1887
Volume 17, Issue 2
  • ISSN 1572-0373
  • E-ISSN: 1572-0381
USD
Buy:$35.00 + Taxes

Abstract

An experiment examined goal understanding and how perceivers’ suspiciousness was associated with the accuracy, valence, and certainty of their inferences about a pursuer’s goal. In initial interactions, one dyad member was randomly assigned as the pursuer, and the other was the perceiver. The congruency of the perceiver’s and the pursuer’s conversation goals (i.e., discordant, identical, or concordant) and the perceiver’s cognitive busyness were manipulated. Results confirmed that accuracy decreased as perceivers’ suspiciousness increased only for not-busy perceivers in the goal-discord condition because perceivers’ inferences were negatively valenced. Results also supported the hypotheses that certainty decreased as perceivers’ suspiciousness increased only for not-busy perceivers in the goal-discord condition and that certainty increased as perceivers’ suspiciousness increased both for not-busy perceivers in the identical-goal condition and for busy perceivers in the goal-discord condition.

Loading

Article metrics loading...

/content/journals/10.1075/is.17.2.01pal
2016-12-14
2024-10-08
Loading full text...

Full text loading...

References

  1. Berger, C. R.
    (2000) Goal detection and efficiency: Neglected aspects of message production. Communication Theory, 10, 156–166. doi: 10.1111/j.1468‑2885.2000.tb00185.x
    https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-2885.2000.tb00185.x [Google Scholar]
  2. Berger, C. R. , & Kellermann, K.
    (1994) Acquiring social information. In J. A. Daly & J. M. Wiemann (Eds.), Strategic interpersonal communication (pp.1–31). Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum.
    [Google Scholar]
  3. Bogdan, R. J.
    (1997) Interpreting minds: The evolution of a practice. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.
    [Google Scholar]
  4. Bower, G. H. , Black, J. B. , & Turner, T. J.
    (1979) Scripts in memory for text. Cognitive Psychology, 11, 177–220. doi: 10.1016/0010‑0285(79)90009‑4
    https://doi.org/10.1016/0010-0285(79)90009-4 [Google Scholar]
  5. Chun, W. Y. , Spiegel, S. , & Kruglanski, A. W.
    (2002) Assimilative behavior identification can also be resource dependent: The unimodel perspective on personal-attribution phases. Journal of Personality & Social Psychology, 83, 542–555. doi: 10.1037/0022‑3514.83.3.542
    https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.83.3.542 [Google Scholar]
  6. DeCarlo, T. E.
    (2005) The effects of sales message and suspicion of ulterior motives on salesperson evaluation. Journal of Consumer Psychology, 15, 238–249. doi: 10.1207/s15327663jcp1503_9
    https://doi.org/10.1207/s15327663jcp1503_9 [Google Scholar]
  7. Dijksterhuis, A. , Chartrand, T. L. , & Aarts, H.
    (2007) Effects of priming and perception on social behavior and goal pursuit. In J. A. Bargh (Ed.), Social psychology and the unconscious: The automaticity of higher mental processes (pp.51–131). New York: Psychological Press.
    [Google Scholar]
  8. Dik, G. , & Aarts, H.
    (2007) Behavioral cues to others’ motivation and goal pursuits: The perception of effort facilitates goal inference and contagion. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 43, 727–737. doi: 10.1016/j.jesp.2006.09.002
    https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jesp.2006.09.002 [Google Scholar]
  9. Dudley, M. G. , & Harris, M. J.
    (2003) To think or not to think: The moderating role of need for cognition in expectancy-consistent impression formation. Personality and Individual Differences, 35, 1657–1667. doi: 10.1016/S0191‑8869(02)00388‑4
    https://doi.org/10.1016/S0191-8869(02)00388-4 [Google Scholar]
  10. Eddington, K. M. , Dolcos, F. , Cabeza, R. , Krishnan, K. R. K. , & Strauman, T. J.
    (2007) Neural correlates of promotion and prevention goal activation: An fMRI study using an idiographic approach. Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience, 19, 1152–1162. doi: 10.1162/jocn.2007.19.7.1152
    https://doi.org/10.1162/jocn.2007.19.7.1152 [Google Scholar]
  11. Fein, S.
    (1996) Effects of suspicion on attributional thinking and the correspondence bias. Journal of Personality & Social Psychology, 70, 1164–1184. doi: 10.1037/0022‑3514.70.6.1164
    https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.70.6.1164 [Google Scholar]
  12. Fein, S. , & Hilton, J. L.
    (1994) Judging others in the shadow of suspicion. Motivation & Emotion, 18, 167–198. doi: 10.1007/BF02249398
    https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02249398 [Google Scholar]
  13. Fein, S. , Hilton, J. L. , & Miller, D. T.
    (1990) Suspicion of ulterior motivation and the correspondence bias. Journal of Personality & Social Psychology, 58, 753–764. doi: 10.1037/0022‑3514.58.5.753
    https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.58.5.753 [Google Scholar]
  14. Fitzsimons, G. M. , & Bargh, J. A.
    (2003) Thinking of you: Nonconscious pursuit of interpersonal goals associated with relationship partners. Journal of Personality & Social Psychology, 84, 148–163. doi: 10.1037/0022‑3514.84.1.148
    https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.84.1.148 [Google Scholar]
  15. Forgas, J. P. , & East, R.
    (2008) On being happy and gullible: Mood effects on skepticism and the detection of deception. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 44, 1362–1367. doi: 10.1016/j.jesp.2008.04.010
    https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jesp.2008.04.010 [Google Scholar]
  16. Francik, E. P. , & Clark, H. H.
    (1985) How to make requests that overcome obstacles to compliance. Journal of Memory and Language, 24, 560–584. doi: 10.1016/0749‑596X(85)90046‑4
    https://doi.org/10.1016/0749-596X(85)90046-4 [Google Scholar]
  17. Gilbert, D. T. , & Hixon, J. G.
    (1991) The trouble of thinking: Activation and application of stereotypic beliefs. Journal of Personal & Social Psychology, 60, 509–517. doi: 10.1037/0022‑3514.60.4.509
    https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.60.4.509 [Google Scholar]
  18. Gilbert, D. T. , Pelham, B. W. , & Krull, D. S.
    (1988) On cognitive busyness: When person perceivers meet persons perceived. Journal of Personal & Social Psychology, 54, 733–740. doi: 10.1037/0022‑3514.54.5.733
    https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.54.5.733 [Google Scholar]
  19. Hassin, R. R. , Aarts, H. , & Ferguson, M. J.
    (2005) Automatic goal inferences. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 41, 129–140. doi: 10.1016/j.jesp.2004.06.008
    https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jesp.2004.06.008 [Google Scholar]
  20. Hilton, J. L. , Fein, S. , & Miller, D. T.
    (1993) Suspicion and dispositional inference. Personality & Social Psychology Bulletin, 19, 501–512. doi: 10.1177/0146167293195003
    https://doi.org/10.1177/0146167293195003 [Google Scholar]
  21. Kramer, R. M.
    (1994) The sinister attribution error: Paranoid cognition and collective distrust in organizations. Motivation and Emotion, 18, 199–230. doi: 10.1007/BF02249399
    https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02249399 [Google Scholar]
  22. Levine, T. R. , & McCornack, S. A.
    (1991) The dark side of trust: Conceptualizing and measuring types of communicative suspicion. Communication Quarterly, 39, 325–340. doi: 10.1080/01463379109369809
    https://doi.org/10.1080/01463379109369809 [Google Scholar]
  23. Lynch, J. S. , & van den Broek, P.
    (2007) Understanding the glue of narrative structure: Children’s on- and off-line inferences about characters’ goals. Cognitive Development, 22, 323–340. doi: 10.1016/j.cogdev.2007.02.002
    https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cogdev.2007.02.002 [Google Scholar]
  24. Magliano, J. P. , Taylor, H. A. , & Kim, H.-J. J.
    (2005) When goals collide: Monitoring the goals of multiple characters. Memory & Cognition, 33, 1357–1367. doi: 10.3758/BF03193368
    https://doi.org/10.3758/BF03193368 [Google Scholar]
  25. Main, K. J. , Dahl, D. W. , & Darke, P. R.
    (2007) Deliberative and automatic bases of suspicion: Empirical evidence of the sinister attribution error. Journal of Consumer Psychology, 17, 59–69. doi: 10.1207/s15327663jcp1701_9
    https://doi.org/10.1207/s15327663jcp1701_9 [Google Scholar]
  26. Malamuth, N. M. , & Brown, L. M.
    (1994) Sexually aggressive men’s perceptions of women’s communications: Testing three explanations. Journal of Personality & Social Psychology, 67, 699–712. doi: 10.1037/0022‑3514.67.4.699
    https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.67.4.699 [Google Scholar]
  27. Marchand, M. A. G. , & Vonk, R.
    (2005) The process of becoming suspicious of ulterior motives. Social Cognition, 23, 242–256. doi: 10.1521/soco.2005.23.3.242
    https://doi.org/10.1521/soco.2005.23.3.242 [Google Scholar]
  28. McCornack, S. A. , & Levine, T. R.
    (1990) When lovers become leery: The relationship between and accuracy in detecting deception. Communication Monographs, 57, 219–230. doi: 10.1080/03637759009376197
    https://doi.org/10.1080/03637759009376197 [Google Scholar]
  29. Meyer, J. R.
    (1997) Cognitive influences on the ability to address interaction goals. In J. O. Greene (Ed.), Message production: Advances in communication theory (pp.71–90). Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.
    [Google Scholar]
  30. Nauta, A. , & Sanders, K.
    (2001) Causes and consequences of perceived goal differences between departments within manufacturing organizations. Journal of Occupational & Organizational Psychology, 74, 321–342. doi: 10.1348/096317901167389
    https://doi.org/10.1348/096317901167389 [Google Scholar]
  31. Osborne, R. E. , & Gilbert, D. T.
    (1992) The preoccupational hazards of social life. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 62, 219–228. doi: 10.1037/0022‑3514.62.2.219
    https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.62.2.219 [Google Scholar]
  32. Palomares, N. A.
    (2008) Toward a theory of goal detection in social interaction: Effects of contextual ambiguity and tactical functionality on goal inferences and inference certainty. Communication Research, 35, 109–148. doi: 10.1177/0093650207309364
    https://doi.org/10.1177/0093650207309364 [Google Scholar]
  33. (2009a) Did you see it coming? Effects of the specificity and efficiency of goal pursuit on the accuracy and onset of goal detection in social interaction. Communication Research, 36, 475–509. doi: 10.1177/0093650209333032
    https://doi.org/10.1177/0093650209333032 [Google Scholar]
  34. (2009b) It’s not just your goal, but also who you know: How the cognitive associations among goals and relationships influence goal detection in social interaction. Human Communication Research, 35, 534–560. doi: 10.1111/j.1468‑2958.2009.01362.x
    https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-2958.2009.01362.x [Google Scholar]
  35. (2011) The dynamics of goal congruency and cognitive busyness in goal detection. Communication Research, 38, 517–542. doi: 10.1177/0093650210380866
    https://doi.org/10.1177/0093650210380866 [Google Scholar]
  36. Poynor, D. V. , & Morris, R. K.
    (2003) Inferred goals in narratives: Evidence from self-paced reading, recall, and eye movements. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 29, 3–9.
    [Google Scholar]
  37. Reid, V. M. , Hoehl, S. , Grigutsch, M. , Groendahl, A. , Parise, E. , & Striano, T.
    (2009) The neural correlates of infant and adult goal prediction: Evidence for semantic processing systems. Developmental Psychology, 45, 620–629. doi: 10.1037/a0015209
    https://doi.org/10.1037/a0015209 [Google Scholar]
  38. Schank, R. C. , & Abelson, R. P.
    (1977) Scripts, plans, goals and understanding: An inquiry into human knowledge structures. Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.
    [Google Scholar]
  39. Southgate, V. , Johnson, M. H. , & Csibra, G.
    (2008) Infants attribute goals even to biomechanically impossible actions. Cognition, 107, 1059–1069. doi: 10.1016/j.cognition.2007.10.002
    https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cognition.2007.10.002 [Google Scholar]
  40. Svennevig, J.
    (1999) Getting acquainted in conversation: A study of initial interactions. Philadelphia, PA: J. Benjamins Publications.
    [Google Scholar]
  41. Tabachnick, B. G. , & Fidell, L. S.
    (2007) Using multivariate statistics, 5thed.Boston, MA: Allyn and Bacon.
    [Google Scholar]
  42. Uller, C.
    (2004) Disposition to recognize goals in infant chimpanzees. Animal Cognition, 7, 154–161. doi: 10.1007/s10071‑003‑0204‑9
    https://doi.org/10.1007/s10071-003-0204-9 [Google Scholar]
  43. West, S. G. , Aiken, L. S. , & Krull, J. L.
    (1996) Experimental personality designs: Analyzing categorical by continuous variable interactions. Journal of Personality, 64, 1–48. doi: 10.1111/j.1467‑6494.1996.tb00813.x
    https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-6494.1996.tb00813.x [Google Scholar]
  44. Wilensky, R.
    (1983) Planning and understanding: A computational approach to human reasoning. London: Addison-Wesley.
    [Google Scholar]
  45. Wilson, S. R.
    (1990) Development and test of a cognitive rules model of interaction goals. Communication Monographs, 57, 81–103. doi: 10.1080/03637759009376188
    https://doi.org/10.1080/03637759009376188 [Google Scholar]
  46. Wyer, R. S. Jr. , & Srull, T. K.
    (1989) Memory and cognition in its social context. Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.
    [Google Scholar]
/content/journals/10.1075/is.17.2.01pal
Loading
/content/journals/10.1075/is.17.2.01pal
Loading

Data & Media loading...

This is a required field
Please enter a valid email address
Approval was successful
Invalid data
An Error Occurred
Approval was partially successful, following selected items could not be processed due to error