpora, 19(3).
    [Google Scholar]
  34. Lenko-Szymanska, A., & Götz, S.
    (Eds.) (2022) Complexity, accuracy and fluency in Learner Corpus Research. John Benjamins. 10.1075/scl.104
    https://doi.org/10.1075/scl.104 [Google Scholar]
  35. Luk, Z. P., & Shirai, Y.
    (2009) Is the acquisition order of grammatical morphemes impervious to L1 knowledge? Evidence from the acquisition of plural — s, articles, and possessive ’s. Language Learning, 59(4), 721–754. 10.1111/j.1467‑9922.2009.00524.x
    https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9922.2009.00524.x [Google Scholar]
  36. Mammoli, R.
    (2004) Morfologia verbale in italiano L2. Strategie di acquisizione in un approccio basato sull’uso. InG. Bernini, G. Ferrari, & M. Pavesi (Eds.), Atti del 3° Congresso di Studi dell’Associazione Italiana di Linguistica Applicata (pp.31–72). Guerra.
    [Google Scholar]
  37. Murakami, A., & Alexopoulou, T.
    (2016) L1 influence on the acquisition order of English grammatical morphemes: A Learner Corpus Study. Studies in Second Language Acquisition, 38(3), 365–401. 10.1017/S0272263115000352
    https://doi.org/10.1017/S0272263115000352 [Google Scholar]
  38. Murakami, A., & Ellis, N. C.
    (2022) Effects of availability, contingency, and formulaicity on the accuracy of English grammatical morphemes in second language writing. Language Learning, 72(4), 899–940. 10.1111/lang.12500
    https://doi.org/10.1111/lang.12500 [Google Scholar]
  39. Norris, J. M., & Ortega, L.
    (2009) Towards an organic approach to investigating CAF in instructed SLA: The case of complexity. Applied Linguistics, 30(4), 555–578. 10.1093/applin/amp044
    https://doi.org/10.1093/applin/amp044 [Google Scholar]
  40. Pallotti, G.
    (2009) CAF: Defining, refining and differentiating constructs. Applied Linguistics, 30(4), 590–601. 10.1093/applin/amp045
    https://doi.org/10.1093/applin/amp045 [Google Scholar]
  41. (2015) A simple view of linguistic complexity. Second Language Research, 31(1), 117–134. 10.1177/0267658314536435
    https://doi.org/10.1177/0267658314536435 [Google Scholar]
  42. R Core Team
    R Core Team (2020) R: A language and environment for statistical computing. Vienna, Austria: R Foundation for Statistical Computing.
    [Google Scholar]
  43. Renzi, L., Salvi, G., & Cardinaletti, A.
    (Eds.) (1995) Grande grammatica italiana di consultazione. Vol. 2. I sintagmi verbale, aggettivale, avverbiale. La subordinazione. Il Mulino.
    [Google Scholar]
  44. Robinson, P.
    (Ed.) (2011) Second language task complexity: Researching the cognition hypothesis of language learning and performance. John Benjamins. 10.1075/tblt.2
    https://doi.org/10.1075/tblt.2 [Google Scholar]
  45. Robison, R.
    (1995) The aspect hypothesis revisited: A cross-sectional study of tense and aspect marking in interlanguage. Applied Linguistics, 161, 344–370. 10.1093/applin/16.3.344
    https://doi.org/10.1093/applin/16.3.344 [Google Scholar]
  46. Rosseel, Y.
    (2012) lavaan: An R Package for Structural Equation Modeling. Journal of Statistical Software, 48(2), 1–36. 10.18637/jss.v048.i02
    https://doi.org/10.18637/jss.v048.i02 [Google Scholar]
  47. Skehan, P.
    (1998) A cognitive approach to language learning. Oxford University Press.
    [Google Scholar]
  48. Slabakova, R.
    (2009) How is inflectional morphology learned?InL. Roberts, D. Véronique, A. Nilsson, & M. Tellier (Eds.), EuroSLA Yearbook (pp.56–75). John Benjamins.
    [Google Scholar]
  49. Spina, S.
    (2014) Il Perugia Corpus: Una risorsa di riferimento per l’italiano: Composizione, annotazione e valutazione. InR. Basili, A. Lenci, & B. Magnini (Eds.), Proceedings of the First Italian Conference on Computational Linguistics CLiC-it (pp.354–359). Pisa University Press.
    [Google Scholar]
  50. Spina, S., Fioravanti, I., Forti, L., Santucci, V., Scerra, A., & Zanda, F.
    (2022) Il corpus CELI: una nuova risorsa per studiare l’acquisizione dell’italiano L2. Italiano LinguaDue, 14(1), 116–138. 10.54103/2037‑3597/18161
    https://doi.org/10.54103/2037-3597/18161 [Google Scholar]
  51. (2024) The CELI corpus: Design and linguistic annotation of a new online learner corpus. Second Language Research, 40(2), 457–477. 10.1177/02676583231176370
    https://doi.org/10.1177/02676583231176370 [Google Scholar]
  52. Sugaya, N., & Shirai, Y.
    (2009) Can L2 learners productively use Japanese tense-aspect markers? A usage-based approach. InR. Corrigan, E. A. Moravcsik, H. Ouali, & K. Wheatley (Eds.), Typological studies in language (pp.383–423). John Benjamins.
    [Google Scholar]
  53. Winter, B.
    (2020) Statistics for linguistics: An introduction using R. Routledge.
    [Google Scholar]
  54. Wolfe-Quintero, K., Inagaki, S., & Kim, H-Y.
    (1998) Second language development in writing: measures of fluency, accuracy, and complexity. University of Hawaii Press.
    [Google Scholar]
/content/journals/10.1075/ijlcr.23032.spi
Loading
/content/journals/10.1075/ijlcr.23032.spi
Loading

Data & Media loading...

  • Article Type: Research Article
Keyword(s): accuracy; complexity; contingency; L2 Italian; Verbal morphology
This is a required field
Please enter a valid email address
Approval was successful
Invalid data
An Error Occurred
Approval was partially successful, following selected items could not be processed due to error