1887
Volume 18, Issue 2
  • ISSN 1572-0373
  • E-ISSN: 1572-0381
USD
Buy:$35.00 + Taxes

Abstract

As Artificial Intelligence technology seems poised for a major take-off and changing societal dynamics are creating a high demand for caregivers for elders, children, and those infirmed, robotic caregivers may well be used much more often. This article examines the ethical concerns raised by the use of AI caregivers and concludes that many of these concerns are avoided when AI caregivers operate as partners rather than substitutes. Furthermore, most of the remaining concerns are minor and are faced by human caregivers as well. Nonetheless, because AI caregivers’ systems are learning systems, an AI caregiver could stray from its initial guidelines. Therefore, subjecting AI caregivers to an AI-based oversight system is proposed to ensure that their actions remain both legal and ethical.

Loading

Article metrics loading...

/content/journals/10.1075/is.18.2.02etz
2017-12-08
2024-12-14
Loading full text...

Full text loading...

References

  1. Al Jazeera
  2. Anderson, M. , & Anderson, S. L.
    (Eds.) (2011) Machine ethics. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. doi: 10.1017/CBO9780511978036
    https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511978036 [Google Scholar]
  3. Bohannon, J.
    (2015) The synthetic therapist. Science, 349(6247), 250–251. doi: 10.1126/science.349.6245.250
    https://doi.org/10.1126/science.349.6245.250 [Google Scholar]
  4. Bostrom, N.
    (2014) When machines outsmart humans. CNN, September8. www.cnn.com/2014/09/09/opinion/bostrom-machine-superintelligence/index.html
    [Google Scholar]
  5. Coeckelbergh, M
    (2010) Health care, capabilities, and AI Assistive Technologies. Ethical Theory and Moral Practice, 13(2), 181–190. doi: 10.1007/s10677‑009‑9186‑2
    https://doi.org/10.1007/s10677-009-9186-2 [Google Scholar]
  6. DMello, A.
    (2015) Rise of the humans: intelligence amplification will make us as smart as the Machines. The Conversation, October12. theconversation.com/rise-of-the-humans-intelligence-amplification-will-make-us-as-smart-as-the-machines-44767
    [Google Scholar]
  7. Emspak, J.
    (2016) How a machine learns prejudice. The Scientific American, December29. https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/how-a-machine-learns-prejudice/
    [Google Scholar]
  8. Encyclopaedia Britannica
    (2016) “Artificial intelligence (AI).” Britannica Academic. Encyclopædia Britannica Inc. Web. Accessed5 July 2016. academic.eb.com/EBchecked/topic/37146/artificial-intelligence
  9. Etzioni, A. , & Etzioni, O.
    (2016a) Keeping AI legal. Vanderbilt Journal of Entertainment and Technology Law (Forthcoming). ssrn.com/abstract=2726612
    [Google Scholar]
  10. (2016b) Killer robots won’t doom humanity, but our fears of AI might. Quartz, May24. qz.com/691286/ethics-bots-could-soothe-fears-about-ai-taking-control-of-humanity/
    [Google Scholar]
  11. Feil-Seifer, D. , & Matarić, M.
    (2011) Ethical principles for socially assistive robotics. IEEE Robotics & Automation Magazine, Special issue on Roboethics, Veruggio, J. Solis and M. Van der loos, 18(1), 24–31. doi: 10.1109/MRA.2010.940150
    https://doi.org/10.1109/MRA.2010.940150 [Google Scholar]
  12. Fisher, M. , Dennis, L. , & Webster, M.
    (2013) Verifying autonomous systems. Communications of the ACM, 56(9), 84–93. doi: 10.1145/2500468.2494558
    https://doi.org/10.1145/2500468.2494558 [Google Scholar]
  13. Hawking, S. , Tegmark, M. , Wilczek, F. , & Russell, S.
    (2014) Transcending Complacency on Superintelligent Machines. The Huffington Post. June19. www.huffingtonpost.com/stephen-hawking/artificial-intelligence_b_5174265.html
    [Google Scholar]
  14. MacCargar, B.
    (2005) Watts, heat and light: Measuring the heat output of different lamps. January, www.reptileuvinfo.com/html/watts-heat-lights-lamp-heat-output.html
  15. Markoff, J.
    (2015) Machines of loving grace: The quest for common ground between humans and robots (1st ed.). New York, NY: ECCO, an imprint of HarperCollins Publishers.
    [Google Scholar]
  16. Matarić, M. J. , Eriksson, J. , Feil-Seifer, D. J. , & Winstein, C. J.
    (2007) Socially assistive robotics for post-stroke rehabilitation. Journal of NeuroEngineering and Rehabilitation, 4(1), 5–5. doi: 10.1186/1743‑0003‑4‑5
    https://doi.org/10.1186/1743-0003-4-5 [Google Scholar]
  17. Mayer-Schönberger, V. , & Cukier, K.
    (2014) Big data: A Revelution that will transform how we live, work and think. London: John Murray Publishers.
    [Google Scholar]
  18. Merriam-Webster.com
    . Humanoid. Merriam-Webster, n.d. Web. Accessed6 June 2016.
  19. . Robot. Merriam-Webster, n.d. Web. Accessed6 June 2016.
  20. Nakajima, H. , Yamada, R. , Brave, S. , Morishima, Y. , Nass, C. , & Kawaji, S.
    (2003) The functionality of human-machine collaboration systems – Mind model and social behavior. SMC'03 Conference Proceedings. 2003 IEEE International Conference on Systems, Man and Cybernetics, 3, 2381–2387.
    [Google Scholar]
  21. Price, R.
    (2016) Microsoft is deleting its AI chatbot’s incredibly racist tweets. Business Insider, March24. www.businessinsider.com/microsoft-deletes-racist-genocidal-tweets-from-ai-chatbot-tay-2016-3?r=UK&IR=T
    [Google Scholar]
  22. Reese, H.
    (2016) Why Microsoft’s Tay AI Bot went wrong. Tech Republic, March24. www.techrepublic.com/article/why-microsofts-tay-ai-bot-went-wrong/
    [Google Scholar]
  23. Rheingold. H.
    (1985) Tools for thought: The history and future of mind-expanding technology. Cambridge, Massachusetts: MIT Press.
    [Google Scholar]
  24. Rosenberg, T.
    (2015) Depressed? Try therapy without the therapist. The New York Times, June19. opinionator.blogs.nytimes.com/2015/06/19/depressed-try-therapy-without-the-therapist/
    [Google Scholar]
  25. Sharkey, N.
    (2008) The ethical Frontiers of Robotics. Science, 322, 1800–1801. doi: 10.1126/science.1164582
    https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1164582 [Google Scholar]
  26. Sharkey, N. , & Sharkey, A.
    (2006) Artificial Intelligence and natural magic. Artificial Intelligence Review, 25, 9–19. doi: 10.1007/s10462‑007‑9048‑z
    https://doi.org/10.1007/s10462-007-9048-z [Google Scholar]
  27. (2010) The crying shame of robot nannies: An ethical appraisal. Interaction Studies, 11(2), 161–190. doi: 10.1075/is.11.2.01sha
    https://doi.org/10.1075/is.11.2.01sha [Google Scholar]
  28. Sharkey, A. , & Sharkey, N.
    (2012) Granny and the robots: Ethical issues in robot care for the elderly. Ethics and Information Technology, 14, 27–40. doi: 10.1007/s10676‑010‑9234‑6
    https://doi.org/10.1007/s10676-010-9234-6 [Google Scholar]
  29. Shea, S.
    (2006) Improving medication adherence: How to talk with patients about their medications. Philadelphia, Pa: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins.
    [Google Scholar]
  30. Sparrow, R.
    (2002) The March of Robot Dogs. Ethics and Information Technology, 4, 305–318. doi: 10.1023/A:1021386708994
    https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1021386708994 [Google Scholar]
  31. Sparrow, R. , & Sparrow, L.
    (2006) In the hands of machines? The future of aged care. Minds and Machines. doi: 10.1007/s11023‑006‑9030‑6
    https://doi.org/10.1007/s11023-006-9030-6 [Google Scholar]
  32. Sullins, J. P.
    (2011) When is a robot a moral agent?In M. Anderson & S. L. Anderson (Eds), Machine ethics. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. doi: 10.1017/CBO9780511978036.013
    https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511978036.013 [Google Scholar]
  33. Turkle, S.
    (2010) Alone together: Why we expect more from technology and less from each other. New York: Basic Books.
    [Google Scholar]
  34. (2011) The tethered self: Technology reinvents intimacy and solitude. Continuing Higher Education Review, 75, 28–31.
    [Google Scholar]
  35. van Wynsberghe, A
    (2013) Designing robots for care: Care centered value-sensitive data. Science and Engineering Ethics, 19, 407–433. doi: 10.1007/s11948‑011‑9343‑6
    https://doi.org/10.1007/s11948-011-9343-6 [Google Scholar]
  36. Wallach, W. , & Allen, A.
    (2009) Moral machines: Teaching robots right from wrong. Oxford: Oxford University Press. doi: 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195374049.001.0001
    https://doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195374049.001.0001 [Google Scholar]
  37. Winfield, A. F. , Blum, C. , & Liu, W.
    (2014) Towards an ethical robot: Internal models, consequences and ethical action selection. In Conference Towards Autonomous Robotic Systems (pp.85–96). Springer International Publishing.
    [Google Scholar]
/content/journals/10.1075/is.18.2.02etz
Loading
  • Article Type: Research Article
Keyword(s): Artificial Intelligence; caregivers; human-machine interaction; machine ethics
This is a required field
Please enter a valid email address
Approval was successful
Invalid data
An Error Occurred
Approval was partially successful, following selected items could not be processed due to error