1887
  1. Home
  2. e-Journals
  3. International Journal of Language and Culture
  4. Volume 8, Issue 1
  5. Article
Volume 8, Issue 1
  • ISSN 2214-3157
  • E-ISSN: 2214-3165
USD
Buy:$35.00 + Taxes

Abstract

The aim of this paper is to study conceptualizations of two Persian evaluative terms, namely (ugly) and (beautiful), by focusing on their uses at the metapragmatic level in evaluations of im/polite act. To achieve this aim, by drawing on natural and authentic examples from Persian, the relationship between the use of the metapragmatic markers and and the im/polite (non)linguistic act is addressed and the types of im/polite behaviours that licence the use of these metapragmatic markers are further explored. It will also be argued that conceptualizations of im/politeness seem to be expressed predominantly in terms of aesthetic terms which are situationally constructed and are morally informed. The examples reveal that the use of the aesthetic markers as metapragmatic markers originates from a set of cultural conceptualizations, which are part of the moral order, and in fact, shape and are, over time, shaped by the norms of im/politeness that exist at multiple levels of society. These socially and culturally shared conceptualizations greatly influence the practices by which judgments and evaluations of im/politeness arises in different types of interaction.

© John Benjamins Publishing Company
Loading

Article metrics loading...

/content/journals/10.1075/ijolc.00038.tay
2021-06-07
2025-02-16

  • From This Site

    /content/journals/10.1075/ijolc.00038.tay
    dcterms_title,dcterms_subject,pub_keyword
    -contentType:Journal -contentType:Contributor -contentType:Concept -contentType:Institution
    10
    5
Loading full text...

Full text loading...

References

  1. Asdjodi, M.
    (2001) A comparison between Ta’arof in Persian and Limao in Chinese. International Journal of the Sociology of Language, 148, 71–92.
     [Google Scholar]
  2. Beeman, W.
    (1986) Language, status and power in Iran. Bloomington: Indiana University Press.
     [Google Scholar]
  3. Bjerke, R., & Polegato, R.
    (2001) Cross-cultural meanings of healthy and beautiful in words, beauty types, and products. Journal of Promotion Management7 (1–2), 117–140. 10.1300/J057v07n01_08
     https://doi.org/10.1300/J057v07n01_08 [Google Scholar]
  4. Cameron, D.
    (2004) Out of the bottle: The social life of metalanguage. InA. Jaworski, N. Coupland & D. Galasinski (Eds.), Metalanguage: Social and ideological perspectives (pp.311–321). Berlin and New York: Mouton de Gruyter. 10.1515/9783110907377.311
     https://doi.org/10.1515/9783110907377.311 [Google Scholar]
  5. Culpeper, J.
    (2009) The metalanguage of impoliteness: using sketch engine to explore the Oxford English Corpus. InP. Baker (Ed.), Contemporary corpus linguistic, (pp.66–88). London: Continuum International Publishing Group.
     [Google Scholar]
  6. (2010) Conventionalised impoliteness formulae. Journal of Pragmatics, 42, 3232–3245. 10.1016/j.pragma.2010.05.007
     https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pragma.2010.05.007 [Google Scholar]
  7. (2011) Impoliteness: Using language to cause offence. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 10.1017/CBO9780511975752
     https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511975752 [Google Scholar]
  8. Cunningham, M., Roberts, A., Barbee, A., Druen, P., & Wu, C.
    (1995) Their ideas of beauty are, on the whole, the same as ours. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 68 (2), 261–279. 10.1037/0022‑3514.68.2.261
     https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.68.2.261 [Google Scholar]
  9. Daniel, T. C.
    (2001) Whither scenic beauty? Visual landscape quality assessment in the 21st century. Landscape and Urban Planning, 54, 267–281. 10.1016/S0169‑2046(01)00141‑4
     https://doi.org/10.1016/S0169-2046(01)00141-4 [Google Scholar]
  10. Davis, J. E.
    (2008) Moral order. Culture, 2 (1), 17.
     [Google Scholar]
  11. Dehkhoda, A.
    (1931) Dehkhoda Dictionary. Tehran: Dehkhoda Dictionary Institute.
     [Google Scholar]
  12. Demonte, V.
    (2011) Adjectives. InV. Heusinger, K. Maienborn, & C. Portner (Eds.), Semantics: An International handbook of natural language meaning, (pp.1314–1340). Berlin: De Gruyter.
     [Google Scholar]
  13. Domenici, K., & Littlejohn, S.
    (2006) Facework: Bridging theory and practice. London: Sage.
     [Google Scholar]
  14. Eco, U.
    (2004) History of beauty. New York: Rizzoli.
     [Google Scholar]
  15. (2007) On ugliness. London: Harvill Secker.
     [Google Scholar]
  16. Eelen, G.
    (2001) A critique of politeness theories. Manchester, UK: St. Jerome.
     [Google Scholar]
  17. Evans, N., & Wilkins, D.
    (2000) In the mind’s ear: The semantic extensions of perception verbs in australian languages. Language, 76(3), 546–92. 10.2307/417135
     https://doi.org/10.2307/417135 [Google Scholar]
  18. Feld, S.
    (1990) Sound and sentiment: Birds, weeping, poetics, and song in Kaluli expression. Philadelphia, PA: University of Pennsylvania Press.
     [Google Scholar]
  19. Fraser, B.
    (1990) Perspectives on politeness. Journal of Pragmatics, 14 (2), 219–236. 10.1016/0378‑2166(90)90081‑N
     https://doi.org/10.1016/0378-2166(90)90081-N [Google Scholar]
  20. Gladkova, A., & Romero-Trillo, J.
    (2014) Ain’t it beautiful? The conceptualization of beauty from an ethnopragmatic perspective. Journal of Pragmatics, 60, 140–159. 10.1016/j.pragma.2013.11.005
     https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pragma.2013.11.005 [Google Scholar]
  21. Howes, D.
    (Ed.) (1991) The Varieties of sensory experience: A sourcebook in the anthropology of the senses. Toronto, Buffalo/London: University of Toronto Press.
     [Google Scholar]
  22. Jaworski, A., Coupland, N., & Galasinski, D.
    (2004) Metalanguage: Why now?. InA. Jaworski, N. Coupland, & D. Galasinski (Eds.), Metalanguage: Social and ideological perspectives, (pp.3–8). Berlin and New York: Mouton de Gruyter. 10.1515/9783110907377.3
     https://doi.org/10.1515/9783110907377.3 [Google Scholar]
  23. Kádár, D. Z.
    (2017) Politeness, impoliteness and ritual. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge. 10.1017/9781107280465
     https://doi.org/10.1017/9781107280465 [Google Scholar]
  24. Kádár, D. Z., & Haugh, M.
    (2013) Understanding politeness. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 10.1017/CBO9781139382717
     https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9781139382717 [Google Scholar]
  25. Kádár, D. Z., Parvaresh, V., & Ning, P.
    (2019) Morality, moral order, and language conflict and aggression: A position paper. Journal of Language Aggression and Conflict, 7(1), 6–31. 10.1075/jlac.00017.kad
     https://doi.org/10.1075/jlac.00017.kad [Google Scholar]
  26. Kasper, G.
    (1990) Linguistic politeness: Current research issues. Journal of Pragmatics, 14(2), 193–218. 10.1016/0378‑2166(90)90080‑W
     https://doi.org/10.1016/0378-2166(90)90080-W [Google Scholar]
  27. Koutlaki, S. A.
    (2002) Offers and expressions of thanks as face enhancing acts: Tæ’arof in Persian. Journal of Pragmatics, 34, 1733–1756. 10.1016/S0378‑2166(01)00055‑8
     https://doi.org/10.1016/S0378-2166(01)00055-8 [Google Scholar]
  28. Locher, M. A., & Watts, R. J.
    (2005) Politeness theory and relational work. Journal of Politeness Research, 1, 9–33. 10.1515/jplr.2005.1.1.9
     https://doi.org/10.1515/jplr.2005.1.1.9 [Google Scholar]
  29. (2008) Relational work and impoliteness: Negotiating norms of linguistic behaviour. InD. Bousfield & M. A. Locher, (Eds.) Impoliteness in language: Studies on its interplay with power in theory and practice, (pp.77–99). Berlin and New York: Mouton de Gruyter.
     [Google Scholar]
  30. Leech, G. N.
    (1983) Principles of pragmatics. London: Longman.
     [Google Scholar]
  31. Majid, A., & Levinson, S.
    (Eds.) (2011) The senses in language and culture. Senses and Society6 (1) 5–18. 10.2752/174589311X12893982233551
     https://doi.org/10.2752/174589311X12893982233551 [Google Scholar]
  32. Miller, L.
    (2006) Beauty Up: Exploring contemporary Japanese body aesthetics. Berkeley: University of California Press. 10.1525/9780520938847
     https://doi.org/10.1525/9780520938847 [Google Scholar]
  33. Mo’in, M.
    (1972) Mo’in encyclopaedia. Iran: Amirkabir Publication.
     [Google Scholar]
  34. Moshiri, M.
    (2004) Persian Dictionary (Alphabetical and Analogical), 5th ed. Tehran: Soroush.
     [Google Scholar]
  35. Parvaresh, V.
    (2019) Moral impoliteness. Journal of Language Aggression and Conflict, 7(1), 79–104. 10.1075/jlac.00020.par
     https://doi.org/10.1075/jlac.00020.par [Google Scholar]
  36. Parvaresh, V., & Tayebi, T.
    (2014) Vaguely Speaking in Persian. Discourse Processes, 51(7), 565–600. 10.1080/0163853X.2013.874545
     https://doi.org/10.1080/0163853X.2013.874545 [Google Scholar]
  37. (2018) Impoliteness, aggression and the moral order. Journal of Pragmatics, 132, 91–107. 10.1016/j.pragma.2018.05.010
     https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pragma.2018.05.010 [Google Scholar]
  38. (2020) Taking offence at the (un) said: Towards a more radical contextualist approach. Journal of Politeness Research, 1. doi:  10.1515/pr‑2020‑0032
     https://doi.org/10.1515/pr-2020-0032 [Google Scholar]
  39. Sartwell, C.
    (2004) Six names of beauty. New York and London: Routledge.
     [Google Scholar]
  40. Sharifian, F.
    (2011) Cultural conceptualizations and language: Theoretical framework and applications. Amsterdam and Philadelphia: John Benjamins. 10.1075/clscc.1
     https://doi.org/10.1075/clscc.1 [Google Scholar]
  41. (2015) Cultural Linguistics. InF. Sharifian, (Ed.), The Routledge handbook of language and culture, (pp.437–492). London and New York: Routledge.
     [Google Scholar]
  42. (2017) Cultural Linguistics. Amsterdam and Philadelphia: John Benjamins. 10.1075/clscc.8
     https://doi.org/10.1075/clscc.8 [Google Scholar]
  43. Sharifian, F. & Tayebi, T.
    (2017a) Cultural linguistics and impoliteness: A case study from Persian. Pragmatics and society, 8(2) 231–253. 10.1075/ps.8.2.04sha
     https://doi.org/10.1075/ps.8.2.04sha [Google Scholar]
  44. (2017b) Perceptions of Impoliteness from a Cultural Linguistics Perspective. InF. Sharifian (Ed.), Advances in Cultural Linguistics, (pp.389–409). Switzerland: Springer. 10.1007/978‑981‑10‑4056‑6_18
     https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-10-4056-6_18 [Google Scholar]
  45. Spencer-Oatey, H.
    (2011) Conceptualising ‘the relational’ in pragmatics: Insights from metapragmatic emotion and im/politeness comments. Journal of Pragmatics, 43, 3565–3578. 10.1016/j.pragma.2011.08.009
     https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pragma.2011.08.009 [Google Scholar]
  46. Tayebi, T.
    (2016) Why do people take offence? Exploring the underlying expectations. Journal of Pragmatics, 101, 1–17. 10.1016/j.pragma.2016.05.006
     https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pragma.2016.05.006 [Google Scholar]
  47. (2018a) Impoliteness in Persian: A cultural linguistics perspective. (Unpublished Doctoral dissertation). Monash University, Australia.
     [Google Scholar]
  48. (2018b) Implying an impolite belief: The case of tikkeh in Persian. Intercultural Pragmatics, 15(1), 89–113. 10.1515/ip‑2017‑0031
     https://doi.org/10.1515/ip-2017-0031 [Google Scholar]
  49. (2020) Heterogeneous distribution of cultural conceptualizations and (im) politeness evaluations. International Journal of Language and Culture, 7(1), 84–103. 10.1075/ijolc.00028.tay
     https://doi.org/10.1075/ijolc.00028.tay [Google Scholar]
  50. Tayebi, T., & Parvaresh, V.
    (2014) Conversational disclaimers in Persian. Journal of Pragmatics, 62, 77–93. 10.1016/j.pragma.2013.09.011
     https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pragma.2013.09.011 [Google Scholar]
  51. Terkourafi, M.
    (2001) Politeness in Cypriot Greek: A frame-based approach. (Unpublished Doctoral dissertation). University of Cambridge: Cambridge.
     [Google Scholar]
  52. Verschueren, J.
    (2004) Identity as denial of diversity. InF. Brisard, M. Meeuwis & B. Vandenabeele (Eds.) Seduction, community, speech, (pp.171–81). Amsterdam: Benjamins. 10.1075/pbns.127.15ver
     https://doi.org/10.1075/pbns.127.15ver [Google Scholar]
  53. Watts, R. J.
    (2003) Politeness. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 10.1017/CBO9780511615184
     https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511615184 [Google Scholar]
  54. Watts, R., Ide, S., & Ehlich, K.
    (Eds.) (1992) Politeness in language: Studies in its history, theory and practice, 1–20. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter. 10.1515/9783110886542
     https://doi.org/10.1515/9783110886542 [Google Scholar]
/content/journals/10.1075/ijolc.00038.tay
Loading
  • Article Type: Research Article
Keyword(s): aesthetics; culture; im/politeness; metapragmatic; Persian

Most Cited

This is a required field
Please enter a valid email address
Approval was successful
Invalid data
An Error Occurred
Approval was partially successful, following selected items could not be processed due to error