1887
image of Fundamental frequency as an acoustic mirror of interpreters’ cognitive states
USD
Buy:$35.00 + Taxes

Abstract

Abstract

The present study proposes the acoustic parameter of fundamental frequency (F0) as an alternative method for gauging interpreters’ cognitive load and fatigue during simultaneous interpreting (SI). The data collected from an English-Chinese SI experiment reported in Shao and Chai (2021) were re-analysed for the purposes of this study. Cognitive load was measured as the number of undelivered information chunks within the ear-voice span (EVS), whereas fatigue was assumed to increase with time. F0 variables were correlated with cognitive load within the EVS of selected sentences and with fatigue in one-minute segments distributed over the entire interpreting performance. The results show that cognitive constructs are associated in various ways with F0-related variables. Higher F0 peaks and a wider F0 range appear to be associated with higher cognitive load in a majority of interpreters. A higher mean F0 and, to a lesser extent, higher F0 peaks are associated with fatigue. The findings suggest that F0 could be used as a promising indicator of cognitive load and fatigue in SI.

Loading

Article metrics loading...

/content/journals/10.1075/intp.00107.sha
2024-08-08
2024-09-19
Loading full text...

Full text loading...

References

  1. Aaronson, L. S., Teel, C. S., Cassmeyer, V., Neuberger, G. B., Pallikkathayil, L., Pierce, J., Press, A. N., Williams, P. D. & Wingate, A.
    (1999) Defining and measuring fatigue. Image – The Journal of Nursing Scholarship (), –. 10.1111/j.1547‑5069.1999.tb00420.x
    https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1547-5069.1999.tb00420.x [Google Scholar]
  2. Ackerman, P. L. & Kanfer, R.
    (2009) Test length and cognitive fatigue: An empirical examination of effects on performance and test-taker reactions. Journal of Experimental Psychology. Applied (), –. 10.1037/a0015719
    https://doi.org/10.1037/a0015719 [Google Scholar]
  3. AIIC
    AIIC (2023) Schools directory. https://aiic.org/site/dir/schools (accessed30 June 2023).
  4. Ayres, P., Lee, J. Y., Paas, F. & Van Merriënboer, J.
    (2021) The validity of physiological measures to identify differences in intrinsic cognitive load. Frontiers in Psychology, 702538. 10.3389/fpsyg.2021.702538
    https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2021.702538 [Google Scholar]
  5. Behrens, M., Gube, M., Chaabene, H., Prieske, O., Zenon, A., Broscheid, K. C., Schega, L., Husmann, F. & Weippert, M.
    (2023) Fatigue and human performance: An updated framework. Sports Medicine (Auckland, N.Z.) (), –. 10.1007/s40279‑022‑01748‑2
    https://doi.org/10.1007/s40279-022-01748-2 [Google Scholar]
  6. Benson, P.
    (1995) Analysis of the acoustic correlates of stress from an operational aviation emergency. InI. Trancoso & R. Moore (Eds.), Proceedings of the ESCA-NATO Tutorial and Research Workshop on Speech under Stress. Lisbon: INESC, –.
    [Google Scholar]
  7. Bjørheim, F., Pavlou, D. G. & Siriwardane, S. C.
    (2022) Nonlinear fatigue life prediction model based on the theory of the S–N fatigue damage envelope. Fatigue & Fracture of Engineering Material & Structures (), –. 10.1111/ffe.13680
    https://doi.org/10.1111/ffe.13680 [Google Scholar]
  8. Boersma, P. & Weenink, D.
    (2023) Praat: Doing phonetics by computer, version 6.3.09. www.praat.org/ (accessed2 March 2023).
  9. Boos, M., Kobi, M., Elmer, S. & Jäncke, L.
    (2022) The influence of experience on cognitive load during simultaneous interpretation. Brain and Language, 105185. 10.1016/j.bandl.2022.105185
    https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bandl.2022.105185 [Google Scholar]
  10. Bortfeld, H., Leon, S. D., Bloom, J. E., Schober, M. F. & Brennan, S. E.
    (2001) Disfluency rates in conversation: Effects of age, relationship, topic, role, and gender. Language and Speech (), –. 10.1177/00238309010440020101
    https://doi.org/10.1177/00238309010440020101 [Google Scholar]
  11. Boyer, S., Paubel, P. V., Ruiz, R., El Yagoubi, R. & Daurat, A.
    (2018) Human voice as a measure of mental load level. Journal of Speech, Language, and Hearing Research (), –. 10.1044/2018_JSLHR‑S‑18‑0066
    https://doi.org/10.1044/2018_JSLHR-S-18-0066 [Google Scholar]
  12. Cañas, J. J., Muñoz-de-Escalona, E. & Morales-Guaman, J. F.
    (2021) Fundamental frequency as an alternative method for assessing mental fatigue of distance learning teachers. InL. Longo & M. C. Leva (Eds.), Human mental workload: Models and applications. H-WORKLOAD 2021. Cham: Springer, –. 10.1007/978‑3‑030‑91408‑0_4
    https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-91408-0_4 [Google Scholar]
  13. Carroll, T., Nix, J., Hunter, E., Emerich, K., Titze, I. & Abaza, M.
    (2006) Objective measurement of vocal fatigue in classical singers: A vocal dosimetry pilot study. Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery (), –. 10.1016/j.otohns.2006.06.1268
    https://doi.org/10.1016/j.otohns.2006.06.1268 [Google Scholar]
  14. Chen, S.
    (2017) The construct of cognitive load in interpreting and its measurement. Perspectives (), –. 10.1080/0907676X.2016.1278026
    https://doi.org/10.1080/0907676X.2016.1278026 [Google Scholar]
  15. Chevalier, L. & Gile, D.
    (2015) Interpreting quality: A case study of spontaneous reactions. Forum (), –. 10.1075/forum.13.1.01che
    https://doi.org/10.1075/forum.13.1.01che [Google Scholar]
  16. Christodoulides, G.
    (2016) Effects of cognitive load on speech production and perception. PhD dissertation, Université Catholique de Louvain.
  17. Cowan, N.
    (2000) The magic number 4 in short-term memory: A reconsideration of mental storage capacity. Behavioral and Brain Science, –. 10.1017/S0140525X01003922
    https://doi.org/10.1017/S0140525X01003922 [Google Scholar]
  18. De Jong, T.
    (2010) Cognitive load theory, educational research, and instructional design: Some food for thought. Instructional Science (), –. 10.1007/s11251‑009‑9110‑0
    https://doi.org/10.1007/s11251-009-9110-0 [Google Scholar]
  19. Evgrafova, K., Evdokimova, V., Skrelin, P. & Chukaeva, T.
    (2016) Vocal fatigue in voice professionals: Collecting data and acoustic analysis. ExLing 2016: Proceedings of 7th Tutorial and Research Workshop on Experimental Linguistics, 27 June – 2 July 2016, Saint Petersburg, Russia, –.
    [Google Scholar]
  20. Gawron, V. J.
    (2016) Overview of self-reported measures of fatigue. The International Journal of Aviation Psychology (), –. 10.1080/10508414.2017.1329627
    https://doi.org/10.1080/10508414.2017.1329627 [Google Scholar]
  21. Gieshoff, A. C.
    (2021) Does it help to see the speaker’s lip movements? An investigation of cognitive load and mental effort in simultaneous interpreting. Translation, Cognition & Behavior (), –. 10.1075/tcb.00049.gie
    https://doi.org/10.1075/tcb.00049.gie [Google Scholar]
  22. Gieshoff, A. C. & Albl-Mikasa, M.
    (2022) Interpreting accuracy revisited: A refined approach to interpreting performance analysis, Perspectives (), –. 10.1080/0907676X.2022.2088296
    https://doi.org/10.1080/0907676X.2022.2088296 [Google Scholar]
  23. Gile, D.
    (1999) Testing the effort models’ tightrope hypothesis in simultaneous interpreting – a contribution. Hermes, –.
    [Google Scholar]
  24. (2008) Local cognitive load in simultaneous interpreting and its implications for empirical research. Forum (), –. 10.1075/forum.6.2.04gil
    https://doi.org/10.1075/forum.6.2.04gil [Google Scholar]
  25. (2009) Basic concepts and models for interpreter and translator training (Rev. ed.). Amsterdam: John Benjamins. 10.1075/btl.8
    https://doi.org/10.1075/btl.8 [Google Scholar]
  26. (2021) The effort models of interpreting as a didactic construct. InR. Muñoz Martín, S. Sun & D. Li (Eds.), Advances in cognitive translation studies. Singapore: Springer, –. 10.1007/978‑981‑16‑2070‑6_7
    https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-16-2070-6_7 [Google Scholar]
  27. Grassmann, M., Vlemincx, E., von Leupoldt, A., Mittelstädt, J. M. & Van den Bergh, O.
    (2016) Respiratory changes in response to cognitive load: A systematic review. Neural Plasticity 2016, 8146809. 10.1155/2016/8146809
    https://doi.org/10.1155/2016/8146809 [Google Scholar]
  28. Griffin, G. R. & Williams, C. E.
    (1987) The effects of different levels of task complexity on three vocal measures. Aviation, Space, and Environmental Medicine, –.
    [Google Scholar]
  29. Habay, J., Proost, M., De Wachter, J., Díaz-García, J., De Pauw, K., Meeusen, R., Van Cutsem, J. & Roelands, B.
    (2021) Mental fatigue-associated decrease in table tennis performance: Is there an electrophysiological signature?International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health (), . 10.3390/ijerph182412906
    https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph182412906 [Google Scholar]
  30. Hart, S. G. & Staveland, L. E.
    (1988) Development of NASA-TLX (Task Load Index): Results of empirical and theoretical research. InP. A. Hancock & N. Meshkati (Eds.), Human mental workload, New York: North-Holland, –. 10.1016/S0166‑4115(08)62386‑9
    https://doi.org/10.1016/S0166-4115(08)62386-9 [Google Scholar]
  31. Hebbar, P. A., Bhattacharya, K., Prabhakar, G., Pashilkar, A. A. & Biswas, P.
    (2021) Correlation between physiological and performance-based metrics to estimate pilots’ cognitive workload. Frontiers in Psychology, 555446. 10.3389/fpsyg.2021.555446
    https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2021.555446 [Google Scholar]
  32. Hirst, D. J. & De Looze, C.
    (2021) Measuring speech: Fundamental frequency and pitch. InR. Knight & J. Setter (Eds.), The Cambridge handbook of phonetics. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, –. 10.1017/9781108644198.014
    https://doi.org/10.1017/9781108644198.014 [Google Scholar]
  33. Hoza, J.
    (2010) Team interpreting as collaboration and interdependence. Alexandria, VA: RID Press.
    [Google Scholar]
  34. Hubscher-Davidson, S.
    (2020) Ethical stress in the translation and interpreting profession. InK. Koskinen & N. K. Pokorn (Eds.), The Routledge handbook of translation and ethics. Abingdon: Routledge, –. 10.4324/9781003127970‑31
    https://doi.org/10.4324/9781003127970-31 [Google Scholar]
  35. Huttunen, K., Keränen, H., Väyrynen, E., Pääkkönen, R. & Leino, T.
    (2011) Effect of cognitive load on speech prosody in aviation: Evidence from military simulator flights. Applied Ergonomics (), –. 10.1016/j.apergo.2010.08.005
    https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apergo.2010.08.005 [Google Scholar]
  36. Hyönä, J., Tommola, J. & Alaja, A.-M.
    (1995) Pupil dilation as a measure of processing load in simultaneous interpretation and other language tasks. Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology Section A (), –. 10.1080/14640749508401407
    https://doi.org/10.1080/14640749508401407 [Google Scholar]
  37. Jacquet, T., Lepers, R., Poulin-Charronnat, B., Bard, P., Pfister, P. & Pageaux, B.
    (2021) Mental fatigue induced by prolonged motor imagery increases perception of effort and the activity of motor areas. Neuropsychologia, 107701. 10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2020.107701
    https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2020.107701 [Google Scholar]
  38. Johannes, B., Wittels, P., Enne, R., Eisinger, R., Castro, C. A., Thomas, J. L., Adler, A. B. & Gerzer, R.
    (2007) Non-linear function model of voice pitch dependency on physical and mental load. European Journal of Applied Physiology, –. 10.1007/s00421‑007‑0496‑6
    https://doi.org/10.1007/s00421-007-0496-6 [Google Scholar]
  39. Kauffman, B. Y., Garey, L., Nordan, A., Jardin, C., Mayorga, N. A., Robles, Z. & Zvolensky, M. J.
    (2019) The development and initial validation of the fatigue sensitivity questionnaire. Cognitive Behaviour Therapy (), –. 10.1080/16506073.2018.1533580
    https://doi.org/10.1080/16506073.2018.1533580 [Google Scholar]
  40. Kitch, J. A. & Oates, J.
    (1994) The perceptual features of vocal fatigue as self-reported by a group of actors and singers. Journal of Voice (), –. 10.1016/S0892‑1997(05)80291‑7
    https://doi.org/10.1016/S0892-1997(05)80291-7 [Google Scholar]
  41. Korpal, P.
    (2017) Linguistic and psychological indicators of stress in simultaneous interpreting. Poznań: Wydawnictwo Naukowe UAM.
    [Google Scholar]
  42. Krejtz, K., Duchowski, A. T., Niedzielska, A., Biele, C. & Krejtz, I.
    (2018) Eye tracking cognitive load using pupil diameter and microsaccades with fixed gaze. PloS ONE (), e0203629. 10.1371/journal.pone.0203629
    https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0203629 [Google Scholar]
  43. Kurz, I.
    (2001) Conference interpreting: Quality in the ears of the user. Meta (), –. 10.7202/003364ar
    https://doi.org/10.7202/003364ar [Google Scholar]
  44. (2003) Physiological stress during simultaneous interpreting: A comparison of experts and novices. The Interpreters’ Newsletter, –.
    [Google Scholar]
  45. Lambooij, M. T. M., IJsselsteijn, W. A., Fortuin, M. F. & Heynderickx, I. E. J.
    (2009) Visual discomfort and visual fatigue in stereoscopic displays: A review. Journal of Imaging Science and Technology (), –. 10.2352/J.ImagingSci.Technol.2009.53.3.030201
    https://doi.org/10.2352/J.ImagingSci.Technol.2009.53.3.030201 [Google Scholar]
  46. Laukkanen, A.-M., Ilomäki, I., Leppänen, K. & Vilkman, E.
    (2008) Acoustic measures and self-reports of vocal fatigue by female teachers. Journal of Voice (), –. 10.1016/j.jvoice.2006.10.001
    https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jvoice.2006.10.001 [Google Scholar]
  47. Lewis, M.
    (1997) Pedagogical implications of the lexical approach. InJ. Coady & T. Huckin (Eds.), Second language vocabulary acquisition: A rationale for pedagogy. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, –.
    [Google Scholar]
  48. Liang, J., Fang, Y., Lv, Q. & Liu, H.
    (2017) Dependency distance differences across interpreting types: Implications for cognitive demand. Frontiers in Psychology, 2132. 10.3389/fpsyg.2017.02132
    https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2017.02132 [Google Scholar]
  49. Lim, J., Wu, W., Wang, J., Detre, J., Dinges, D. & Rao, H.
    (2010) Imaging brain fatigue from sustained mental workload: An ASL perfusion study of the time-on-task effect. Neuroimage, –. 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2009.11.020
    https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuroimage.2009.11.020 [Google Scholar]
  50. Lively, S. E., Pisoni, D. B., Van Summers, W. & Bernacki, R. H.
    (1993) Effects of cognitive workload on speech production: Acoustic analyses and perceptual consequences. Journal of the Acoustical Society of America (), –. 10.1121/1.405815
    https://doi.org/10.1121/1.405815 [Google Scholar]
  51. Mehta, R. K. & Parasuraman, R.
    (2013) Neuroergonomics: A review of applications to physical and cognitive work. Frontiers in Human Neuroscience, . 10.3389/fnhum.2013.00889
    https://doi.org/10.3389/fnhum.2013.00889 [Google Scholar]
  52. Melnicuk, V., Thompson, S., Jennings, P. & Birrell, S.
    (2021) Effect of cognitive load on drivers’ state and task performance during automated driving: Introducing a novel method for determining stabilisation time following take-over of control. Accident Analysis & Prevention, 105967. 10.1016/j.aap.2020.105967
    https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aap.2020.105967 [Google Scholar]
  53. Mizuno, A.
    (2017) Simultaneous interpreting and cognitive constraints. Journal of College of Literature, Aoyama Gakuin University, –.
    [Google Scholar]
  54. Morris, T. L. & Miller, J. C.
    (1996) Electrooculographic and performance indices of fatigue during simulated flight. Biological Psychology (), –. 10.1016/0301‑0511(95)05166‑X
    https://doi.org/10.1016/0301-0511(95)05166-X [Google Scholar]
  55. Moser-Mercer, B.
    (2003) Remote interpreting: Assessment of human factors and performance parameters. www.aiic.net/community/print/default.cfm/page1125 (accessed21 June 2021)
  56. Moser-Mercer, B., Künzli, A. & Korac, M.
    (1998) Prolonged turns in interpreting: Effects on quality, physiological and psychological stress (Pilot study). Interpreting, –. 10.1075/intp.3.1.03mos
    https://doi.org/10.1075/intp.3.1.03mos [Google Scholar]
  57. Nattinger, J. R. & DeCarrico, J. S.
    (1992) Lexical phrases and language teaching. New York: Oxford University Press.
    [Google Scholar]
  58. Nilsson, E. J., Bärgman, J., Ljung, Aust M., Matthews, G. & Svanberg, B.
    (2022) Let complexity bring clarity: A multidimensional assessment of cognitive load using physiological measures. Frontiers in Neuroergonomics, 787295. 10.3389/fnrgo.2022.787295
    https://doi.org/10.3389/fnrgo.2022.787295 [Google Scholar]
  59. O’Halpin, R.
    (2010) The perception and production of stress and intonation by children with cochlear implants. PhD dissertation, University of London.
  60. Ots, N.
    (2021) Cognitive constraints on advance planning of sentence intonation. PLoS ONE (), e0259343. 10.1371/journal.pone.0259343
    https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0259343 [Google Scholar]
  61. Paas, F., Renkl, A. & Sweller, J.
    (2003) Cognitive load theory and instructional design: Recent developments. Educational Psychologist, –. 10.1207/S15326985EP3801_1
    https://doi.org/10.1207/S15326985EP3801_1 [Google Scholar]
  62. Pageaux, B. & Lepers, R.
    (2018) The effects of mental fatigue on sport-related performance. Progress in Brain Research, –. 10.1016/bs.pbr.2018.10.004
    https://doi.org/10.1016/bs.pbr.2018.10.004 [Google Scholar]
  63. Petsche, H., Etlinger, S. C. & Filz, O.
    (1993) Brain electrical mechanisms of bilingual speech management: An initial investigation. Electroencephalography and Clinical Neurophysiology (), –. 10.1016/0013‑4694(93)90134‑H
    https://doi.org/10.1016/0013-4694(93)90134-H [Google Scholar]
  64. Plevoets, K. & Defrancq, B.
    (2016) The effect of informational load on disfluencies in interpreting: A corpus-based regression analysis. Translation and Interpreting Studies (), –. 10.1075/tis.11.2.04ple
    https://doi.org/10.1075/tis.11.2.04ple [Google Scholar]
  65. (2018) The cognitive load of interpreters in the European Parliament. A corpus-based study of predictors for the disfluency uh(m). Interpreting (), –. 10.1075/intp.00001.ple
    https://doi.org/10.1075/intp.00001.ple [Google Scholar]
  66. Pilcher, J. J., Ginter, D. R. & Sadowsky, B.
    (1997) Sleep quality versus sleep quantity: Relationships between sleep and measures of health, well-being and sleepiness in college students. Journal of Psychosomatic Research (), –. 10.1016/S0022‑3999(97)00004‑4
    https://doi.org/10.1016/S0022-3999(97)00004-4 [Google Scholar]
  67. Pöchhacker, F.
    (2001) Quality assessment in conference and community interpreting. Meta, –. 10.7202/003847ar
    https://doi.org/10.7202/003847ar [Google Scholar]
  68. Pöchhacker, F. & Zwischenberger, C.
    (2010) Survey on quality and role: Conference interpreters’ expectations and self-perception. https://aiic.org/document/9646/ (accessed17 June 2024).
  69. Pym, A.
    (2008) On omission in simultaneous interpreting: Risk analysis of a hidden effort. InG. Hansen, A. Chesterman & H. Gerzymisch-Arbogast (Eds.), Efforts and models in interpreting and translation research: A tribute to Daniel Gile. Amsterdam: John Benjamins, –.
    [Google Scholar]
  70. Remacle, A., Garnier, M., Gerber, S., David, C. & Petillon, C.
    (2018) Vocal change patterns during a teaching day: Inter- and intra-subject variability. Journal of Voice (), –. 10.1016/j.jvoice.2017.03.008
    https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jvoice.2017.03.008 [Google Scholar]
  71. Russell, A., Oates, J. & Greenwood, K. M.
    (1998) Prevalence of voice problems in teachers. Journal of Voice (), –. 10.1016/S0892‑1997(98)80056‑8
    https://doi.org/10.1016/S0892-1997(98)80056-8 [Google Scholar]
  72. Sáiz-Manzanares, M. C., Marticorena-Sánchez, R., Martín Antón, L. J., González-Díez, R. & Carbonero Martín, M. Á.
    (2023) Using eye tracking technology to analyse cognitive load in multichannel activities in university students. International Journal of Human-Computer Interaction (), –. 10.1080/10447318.2023.2188532
    https://doi.org/10.1080/10447318.2023.2188532 [Google Scholar]
  73. Schnotz, W. & Kürschner, C.
    (2007) A reconsideration of cognitive load theory. Educational Psychology Review, –. 10.1007/s10648‑007‑9053‑4
    https://doi.org/10.1007/s10648-007-9053-4 [Google Scholar]
  74. Seeber, K. G.
    (2011) Cognitive load in simultaneous interpreting: Existing theories – new models. Interpreting (), –. 10.1075/intp.13.2.02see
    https://doi.org/10.1075/intp.13.2.02see [Google Scholar]
  75. (2013) Cognitive load in simultaneous interpreting: Measures and methods. Target (), –. 10.1075/target.25.1.03see
    https://doi.org/10.1075/target.25.1.03see [Google Scholar]
  76. Shao, Z. & Chai, M.
    (2021) The effect of cognitive load on simultaneous interpreting performance: An empirical study at the local level. Perspectives (), –. 10.1080/0907676X.2020.1770816
    https://doi.org/10.1080/0907676X.2020.1770816 [Google Scholar]
  77. Smets, E. M., Garssen, B., Bonke, B. & De Haes, J. C.
    (1995) The Multidimensional Fatigue Inventory (MFI) psychometric qualities of an instrument to assess fatigue. Journal of Psychosomatic Research (), –. 10.1016/0022‑3999(94)00125‑O
    https://doi.org/10.1016/0022-3999(94)00125-O [Google Scholar]
  78. Souchet, A. D., Philippe, S., Lourdeaux, D. & Leroy, L.
    (2022) Measuring visual fatigue and cognitive load via eye tracking while learning with virtual reality head-mounted displays: A review. International Journal of Human-Computer Interaction (), –. 10.1080/10447318.2021.1976509
    https://doi.org/10.1080/10447318.2021.1976509 [Google Scholar]
  79. Sweller, J.
    (1994) Cognitive load theory, learning difficulty, and instructional design. Learning and Instruction (), –. 10.1016/0959‑4752(94)90003‑5
    https://doi.org/10.1016/0959-4752(94)90003-5 [Google Scholar]
  80. Sweller, J., van Merrienboer, J. J. G. & Paas, F.
    (1998) Cognitive architecture and instructional design. Educational Psychology Review (), –. 10.1023/A:1022193728205
    https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1022193728205 [Google Scholar]
  81. Sweller, J., van Merriënboer, J. J. G. & Paas, F.
    (2019) Cognitive architecture and instructional design: 20 years later. Educational Psychology Review (), –. 10.1007/s10648‑019‑09465‑5
    https://doi.org/10.1007/s10648-019-09465-5 [Google Scholar]
  82. Tanaka, M., Ishii, A. & Watanabe, Y.
    (2014) Neural effects of mental fatigue caused by continuous attention load: A magnetoencephalography study. Brain Research, –. 10.1016/j.brainres.2014.03.009
    https://doi.org/10.1016/j.brainres.2014.03.009 [Google Scholar]
  83. Tolkmitt, F. J. & Scherer, K. R.
    (1986) Effect of experimentally induced stress on vocal parameters. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance (), –.
    [Google Scholar]
  84. Tommola, J. & Niemi, P.
    (1986) Mental load in simultaneous interpreting: An on-line pilot study. InL. S. Evensen (Ed.), Nordic research in text linguistics and discourse analysis. Trondheim: Tapir. –.
    [Google Scholar]
  85. Van Puyvelde, M., Neyt, X., McGlone, F. & Pattyn, N.
    (2018) Voice stress analysis: A new framework for voice and effort in human performance. Frontiers in Psychology 1994 10.3389/fpsyg.2018.01994
    https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2018.01994 [Google Scholar]
  86. Vogel, A. P.
    (2010) Acoustic analysis of the effects of sustained wakefulness on speech. Journal of the Acoustical Society of America (), –. 10.1121/1.3506349
    https://doi.org/10.1121/1.3506349 [Google Scholar]
  87. Wang, M.
    (2013) Correlation between error types and local cognitive load in simultaneous interpreting – taking English-Chinese language pair in Cognitive Load Model as an example. MA Thesis, Shanghai International Studies University.
    [Google Scholar]
  88. Wang, Y., Zhai, G., Chen, S., Min, X., Gao, Z. & Song, X.
    (2019) Assessment of eye fatigue caused by head-mounted displays using eye-tracking. BioMed Engineering OnLine, . 10.1186/s12938‑019‑0731‑5
    https://doi.org/10.1186/s12938-019-0731-5 [Google Scholar]
  89. Welham, N. V. & Maclagan, M. A.
    (2003) Vocal fatigue: Current knowledge and future directions. Journal of Voice (), –. 10.1016/S0892‑1997(03)00033‑X
    https://doi.org/10.1016/S0892-1997(03)00033-X [Google Scholar]
  90. Xu, R., Zhang, C., He, F., Zhao, X., Qi, H., Zhou, P., Zhang, L. & Ming, D.
    (2018) How physical activities affect mental fatigue based on EEG energy, connectivity, and complexity. Frontiers in Neurology, . 10.3389/fneur.2018.00915
    https://doi.org/10.3389/fneur.2018.00915 [Google Scholar]
  91. Yamada, Y. & Kobayashi, M.
    (2018) Detecting mental fatigue from eye-tracking data gathered while watching video: Evaluation in younger and older adults. Artificial Intelligence in Medicine, –. 10.1016/j.artmed.2018.06.005
    https://doi.org/10.1016/j.artmed.2018.06.005 [Google Scholar]
  92. Yap, T. F., Epps, J., Ambikairajah, E. & Choi, E. H. C.
    (2011) Formant frequencies under cognitive load: Effects and classification. EURASIP Journal on Advances in Signal Processing 2011, 219253. 10.1155/2011/219253
    https://doi.org/10.1155/2011/219253 [Google Scholar]
  93. Yoo, G., Kim, H. & Hong, S.
    (2023) Prediction of cognitive load from electroencephalography signals using long short-term memory network. Bioengineering (), . 10.3390/bioengineering10030361
    https://doi.org/10.3390/bioengineering10030361 [Google Scholar]
  94. Zheng, R. Z. & Greenberg, K.
    (2017) The boundary of different approaches in cognitive load measurement strengths and limitations. InR. Z. Zheng & K. Grenberg (Eds.), Cognitive load measurement and application. New York: Routledge, –.
    [Google Scholar]
/content/journals/10.1075/intp.00107.sha
Loading
/content/journals/10.1075/intp.00107.sha
Loading

Data & Media loading...

  • Article Type: Research Article
Keywords: fundamental frequency ; fatigue ; cognitive load
This is a required field
Please enter a valid email address
Approval was successful
Invalid data
An Error Occurred
Approval was partially successful, following selected items could not be processed due to error